Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult forebrain are thought to comprise a subpopulation of cells that express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), termed B cells. These GFAP+ cells generate proliferating neuroblasts that migrate from the lateral ventricle subependyma along the rostral migratory stream to become olfactory bulb interneurons. Based on this lineage, we set out to create a NSC deficient mouse through targeted ablation of dividing GFAP+ cells in vivo. We successfully depleted the GFAP+ cells as seen using an in vitro colony forming assay in multiple kill paradigms, however we were unable to permanently eliminate the multipotent, self-renewing colony forming cells. Instead, the targeted ablation of GFAP+ cells revealed an upstream, GFAP- cell that was induced to proliferate in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). These findings support the hypothesis that a population of GFAP-, LIF responsive cells are the definitive adult NSC upstream of GFAP+ cells.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult forebrain are thought to comprise a subpopulation of cells that express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), termed B cells. These GFAP+ cells generate proliferating neuroblasts that migrate from the lateral ventricle subependyma along the rostral migratory stream to become olfactory bulb interneurons. Based on this lineage, we set out to create a NSC deficient mouse through targeted ablation of dividing GFAP+ cells in vivo. We successfully depleted the GFAP+ cells as seen using an in vitro colony forming assay in multiple kill paradigms, however we were unable to permanently eliminate the multipotent, self-renewing colony forming cells. Instead, the targeted ablation of GFAP+ cells revealed an upstream, GFAP- cell that was induced to proliferate in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). These findings support the hypothesis that a population of GFAP-, LIF responsive cells are the definitive adult NSC upstream of GFAP+ cells.

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is orchestrated by neural stem cell (NSC) activity. Some associations exist between autophagy and neurogenesis, yet much remains unknown about autophagic regulation of adult neurogenesis. This thesis interrogates the requirement and role of Beclin1 and Atg5, two regulators of autophagy, in the formation of adult hippocampal neurons. To examine adult brain NSCs, the experiments presented in the first objective of this thesis test the ability to isolate adult NSCs using flow cytometry and a DNA-binding dye, DyeCycleViolet. While adult NSCs could not be isolated from the adult neurogenic niches using this methodology, it was effective in isolating endothelial cells. This provided valuable insight on the use of DNA-binding dyes and a new method for isolation of brain endothelial cells. The next objective determines the role of Beclin1 in adult NSCs and their progeny using an inducible model. Beclin1 loss in Nestin-expressing hippocampal NSCs resulted in reduced proliferation, autophagy, and adult neurogenesis within one month. Single-cell RNA sequencing and other methods illuminated that loss of Beclin1 resulted in mitosis reduction, disrupted mitotic regulation of chromatin maintenance, and induction of DNA damage. The final objective first tests whether Beclin1 loss results in similar deficits within GLAST-expressing NSCs and progeny. This model mirrored neurogenesis deficits and requirement of Beclin1 in mitosis and DNA maintenance. Next, to test whether this phenotype occurs with other autophagy proteins, Atg5 was removed from GLAST NSCs. This resulted in reduced autophagy and a transient decrease in neurons in the absence of any effect on NSC proliferation. Thus, proliferation deficits are unique to Beclin1 loss and do not underlie reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis after Atg5 removal. This work demonstrates a novel discovery of mitosis regulation in adult NSCs by Beclin1, and individual roles of Beclin1 and Atg5 in neurogenesis.

Ce travail de thèse a permis de caractériser avec succès des analogues structuraux de l´allopregnanolone présentant pour certains d'entre eux des effets bénéfiques et des avantages par rapport à la molécule de référence. En particulier, l'analogue O-allyl-AP, qui stimule in vitro la prolifération des cellules progénitrices, la différenciation neuronale et protège les cellules souches neurales adultes contre l'apoptose induite par le peptide Aβ42, est aussi efficace in vivo pour contrecarrer le déclin de la neurogenèse lié à l'âge et améliorer les performances cognitives au cours du vieillissement. De façon intéressante, les effets proliférateur et neuroprotecteur de l´O-allyl-AP semblent impliquer différents mécanismes d'action. Des expériences supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour conclure sur la capacité de l´O-allyl-AP à stabiliser le déclin de l'activité neurologique et à réduire les caractéristiques physiopathologiques de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) chez les souris Tg2576. Nos résultats ouvrent des perspectives intéressantes pour l'application de l´O-allyl-AP dans le développement de stratégies thérapeutiques contre la MA et les maladies neurodégénératives. / This PhD work allowed us to successfully characterize structural analogs of allopregnanolone. Some of these analogs showed beneficial effects and advantages with respect to the molecule of reference. In particular, the analog O-allyl-AP stimulates proliferation of progenitor cells in different neural in vitro models, neuronal differentiation and protects adult neural stem cells against Aβ-induced apoptosis. In addition, O-allyl-AP is effective in counteracting the decline in neurogenesis related to age and in improving cognitive performance during aging. Interestingly, proliferative and neuroprotective effects seem to involve different mechanisms of action. Additional experiments are needed to confirm our preliminary data about the ability of O-allyl-AP to attenuate the decrease of neurogenic activity and to reduce pathophysiological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD) in Tg2576 mice. Our findings provide interesting perspectives for using O-allyl-AP in the development of therapeutic strategies against AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.