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Remote sensing offers major contributions to the understanding of northern landscapes and vegetation patterns. Recently available instrumentation and analytic techniques, yielding new types of data and new approaches to longstanding problems, are demonstrated in this analysis of terrain conditions and vegetation distributions in the Caribou Hills, N.W.T. The analysis of landform was based on field data, image interpretation and photogrammetric elevation model data. Slope angles and aspects were computed and trend surfaces, residuals and contour maps produced for model areas. Within sampled areas, surface roughness, the degree of dissection and the apparent dominance of either fluvial or mass wasting processes were found to be controlled by slope aspect, snow drifting patterns and the nival melt schedule. Patterns of active layer depth and details of surface materials, morphology and processes were derived from stereoscopic analysis of photographs through linkages with plant associations. Twelve plant associations, defined by field survey, provided a basis for differentiating photographic signatures and vegetation mapping classes. The character and separability of the spectral signatures were reviewed using ratioed and clustered optical film density data. The major advantages of remote sensing as an analytic tool were demonstrated. Remote sensing provides a vast array of geographic data and a unique synthesis of terrain and vegetation conditions offering the researcher key information that is otherwise unavailable.

Le climat des régions tropicales joue un rôle important dans l'équilibre du système climatique mondial. De ce fait, il apparaît essentiel d'en comprendre le fonctionnement et la variabilité pour appréhender au mieux les effets du changement climatique. Dans les régions tropicales où les projections climatiques montrent un réchauffement important à haute altitude, les glaciers sont les premières victimes de l'augmentation des températures. Mais ils apparaissent également comme des indicateurs précis des variations du climat. Jusqu'à présent, les observations glaciologiques réalisées dans les tropiques internes sur le glacier Antisana 15 ont été utilisées dans de multiples études qui nous ont permis de comprendre les processus physiques qui régissent la fonte des glaciers dans cette région. Cependant ces études n'ont pas pris en compte la représentativité spatiale et temporelle de ces processus à l'échelle de toute la calotte glaciaire. A partir d'observations géodésiques, la présente étude montre l'évaluation spatiale et temporelle de neufs glaciers sur quatre périodes échelonnées durant les cinquante dernières années (1956-2014). Situés sur le cône volcanique de l'Antisana, ces glaciers ont été choisis pour leur orientation et leurs caractéristiques morphologiques. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué les observations glaciologiques existantes sur le glacier Antisana15α entre 1995 et 2012. Nos résultats suggèrent la surestimation d'au moins 5 m éq. eau dans le bilan de masse cumulé de ce glacier. Cet excès dans les taux d'ablation est causé par une sous-estimation dans la mesure d'accumulation annuelle, liée à la difficulté à déterminer la couche qui sépare deux années hydrologiques. Dans une deuxième étape, nous analysons les fluctuations géométriques des glaciers : de manière générale il existe une tendance négative avec un taux de perte de -0.5 m éq. eau par an, occasionnant un recul de 38% de la superficie de la calotte glaciaire. Cependant, cette tendance n'est pas régulière. Nous avons mis en évidence un comportement contrasté d'une période à l'autre : certaines caractéristiques attirent l'attention, comme le fait que le bilan de masse soit très déficitaire entre 1956 et 1964 (-1,3 m éq. eau par an) alors que dans une période plus récente (1998 et 2009) les glaciers se trouvent presque en équilibre (-0.2 m éq. eau par an). Durant la période globale, ces glaciers montrent une réponse commune à un signal climatique régional, tandis qu'à l'échelle locale l'exposition aux flux humides combinés aux caractéristiques morpho-topographiques confère un comportement spécifique à chaque glacier. Ce travail est le premier dans les tropiques internes qui détaille la réponse des glaciers face à la variabilité du climat sur plusieurs décennies et qui prend en considération l'influence des facteurs morphologiques sur ce comportement. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans les objectifs scientifiques de l'équipe Great Ice de l'IRD (LMI Great Ice), et participe aux avancées du service de surveillance glaciologique SOERE GLACIOCLIM. / Climate of the tropical regions plays an important role in the balance of the global climate system. Consequently, it appears essential to understand its functioning and variability to apprehend at best the effects of climate change. In tropical regions where climate projections show an important warming at high elevations, glaciers are the first victims of the increase in temperature. But they also appear as accurate indicators of climatic variations. Until now, glaciological observations carried out in the inner tropics on Glacier Antisana 15 have been used in multiple studies that helped understand physical processes controlling glacial melt in this region. However, the latter studies have not taken into account the spatial and temporal representativeness of these processes at the scale of the whole ice cap. Based on geodetic observations, the present study shows the spatial and temporal evaluation of nine glaciers during four periods spread over the last fifty years (1956-2014). Situated in the volcanic cone of Antisana, these glaciers were chosen according to their orientation and morphological characteristics. In a first phase, we evaluated existing glaciological observations made on Glacier Antisana 15α between 1995 and 2012. Our results suggest an overestimation of at least 5 m w.e. of the cumulated mass balance of this glacier. This excess in the ablation rate was caused by an underestimation of the annual accumulation measurement, linked to the difficulty of identifying the layer separating two hydrological years. In a second phase, we analysed the geometrical fluctuations of glaciers: generally there is a negative trend with a loss rate of -0.5 w.e. per year, leading to a retreat of 38% of the ice cap surface area. However, this trend is not constant. We highlighted a contrasting behaviour from one period to the other: some characteristics draw attention, such as the fact that the mass balance was very negative between 1956 and 1964 (-1.3 m w.e. per year) when in a more recent period (1998 to 2009) glaciers were nearly at equilibrium (-0.2 m w.e. per year). During this long period, these glaciers showed a common response to a regional climate signal, while at the local scale their exposure to humid fluxes combined to their morpho-topographic characteristics gave a specific behaviour to each glacier. This work is the first focussing on intern tropics that details glacier response to climate variability over several decades and that considers the influence of morphological factors on this behaviour. This PhD thesis is in line with the scientific objectives of the Great Ice team from IRD (LMI Great Ice), as well as the progress of the glaciological monitoring service SOERE GLACIOCLIM. / El clima de la región tropical juega un rol importante en el balance del sistema climático global, comprender su funcionamiento y su variabilidad es una de las piezas esenciales para entender los efectos del cambio climático. En la región tropical donde las proyecciones climáticas muestran un importante calentamiento a mayor altitud, los glaciares son las primeras víctimas del aumento de las temperaturas y constituyen también los indicadores más precisos de las variaciones del clima. Hasta ahora, en los trópicos internos, las observaciones glaciológicas realizadas sobre el Glaciar Antisana 15α, han sido utilizadas en múltiples estudios que nos han permitido comprender los procesos físicos que gobiernan el deshielo glaciar en esta región. Sin embargo estos estudios no han considerado la representatividad espacial y temporal de estos procesos a escala de todo el casquete glaciar. El presente estudio muestra, a partir de observaciones geodésicas, la evolución espacial y temporal de nueve glaciares en cuatro periodos comprendidos durante en el último medio siglo (1956-2014). Estos glaciares, ubicados en el cono volcánico del Antisana, fueron escogidos en función a su orientación y sus características morfológicas. En una primera etapa hemos evaluado las observaciones glaciológicas existentes sobre el glaciar Antisana 15α entre 1995 y 2012, nuestros resultados sugieren la subestimación de al menos 5 m de agua en el balance de masa acumulado de este glaciar. Este exceso en las tasas de ablación es causado por una subestimación en la medida de la acumulación anual debido a la dificultad que conlleva la determinación de la capa que limita dos años hidrológicos. En una segunda etapa analizamos las fluctuaciones geométricas de los glaciares entre 1956 y 2014, de manera general existe una tendencia negativa con una tasa de pérdida de -0.5 m de agua al año lo que ha ocasionado un retroceso del 38% de la superficie del casquete glaciar. Sin embargo esta tendencia no es continua. Hemos puesto en evidencia un comportamiento contrastado de un periodo al otro, algunas características que llaman la atención son: el balance muy deficitario entre 1956 et 1964 (-1,3 m de agua / año) y en el periodo más reciente (1998 y 2009) en el cual los glaciares se encuentran casi al equilibrio (-0.2 m de agua / año). En el largo plazo, estos glaciares muestran una respuesta común a los una señal climática regional, mientras que a escala local la exposición a los flujos húmedos en combinación a las características morfo-topográficas otorgan un comportamiento específico a cada glaciar. Este trabajo es el primero en los trópicos internos que detalla la respuesta de los glaciares frente a la variabilidad del clima sobre una perspectiva multi-decenal y que considera la influencia que los factores morfológicos tienen sobre este comportamiento. Esta tesis se enmarca en los objetivos científicos del equipo Great Ice del IRD(LMI Great Ice), así como en los alcances del servicio de monitoreo glaciológico SOERE GLACIOCLIM.

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The result of the diploma thesis is a photogrammetrically evaluated georeferenced 3D model of an object with its environment, located in the AdMaS complex. The work describes in detail all phases of creating a 3D model of the object from the selection and calibration of the camera to editing the 3D model. Discuss about software and methods for evaluating 3D models. The thesis deals with the optimal setting of ContectCapture software. The accuracy of the resulting 3D model is tested by the methodology according to ČSN 013410 on the basis of control measurements.

Nesta dissertação é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional para o processamento de pares de imagens estereoscópicas obtidos por câmeras aéreas métricas e não métricas. O programa foi desenvolvido na linguagem C++ e foi utilizado a biblioteca OpenGL. O resultado obtido é uma imagem tridimensional de onde pode ser extraídas cotas de altura e formas de terreno. Estas imagens poderão ser usadas no estudo de áreas de risco em encostas. / In this dissertation is presented the development of a computational tool for the processing of pairs of images estereoscópicas obtained by metric and not metric aerial cameras. The program was developed in the program language C++ and the library was used OpenGL. The result of the program is a three-dimensional image from where it can be extracted height quotas and land forms. These images can be used in the study of risk areas on slopes.

Nesta dissertação é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional para o processamento de pares de imagens estereoscópicas obtidos por câmeras aéreas métricas e não métricas. O programa foi desenvolvido na linguagem C++ e foi utilizado a biblioteca OpenGL. O resultado obtido é uma imagem tridimensional de onde pode ser extraídas cotas de altura e formas de terreno. Estas imagens poderão ser usadas no estudo de áreas de risco em encostas. / In this dissertation is presented the development of a computational tool for the processing of pairs of images estereoscópicas obtained by metric and not metric aerial cameras. The program was developed in the program language C++ and the library was used OpenGL. The result of the program is a three-dimensional image from where it can be extracted height quotas and land forms. These images can be used in the study of risk areas on slopes.

Flooding is a worldwide problem that every year causes substantial damage for the environment and stakeholders nearby, and this impact relates to several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Colombia is specially prone to flooding as 17% of its surface area is at risk of extreme flooding. In addition, there is something called a POT (plan de ordenamiento territorial) for every municipality in Colombia, which states how the territory should be managed. For this project the rivers were of particular interest, and the POT states that no temporary or permanent constructions are allowed within 30 meters on either side of a river. The purpose of this report was to investigate and analyze the possibilities of using UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) -based photogrammetry and UAV-based LiDAR (light detection and ranging) technology to gather sufficient data for a model that could simulate different flooding scenarios in the examined area. Data from the UAV-based photogrammetry resulted in a complete visual overview of the examined area. The data gathered from the UAV-based light detection and ranging resulted in an accurate point cloud that could be processed into a DTM (digital terrain model) where three different flooding scenarios were simulated. The simulations and the visual model showed that majority of people in theexamined area were disobeying the POT and the 30 meter rule, therefore being in risk of flooding and impacting the natural diversity of the body of water. The simulation also showed that stakeholders close to the body of water were affected for each of the three different water level scenarios. In some cases, it was only vegetation and crops that got affected by the flooding scenario, while in other cases entire structures and buildings were damaged due to the increase of water level. To complement the flooding scenarios, interviews were conducted with people that have good knowledge of the area and of ecology, resulting in a stakeholder analysis. This provided an additional depth to the analysis and showed the complexity in the management of flooding in the area.