Hazardous and recalcitrant pollutants in the environments have led to a great many environmental issues these days. Many researchers have focused on the approaches to treatment of these pollutants which contaminate environments such as soil, surface and groundwater. As an advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), sonolysis which is the oxidation technology involving the use of ultrasonic irradiation, has proven to be successful for the treatment and remediation of contaminated environments. In this thesis, hydrogen peroxide formation and formic acid degradation by ultrasonic irradiation of well-characterised solutions are described under various conditions in order to determinate reaction mechanism by which peroxide degradation and contaminant degradation occur. The effect of gas properties and frequency on hydrogen peroxide and formic acid degradation are examined. Experimental results obtained are analyzed in light of the reactions occurring. Successful mathematical modeling of the result s obtained confirms that, for the most part, hydrogen peroxide and formic degradation occur by free radical generation within bubbles with subsequent transfer of these radicals to the bubble-water interface where the majority of the degradation occurs. The effect of Fe(II) addition which can lead to Fenton reactions in the bulk solution are also investigated. Experimental and model results show that the heterogeneous reactions can enhance the degradation of formic acid in the presence of Fe(II). Oxidation of phenol by ultrasonic irradiation under a variety of initial conditions and solution environments is also described and validated by a simple kinetic model. The model developed will be useful for improving our understanding of free radicals behaviour and the interplay between free radical generation and contaminant degradation.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are very tenacious wastewater contaminants with negative impact on the ecosystem. The two major sources of POPs are wastewater from textile industries and pharmaceutical industries. They are known for their recalcitrance and circumvention of nearly all the known wastewater treatment procedures. However, the wastewater treatment methods which applied advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are documented for their successful remediation of POPs. AOPs are a group of water treatment technologies which is centered on the generation of OH radicals for the purpose of oxidizing recalcitrant organic contaminants content of wastewater to their inert end products. Circumvention of the reported demerits of AOPs such as low degradation efficiency, generation of toxic intermediates, massive sludge production, high energy expenditure and operational cost can be done through the application of the combined AOPs in the wastewater treatment procedure. The resultant mineralisation of the POPs content of wastewater is due to the synergistic effect of the OH radicals produced in the combined AOPs. Hydrodynamic cavitation is the application of the pressure variation in a liquid flowing through the venturi or orifice plates. This results in generation, growth, implosion and subsequent production of OH radicals in the liquid matrix. The generated OH radical in the jet loop hydrodynamic cavitation was applied as a form of advanced oxidation process in combination with hydrogen peroxide, iron (II) oxides or the synthesized green nano zero valent iron (gnZVI) for the treatment of simulated textile and pharmaceutical wastewater.

DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) is a liquid with a high boiling point (189 oC) that has been extensively utilized in various industries owing to its ability to dissolve various organic and inorganic compounds. DMSO is increasingly being adopted as a detergent or a photo-resistant stripping solvent in manufacturing semiconductors and liquid crystal displays (LCD). Therefore, DMSO is now a major component of wastewater. The biological treatment of DMSO-containing wastewater generates noxious DMS (dimethyl sulfide) and other compounds that may cause odor problems. Also having a high water solubility and a moderate boiling point (110 oC), tetrafluoro propanol (TFP) has been extensively applied in the manufacture of CD-R and DVD-R, due to its ability to dissolve organic dyes. The spin coating process produces a large amount of wastewater containing TFP. No reports have been written on the biodegradability of TFP to the authors¡¦ knowledge. Additionally, HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) has been extensively used in life science microscopy and material science. For instance, the semiconductor industry employs HMDS to promote the adhesion of photo-resistant material to oxide(s). HMDS is classified as a carcinogen, and has an ammonia odor. Condensing incinerators have been found to be unsuitable for treating HMDS-containing waste gases, because of the formation of silicon dioxide, which blocks porous adsorbents. Biological treatment also appears to be unpromising due to its low water solubility and limited biodegradability. This investigation evaluates the feasibility, effectiveness and oxidation characteristics of aqueous DMSO, TFP and gaseous HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) by UV/O3 processes. A reactor made entirely of acrylic plastic with an effective volume of 10 L was employed for the reactions. The tested VOCs concentrations were adjusted to 400¡V890mg/L and 772¡V887 mg/L for DMSO and TFP, respectively, and the gas (ozone-enriched air) flow rate was controlled at 3L/min. The effects of various solution pH values (acidic, alkaline, uncontrolled), solution temperatures (26 oC, 37 oC, 48 oC and 60 oC), and UV wavelengths (254 nm and 185+254 nm) on the removal of tested VOCs were studied . Additionally, the operation costs of treating DMSO and TFP by UV/O3 were estimated. Experimental results demonstrate that acidic conditions (pH = 3.6) favored the degradation of DMSO, and that the removal efficiency could reach 95% at a volumetric UV intensity P/V of 2.25 W/L and a reaction time of 120 min. However, alkaline conditions (pH = 9.5) favored the decomposition of TFP, with the removal efficiency reaching 95% at P/V = 2.5 W/L and a reaction time of 60 min. Both DMSO and TFP exhibited zero-order degradation kinetics when sufficient ozone was supplied. Raising the oxidation temperature did not increase the UV/O3 oxidation of TFP in the tested concentration and temperature ranges. Operation costs of the UV/O3 per unit volume of wastewater with DMSO or TFP are comparable to those of the methods described in the literature. For the gaseous HMDS oxidation, two batch reactors with effective volumes of 1.2 and 5.8 L were used employed with the decomposition occurred under UV (185+254 nm) irradiation and UV (254 nm)/O3 processes. Tests were performed with initial HMDS concentrations of 32¡V41mg/m3 under various initial ozone dosages (O3 (mg)/HMDS (mg) =1¡V5), atmospheres (N2, O2, and air), temperatures (28 oC, 46 oC, 65 oC and 80 oC), relative humilities (20%, 50%, 65% and 99%) and volumetric UV power inputs (0.87 W/L, 1.74 W/L, 4.07 W/L and 8.16 W/L) to assess their effects on the HMDS degradation rate. Results of this study demonstrate that the decomposition rates for the UV (185+254 nm) irradiation exceeded those for the UV (254 nm)/O3 process for all conditions. UV (185+254 nm) decompositions of HMDS displayed apparent first-order kinetics. A process with irradiation of UV (185+254 nm) to HMDS in air saturated with water at temperatures of 46¡V80 oC favors the HMDS degradation. With the above conditions and a P/V of around 8 W/L, k≈ 0.20 s−1, and over 90% of the initial HMDS was degraded in a time of 12s. The main mechanisms for the HMDS in wet air streams irradiated with UV (185+254 nm) were found to be caused by OH free radical oxidation produced from photolysis of water or O (1D) produced from photolysis of oxygen. Economic evaluation factors of UV (185+254 nm) and UV (254 nm)/O3 processes at various UV power inputs were also estimated.

Orientadores: José Roberto Guimarães, Carlos Gomes da Nave Mendes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T03:12:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gasparini_MirthysCozzett_M.pdf: 1574617 bytes, checksum: 879f212f74e005fca5974d6f943a790e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: No presente trabalho foi realizada a caracterização de várias correntes de águas de processo da REPLAN (Refinaria de Paulínia), bem como a avaliação dos processos de fotólise (UV), peroxidação (H2O2), peroxidação assistida por radiação ultravioleta (H2O2/UV), reagente de Fenton (H2O2/Fe2+) e foto-Fenton (H2O2/Fe2+/UV) no tratamento de um dos efluentes, principalmente na degradação dos compostos orgânicos. Analisando-se os dados de caracterização dos diferentes efluentes foi possível sugerir alternativas de reuso no processo de refino, como também selecionar a corrente de água ácida retificada para aplicação dos processos físico-químicos de tratamento. A eficiência dos ensaios de tratabilidade foi baseada na redução da concentração do carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD). Dentre os processos estudados, os processos oxidativos avançados (POA) H2O2/UV e foto-Fenton apresentaram 95 % de eficiência após 150 minutos de ensaio. As condições ótimas foram obtidas na relação mássica COD: H2O2 de 1:7 para o processo peroxidação assistida por radiação UV, e de 1:5 e concentração de Fe2+ de 31 mg/L para o processo foto-Fenton. O efluente tratado pelo processo H2O2/UV poderia ser reutilizado como água de reposição no sistema de resfriamento, já que esta é responsável por 49 % do total de água utilizada na refinaria / Abstract: In the present study was performed the characterization of various process water from REPLAN (Paulínia Refinery) as well as an assessment of 5 processes to treat one of the effluents: photolysis (UV), peroxidation (H2O2), peroxidation assisted by ultraviolet radiation (H2O2/UV), Fenton reagent (H2O2/Fe2+) and photo-Fenton (H2O2/Fe2+/UV), in order to degrade the organic compounds. Effluents characterization results provided reuse possibilities in the process refining and also selected the stripped sour water stream for application of physical-chemical treatments. The processes efficiency was evaluated by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reduction. Among the processes studied, the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) H2O2/UV and photo-Fenton reached 95 % efficiency after 150 minutes of reaction. The optimum conditions were obtained in a mass ratio COD: H2O2 of 1:7 for peroxidation assisted by UV radiation, and of 1:5 with 31 mg/L of Fe2+ for photo-Fenton. The effluent treated by AOP H2O2/UV could be reused as make-up water in cooling systems, since it is responsible for 49 % of the total water used in the refinery / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos de adsorÃÃo em batelada e de oxidaÃÃo avanÃada para a remoÃÃo de fenol (F), 2-nitrofenol (2NF) e 4-nitrofenol (4NF) em soluÃÃo aquosa. Nos estudos de adsorÃÃo foram empregados como adsorventes o pà de bagaÃo da casca de coco in natura (BIN), pà de bagaÃo in natura tratado com HCl 1,0 M (BT) e carvÃo ativado (CA) proveniente da carbonizaÃÃo a 250ÂC do pà de bagaÃo tratado com Ãcido. Experimentos de equilÃbrio e cinÃtica de adsorÃÃo foram realizados nas temperaturas de 28, 40 e 50ÂC. Isotermas de Langmuir e Freundlich correlacionaram bem os dados de equilÃbrio, indicando capacidades de adsorÃÃo (qmÃx) que aumentaram na ordem: CA >>> BT > BIN. Este comportamento denota uma adsorÃÃo caracterizada pelas interaÃÃes entre os elÃtrons  dos anÃis aromÃticos e os elÃtrons  das camadas grafÃticas do carvÃo, a qual à mais intensa que a verificada nos materiais celulÃsicos onde predomina a formaÃÃo de complexos doador-receptor entre os sÃtios oxigenados localizados na superfÃcie do adsorvente e o anel aromÃtico dos compostos fenÃlicos. Os melhores resultados de qmÃx em carvÃo ativado e pà de bagaÃo tratado com Ãcido foram obtidos para a adsorÃÃo de 2-nitrofenol à temperatura ambiente (28ÂC), correspondentes aos valores de 17,1 e 1,39 mg/g, respectivamente. Do ponto de vista cinÃtico o modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem apresentou melhor ajuste dos dados experimentais. Por outro lado, processos oxidativos avanÃados (POAs) das molÃculas fenÃlicas foram conduzidos para os tratamentos fotolÃtico (UV), fotoquÃmico (UV/H2O2), Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2) e eletroquÃmico com anodos dimensionalmente estÃveis (ADEs) de Ru0,3Ti0,7O2, Ru0,3Ti0,4Sn0,3O2 e Ru0,3Sn0,7O2. Os processos Fenton e fotoassistidos apresentaram condiÃÃes Ãtimas nas concentraÃÃes de 1,0 mM em Ãons Fe2+e 3,0 mM em H2O2 e taxa de radiaÃÃo (I0) de 64 mW/cm2. Os Ãxidos eletrocatalÃticos foram preparados por termodecomposiÃÃo de cloretos precursores a 500oC atà a formaÃÃo de filmes com 2,0 Âm de espessura sobre um suporte de titÃnio. A caracterizaÃÃo pelas tÃcnicas de EDX, MEV e Voltametria CÃclica mostrou composiÃÃes praticamente estequiomÃtricas, morfologia estrutural tipo cracked mud e elevado sobrepotencial para a reaÃÃo de desprendimento de oxigÃnio (RDO). Estudos de oxidaÃÃo para as molÃculas fenÃlicas mostraram o 2-nitrofenol como a espÃcie mais oxidÃvel e o fenol comum como a espÃcie menos reativa. As eficiÃncias de degradaÃÃo dos processos fotoassistidos foram particularmente elevadas (superiores a 80%) enquanto o sistema Fenton apresentou taxas de remoÃÃo entre 60 e 78%. A modelagem cinÃtica segundo o modelo de pseudo-primeira ordem adotado permitiu um bom ajuste dos dados experimentais. Os valores da constante cinÃtica 1/ (min-1) a 28ÂC mostraram a seguinte ordem: Fenton (8,16 min-1) > fotoquÃmico (6,95 min-1) >> fotolÃtico (1,98 min-1). Em adiÃÃo, estudos usando anodos eletrocatalÃticos (ADEs) a potencial constante de eletrÃlise de 2,0 V mostraram degradaÃÃes superiores a 93% para os nitrofenÃis e entre 65 e 86% para o fenol. Em termos, considerado o tipo de ADE empregado, a eficiÃncia de eletrooxidaÃÃo à temperatura ambiente obedece a seguinte ordem de eficiÃncia: Ru0,3Ti0,7O2 > Ru0,3Ti0,4Sn0,3O2 > Ru0,3Sn0,7O2. A anÃlise espectroscÃpica para identificaÃÃo de co-produtos indicou completa mineralizaÃÃo dos compostos fenÃlicos nos processos fotoquÃmico e eletroquÃmico, enquanto que nos processos Fenton e fotolÃtico foram detectados traÃos de produtos hidroxilados. Em geral, os resultados obtidos confirmam os processos adsortivos e oxidativos como tratamentos promissores para a despoluiÃÃo de sistemas aquosos contendo fenÃis e nitrofenÃis / In the present work the batch adsorption and advanced oxidation of phenol (F), 2-nitrophenol (2NF) and 4-nitrophenol (4NF) in aqueous phase has been studied. The adsorption experiments were conducted onto coconut shell powder (BIN), coconut shell powder treated with HCl 1.0M (BT) and coconut shell-based activated carbon (CA) obtained from carbonization at low temperature (250ÂC). Equilibrium and kinetic studies were carried out at temperatures of 28, 40 and 50ÂC. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms correlated well the equilibrium data, indicating the adsorption capacity (qmax) increased in the order: AC>>> BT> BIN. This behavior denotes an adsorption characterized by dispersive interactions between the -electrons of the graphitic carbon basal planes and those of the aromatic rings of the adsorbate, which is more intense when compared to the cellulose materials where are dominant the donor-acceptor complex formation between the oxygenated sites onto adsorbent and aromatic rings of phenol compounds. The best results of qmax in activated carbon and coconut shell powder treated with acid were obtained for the adsorption of 2-nitrophenol at room temperature (28ÂC), corresponding to values of 17.1 and 1.39 mg/g, respectively. In all cases, the adsorption kinetics could be satisfactorily fitted by a pseudo-second order model. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) were carried out for treatments such photolytic (UV), photochemical (UV/H2O2), Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2) and electrochemical oxidation with dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) type Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2, Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.4Sn0.3O2 and Ti/Ru0,3Sn0,7O2. The Fenton and photoassisted tests were performed to optimized conditions of 1.0 mM of Fe2+ ions, 3.0 mM of H2O2 and radiation intensity (I0) of 64 mW/cm2. Particularly, electrocatalytic oxides were prepared by thermal decomposition of chloride precursors to 500oC until the formation of films with thickness constant of 2μm on titanium support. The characterization by EDX, SEM and Cyclic Voltammetry techniques showed a nearly stoichiometric composition, morphology type âcracked mudâ and elevated overpotencial from oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Degradation efficiencies in photoassisted processes were particularly high (> 80%) while in the Fenton system this values ranged between 60 and 78%. The kinetic modelling using the equation of pseudo-first order adopted allowed a good fit of experimental data. The values of kinetic constant 1/ (min-1) at room temperature showed the following order: Fenton (8.16 min-1) > Photochemical (6.95 min-1) >> photolytic (1.98 min-1). In addition, studies using the electrocatalytic anodes at constant potential electrolysis of 2.0 V showed almost total degradation for the nitrophenols (> 93%) and moderate removal efficiencies for phenol (between 65 and 86%). In terms, considered the type of anode employed the electrooxidation efficiency at room temperature increase in the following order of reactivity: Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 > Ru0.3Ti0.4Sn0.3O2 > Ru0.3Sn0.7O2. Thus, the results confirm the applicability of adsorption and advanced oxidation processes as promising treatments in the remediation of aqueous systems containing phenol and nitrophenols

Orientador: Edson Tomaz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T01:44:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fujimoto_TaniaMiyoko_M.pdf: 3195882 bytes, checksum: 017f2daada97280db73d8fb4da0b097e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV) representam uma categoria de substâncias poluentes que geram diferentes impactos ambientais. Eles são responsáveis pelo aumento das concentrações de ozônio ao nível do solo e pela formação de aerossóis orgânicos secundários. Além disso, alguns deles contribuem para a degradação do ozônio estratosférico e a ampliação do efeito estufa. Alguns componentes têm um caráter carcinogênico, teratogênico ou mutagênico. Há estudos envolvendo o tratamento dos COV pelos mais diversos métodos, tais como: incineração, adsorção e absorção. Reatores fotocatalíticos, muito estudados em aplicação em fase aquosa e com grande sucesso na oxidação de contaminantes orgânicos, aparecem como uma alternativa pouco estudada. A fotocatálise em fase gasosa usando o TiO2 como catalisador se apresenta como uma solução interessante para o tratamento de compostos orgânicos voláteis, por não requerer operação em altas temperaturas, pelo baixo custo do TiO2, por ser seletiva na absorção de radiação e por gerar como produtos da reação CO2 e água, o que dispensa demais tratamentos. Estudos demonstram que a adição de metais nobres ao TiO2 comprova uma melhoria na eficiência fotocatalítica das reações de oxidação de compostos orgânicos voláteis. Dentro deste escopo, este trabalho tem como objetivo testar a eficiência do processo de oxidação de COV em fase gasosa por fotocatálise heterogênea com catalisador de dióxido de titânio (TiO2) impregnado com 1% de paládio (Pd) sob luz ultravioleta. O método de impregnação de paládio em TiO2 pela redução com NaBH4 mostrou-se adequado pelas técnicas de caracterização por DRX, XPS, UV ¿Vis, BET, MEV e Quimissorção de H2, pois há a impregnação do metal na superfície do catalisador sem promover modificações estruturais no TiO2 e não ocorreu alterações na razão de anatase/rutilo. Por XPS indicou a presença de metal em sua forma elementar. Além disso, os resultados da oxidação dos compostos n-hexano, ciclohexano, metil-ciclohexano, n-octano e iso-octano demonstraram aumento significativo na eficiência da conversão, pois foram obtidos valores acima de 90% em tempos de residência de aproximadamente 35 s / Abstract: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent a category of pollutants substances that generate different impacts. They are responsible for increase concentrations of tropospheric ozone and also the formation of secondary organic aerosols. In addition, some of them contribute to the degradation of stratospheric ozone and greenhouse gas intensification. Some components have a carcinogenic, teratogenic or mutagenic character. There are studies involving the treatment of VOCs with various methods, such as: incineration, adsorption and absorption. Photocatalytic reactors, extensively studied in aqueous and with great success to destroy organic contaminants, appears as an alternative understudied. The photocatalysis gas phase using TiO2 as catalyst shows an interesting solution for the treatment of volatile organic compounds, because does not require operation at high temperatures, the low cost of TiO2, being selective in absorbing radiation and the products of reactions are CO2 and water, which eliminates other treatments. Studies prove that the addition of noble metals on TiO2 can improve the photocatalytic efficiency in the oxidation of volatile organic compounds. Therefore, this paper aims to test the efficiency of oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in gas phase catalysts through heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide (TiO2), and their impregnation with 1% palladium (Pd) and UV light. The method for impregnate palladium on TiO2 with NaBH4 reduction was appropriated according to techniques for characterization like XRD, XPS, UV-vis, BET, SEM and H2 chemisorption, because all analysis confirmed that the impregnation of the metal on the catalyst surface do not structurally modify TiO2, neither changes occurred in the ratio of anatase/rutile. XPS indicated the presence of metal in elemental form. The results the oxidation of compounds n-hexane, cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane, n-octane and iso-octane indicated a significant increase in conversion efficiency; the values were above 90% at residence times around 35 s / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestra em Engenharia Química