ABSTRACT TITLE: What Happens To Advanced Midwives After Their Training? OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to explore how many Advanced Midwives who graduated between 2000 and 2004 are still working in public sector facilities. The second objective was to determine of those working in the public sector, how many are still ding clinical works in maternity wards. The third objective was to explore the reasons why the Advanced Midwives who left did and where they had gone to followed by the fourth objective which was to explore the reasons why those who stayed back did, the fifth objective was to see whether age, level of facility, rural or urban and province impacted on whether they have remained in the facility and the Sixth objective was to document the recommendations given by the Advanced Midwives on how to keep Advanced Midwives using heir skill in the public sector. STUDY POPULATION: Graduates of Chris Hani Baragwanath nursing college and the University of Johannesburg nursing college for a period of five years 2000 to 2004 METHODS: Following Ethics approval, the two nursing colleges were approached to give the contact details of their graduates between 2000 and 2004. All the advanced Midwives who graduated within these years from the two nursing colleges totaling 320 graduates were communicated with. While some of the advanced midwives whose contact telephone numbers were available were communicated with telephonically, other advanced midwives who had no contact telephone numbers were forwarded the questionnaires by post, including a formal letter containing full explanation of the purpose of the research and the confidentiality of the information they were asked to give. A self addressed envelope was included in the letter to enable those who wished to reply to easily reply without incurring any cost. These questionnaires were completed by the advanced midwives and sent back to the researcher. RESULTS: 69% of the respondents were still working in the public sector while an alarming 31% had moved from the public sector to the private sector. 89% were found to be doing clinical works in the maternity wards while 11% were no longer doing clinical works and found to have either moved to hospital management within the same hospital or moved to ICU and Theater departments. Reasons for Advanced Midwives leaving the public sector facility to the private sector ranged from lack of recognition of Advanced Midwives by the government, lack of scarce skill allowances for doing a one year post basic training in Advanced Midwifery, lack of increment in salary generally, poor working conditions, lack of staff to not being allowed to practice independently and as a result had moved into the private sector where life was a lot better according to them. The reasons why the Advanced Midwives are still working in the public health sector ranged from the fact that the facilities they were working was near their homes, their passion for midwifery, their quest to upgrade themselves to the fact that they have been working as Advanced Midwives for so long. Their were no association between the age, rural/urban and province to whether they have remained in the facilities, with the following P-values (P= 0.135, 0.174 AND 0.779) respectively, however an association was found between the level of facilities the Advanced Midwives worked with whether they have remained in the public facility with P-value (P= 0.001) Therefore Advanced Midwives working in smaller hospitals were more likely to remain in that hospital as against those working in bigger hospitals. The recommendations the advanced midwives had on how to keep Advanced Midwives using their midwifery skills in the public sector ranged from recognizing Advanced Midwives in the public sector, in terms of provision of scarce skill allowances for Advanced Midwives like is the case with the ICU and theater nurses who are paid higher than their counterparts in other departments, increasing their salaries in general, improving their working conditions, increasing the number of staff per midwifery unit, to allowing them practice independently in terms of exploring their expertise without the doctor’s interferences. CONCLUSION: Although many Advanced Midwives had left the public sector to private sector facilities, a good number of them have remained and more so, many have continued using their Advanced Midwifery skills in the maternity wards. Among the Advanced Midwives working in the public sector there are high levels of dissatisfaction, which was reflected in the reasons why they intend to leave. Therefore there is urgent need to address the recommendations given by these Advanced Midwives themselves; by so doing greater number of those who intend to leave the public sector would be compelled to stay back.

At the 10th emergency special Session on December 8, 2003, the 191-member United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution requesting an 'urgent' advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice in The Hague on the legal consequences of Israel's construction of a 'Barrier' between itself and the West Bank and East Jerusalem. 1 The Secretary General of the United Nations transmitted the request for the advisory opinion to the Court in a letter dated December 8, 2003. The Assembly has requested advisory opinions from the Court fourteen times since the Court's inception in 1946, with the majority requested immediately following World War 11. While the Court's opinion is not legally binding, the opinion provides strong guidance to both parties, as well as the international community, on how to treat the current situation and how to proceed with negotiations.

Since time immemorial, equality is a concept which has been the subject of philosophical debate and political contest. Today, democratic society proclaims itself to be committed to the values of openness, democracy, freedom and equality. In South Africa and in Belgium, equality is a fundamental value which lies at the heart of both Constitutions. For different reasons, this right is central regarding the two Constitutional Courts. In South Africa, the importance of the decisions made by the Constitutional Court in the equality and non-discrimination field is clear given its particular history of apartheid during which deep inequalities among the population were enforced. In Belgium, equality is the key of the Court of Arbitration's competence to exercise a constitutional control regarding the fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution. In both jurisdictions, it is clear that equality is not simply a matter of likeness but equally a matter of difference. Because Justice and Equality do not have the same significance and must not be confused, it is important to attempt to understand and to delineate what equitable equality means in a constitutional context. This dissertation undertakes to analyse the equality jurispruden of the South African Constitutional Court by reference to its five first decisions in order to determine its current approach to section 9 of the Constitution of South Africa Act 108 of 1996 (previously section 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 of 1993 (the interim Constitution)). After an introduction to the Belgian Court of Arbitration and review of its treatment of the right to equality and non-discrimination, its approach will be evaluated in comparative perspective.

The application of human rights to private relationships is a difficult question that must be answered by all legal systems which have accepted human rights as binding upon their law. To answer this question a State has to make fundamental ideological decisions, both as to its role in society and the individual citizen's right to self-autonomy. Is law to be neutral, leaving private citizens to order their relations without intervention from the State? Or, should it play a more active transformative role by regulating and organising society to accord with a particular set of moral values and economic objectives? This dilemma is a current which runs through most contemporary moral and human rights discourse. It is not merely of abstract or academic interest. Both the reach and content of the law will be determined by which approach may prevail.

Airbags save lives; however, first generation airbags resulted in unintended fatal and injurious consequences for children and small statured adults seated in front of them. An immediate solution allowed for the development of less aggressive airbags (second generation), a subsequent revision to FMVSS 208 required further changes to airbags for the protection of children. These advanced airbags are required to either suppress or with a LRD in the presence of a child. Though car manufacturers have spent a considerable amount of time and money to meet the advanced airbag requirements, the effects of these airbags and characteristics of children seated in front of them have not been extensively studied. This thesis presents the requirements for advanced airbags, characteristics of children in MVCs, an evaluation of crashes involving children involved in crashes in the RFP seat for all airbag types and finally a case study of children seated in front of an advanced airbag during a crash. Overall, vehicles with advanced airbags were found to be safer for children than vehicles equipped with earlier airbag generations including vehicles not equipped with airbags. These findings suggest that vehicles overall are safer since one option for an advanced airbag is suppression which would render the occupant without an airbag. Further, the advanced airbags appear to be working as intended during real-world crashes. However, the back seat remains the safest place for children; this work in no way advocates that children should be seated in the RFP seat. / Master of Science

No / Advanced radiographic practice has been the focus of much discussion and debate over the last decade, not only in the United Kingdom where advanced practitioner roles are now recognised within the national career framework, but also internationally. Yet, despite almost simultaneous professional movement towards advanced radiographic practice philosophy and ideals in many countries, international collaboration on this development has been minimal. This paper marks a growing international dialogue in this field. It discusses the theoretical concepts of advanced radiographic practice and the development of advanced practitioner roles, incorporating evidence and ideas from differing international perspectives and debates progress towards a potential unified global advanced practice identity.

The advent of smart and wearable systems along with their Internet of Things (IoT) applications are driving unparalleled product miniaturization and multifunctional integration with computing, wireless communications, wireless healthcare, security, banking, entertainment, and navigation and others. This evolution is primarily enabled by the integration of multiple technologies such as RF, analog, digital, MEMS, sensors and optics in the same system. Integration of these heterogeneous technologies creates a new need for multiple power supply rails to provide device-specific voltage and current levels. Hence, multiple power converters, each requiring several passive components, are used to create stable power-supplies. However, state-of-art power supplies employ SMD passives that are relatively large, forcing these modules to be placed on the board far from the active IC. This leads to significantly sub-par frequency performance and poses a challenge for ultra-miniaturized and reliable power supplies. Hence, novel packaging technologies that can improve miniaturization, electrical performance and reliability at a relatively low-cost are required to address these challenges. Georgia Tech-PRC proposes 3D integration of passives and actives (3D IPAC) as doubleside thin components on ultra-thin glass substrates with through-package-vias (TPVs) to meet these requirements. This thesis focuses on a comprehensive methodology to demonstrate a 3D IPAC power module, starting with modeling, design, fabrication and characterization to validate 3D integrated ultra-thin inductors and capacitors in ultra-thin substrates. Another key focus of this thesis is to advance building block technologies such as thinfilm inductors and capacitors to achieve the target properties for 3D IPAC integration. As a first building block technology, advanced capacitor technologies were explored with high-k thinfilm barium strontium titanate dielectrics and lanthanum nickel oxide electrodes as an alternative to Cu, Ni and Pt electrodes for improved performance and cost. The BST capacitors with LNO electrodes resulted in a capacitance density of 20-30 nF/cm2 with leakage as low as nA/nF up to 3 V. A glass-compatible process was developed with crystallization temperatures less than 650 C. These capacitors with thinfilm electrodes and dielectrics can be integrated into ultra-thin interposers and packages. This can help improve the capacitor performance up to the GHz range. As a next build block, Si-nanowires were studied as high surface area electrodes for high-density capacitors. Analytical modeling was performed to understand the length of the nanowires based on the catalyst size. This modeling study was then extended to understand the cut-off frequency of the capacitors based on the RC time constant. The wires were fabricated using both chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and wet-etch processes. However, it was noticed that the wet-etch process provided more control on the geometry, density and orientation of the nanowires. Si-oxide was thermally grown on the surface of the wires. A capacitance density of 200 nF/mm2 was achieved. It was noticed that the cut-off frequency of such capacitors was limited to the lower kHz range. However, the operating frequency can be improved by simply using a highly conductive Si-substrate. The second part of the thesis focuses on inductor and capacitor integration on ultra-thin glass substrates for high-frequency power modules using the 3D IPAC approach. Analytical models were used to calculate the required passive component values based on the target frequency, ripple currents and voltages of the power module. Next, a SPICE model was used to optimize the value of the required passives based on the output parasitics. The L and C structures were then modeled using 2.5D method of moments (MOM) approach. The modeling results showed 7-8 X improvement in Q-factor when the structures were fabricated using the 3D IPAC approach relative to those fabricated on the same side of the substrate. A fabrication process flow was designed based on through-via and doubleside metallization with semi-additive patterning (SAP). The components were fabricated as thinfilms on either sides of the substrate and interconnected with through-vias. The LC network was characterized using a two-port vector network analyzer. The results showed low-pass filter response, which matched the design targets of cut-off frequencies upto 100 MHz. This study, therefore, demonstrates advanced thinfilm component technologies for ultra-high frequency power-supply. It also presents, for the first time, a 3D integrated passives and actives (3D IPAC) approach with integrated L and C for power modules.

Commercial air travel is regarded as the safest mode of transportation known to humankind; however, every year people lose their lives from aircraft accidents and incidents. In addition, the financial impact of an air disaster can destroy an airline organisation. Studies have found that in adverse events involving highly advanced aircraft employing complex automation, human factor issues, and particularly pilot training, continue to play a significant causal role. Special attention should therefore be paid to the training of airline pilots, who are ultimately the last line of defence in aircraft operations. Airline pilots’ perceptions of the training climate associated with advanced aircraft can be a pervasive and powerful determinant of training outcomes and eventual flight deck behaviour. The study undertook to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure airline pilots’ perceptions of the training climate associated with advanced aircraft equipped with highly complex automation. The goal was to construct a questionnaire by operationalizing an unobserved hypothesised construct (perceptions of the advanced automated aircraft training climate) based on three levels of analysis (the microsphere, mesosphere and macrosphere). The study also attempted to explore the statistical relationship between the demographic variables of the respondents and the latent factors of the construct. In order to meet the research objectives, the study began with a thorough review of the current literature on the topic to develop a systems model of the main construct under investigation. The review included a critique of the theory on organisational climate, learning, training and education, of historical data on aircraft automation, of human factors, and of aircraft accident investigation principles and case studies. The objectives of the research were fulfilled by strictly observing a positivist paradigm, and engaging in a quantitative exploration, triangulating methods with data captured from a purposive sample of the target population. The empirical study was completed in four phases. Firstly, the research construct was operationalized and the items in the proposed questionnaire validated by a panel of subject matter experts using Lawshe’s (1975) content validity ratio (CVR) technique. Inter-rater bias was assessed using Cochran’s Q test. This application resulted in the retention of 42 items. Secondly, factor analysis and item analysis was performed on the responses of the respondents for the development of the final 33 item measurement instrument. Thirdly, to explore the relationship between the demographic variables and the latent factors of the main construct, an appropriate non-parametric family of statistics was selected to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena associated with the data. Finally, a logistic regression analysis that included specific demographic variables was performed for the development of a model to predict a pilot’s perception of the training climate associated with advanced automated aircraft. A non-probability purposive sample of 17 subject matter experts and 229 qualified South African airline pilots was used to accomplish the goals of the study. The underlying structure of the advanced Automated Aircraft Training Climate Questionnaire (AATC-Q) was derived from the results of a Principal Axis Factor (PAF) analysis using a promax (Kappa-4) rotation. The number of factors extracted from the data set was based on a modified version of Horn’s (1965) parallel analysis, namely the Monte Carlo simulation algorithm designed by O’Connor (2000). Three core factors explained most of the underlying variability in the main construct. The first factor was a composite at the macro and meso levels of analysis, whilst the second and third factors became fragmented at the micro level of analysis. These three factors were then labelled Organisational Professionalism, Intrinsic Motivation and Individual Control of Training Outcomes. The quality and rigour of the derived scale were demonstrated by its content and construct validity. Overall, satisfactory results from computing Cronbach’s coefficient alpha showed that the measurement scale was also reliable. The effect of the demographic variables on airline pilots’ perceptions of the advanced automated aircraft training climate was determined by computing relationships and comparing the responses from different categorised subsets with one another, by means of a non-parametric MANOVA and non-parametric analysis of variance. The results of these tests revealed that Flight Deck Position, Size of the Airline, Computer Literacy and Flight Experience had a significant effect on a pilot’s perception of the training climate. Results from a logistic regression model indicated that the interaction between pilots’ experiences and their perceived level of computer literacy (on a sigmoid curve), their actual experience in advanced aircraft, and their preferences for route and simulator training, were related to whether a pilot perceived the advanced aircraft training climate as favourable or not. The overall percentage of cases for which the dependent variable was correctly predicted by the regression model was computed at 63.8%. This study represents a vital step toward an understanding of the dimensionality of the learning, education and training for, and the actual operation of, highly advanced commercial aircraft, which employ complex automation. The results provide sufficient empirical evidence to suggest that the research findings may be of particular interest to aviation psychologists, aviation safety practitioners, and airlines engaged in training pilots to operate advanced aircraft. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

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