Photogrammetry is a great technology to check and track deformations on anysurface. This information is critical in many tranportation industries such as aeronautics and the automotive industry. In this thesis report photogrammetry measurements were done using 2 Aicon cameras providing 3D targets coordinates. The goal of this thesis was to ensure the best environment and positioning of the cameras to gather a good amount and quality of data. First positioning of the cameras is optimized by generating a map of the best projected areas that give the best coverage possible of the object. Then all the post processing was done with python using various mathematical methods to extract as much information as possible from the data recorded. First, data transformation to the correct coordinate system was performed using a sparse point-to-plane ICP algorithm. Then missing data was recovered by interpolating it over the time range. Finally raw deflections measurement were extracted and post processed to get essential information such as rigid body motion and static deformation. After an introduction about what is photogrammetry and why it is of high importance in transportation industries, this thesis tackles all the relative challenges that any photogrammetry specialist may face when dealing with such a technology. / Fotogrammetri är en bra teknologi för att kontrollera och spåra deformationer på olika ytor. Denna information är mycket viktig i flera transportindustrier som flyg och fordonsindustrin. I detta examensarbete genomfördes fotogrammetri med två Aicon kameror som ger koordinator för 3D mål. Målet med examensarbetet var att säkerställa så pass bra miljö och positionering av kamerorna som möjligt för att nå bra kvalité på data. Först är positioneringen av kamerorna optimerade genom att generera en karta av de bästa projiserade ytorna som ger den bästa täckningen av objektet. Sedan genomfördes post processing med pyton skript och olika matematiska metoder för att extrahera så mycket information som möjligt från datan. Först genomfördes koordinattransformation till rätt koordinatsystem genom en gles punkt-till-plan ICP algoritm. Sedan återskapades missad data genom interpolation över tid. Slutligen så extraherades deflektioner och post processades för att få viktig information så som stelkroppsrörelser och statisk deformation. Efter en introduktion om vad fotogrammetri är och varför det är viktigt för transportindutrin så tar detta examensarbete upp alla relativa utmaningar som alla fotogrammetriexperter kan tänkas stöta på när det arbetar med denna teknologi.

Large wind turbine blades, manufactured from fibre reinforced laminated composite materials, are key structural components of wind turbine systems. The demands for efficient and accurate modelling techniques of these composite blades have significantly increased. Over past decades, although complex computational models have been widely developed, more analytically based models are still very much desired to drive the design and optimization of these composite blades forward to be lighter, stronger, efficient and durable. The research work in this thesis aims to develop such more analytically based aerodynamic, structural and aero-elasticity models for large wind turbine blades manufactured from fibre reinforced laminated composite materials. Firstly, an improved blade element momentum (BEM) model has been developed by collectively integrating the individual corrections with the classic BEM model. Compared to other existing models, present BEM model accounts for blade tip and root losses more accurately. For laminar flow, the 3-D cross-flow is negligibly small. In this case, present BEM model with statically measured 2-D aerodynamic coefficients agrees closely to experimental measurements. However, stall delay correction is required for a 3-D rotating blade in stall. A new stall delay model is developed based on Snel s stall delay model. Verifications are performed and discussed for the extensively studied NREL UAE phase-VI test. The predictions of distributive and collective factors, e.g. normalised force coefficients, shaft torque and etc. have been compared to experimental measurements. The present BEM model and stall delay model are original and more accurate than existing models. Secondly, significant deficiency is discovered in the analytical thin-walled closed-section composite beam (TWCSCB) model proposed by Librescu and Vo, which is widely used by others for structural modelling of wind turbine blades. To correct such deficiency, an improved TWCSCB model is developed in a novel manner that is applicable to both single-cell and multi-cell closed sections made of arbitrary composite laminates. The present TWCSCB model has been validated for a variety of geometries and arbitrary laminate layups. The numerical verifications are also performed on a realistic wind turbine blade (NPS-100) for structural analysis. Consistently accurate correlations are found between present TWCSCB model and the ABAQUS finite element (FE) shell model. Finally, the static aero-elasticity model is developed by combining the developed BEM model and TWCSCB model. The interactions are accounted through an iterative process. The numerical applications are carried out on NPS-100 wind turbine. The numerical results show some significant corrections by modelling wind turbine blades with elastic coupling.

Neste trabalho, é apresentada a simulação de escoamentos compressíveis turbulentos no entorno de corpos móveis rígidos ou deformáveis empregando-se técnicas adaptativas. As simulações numéricas são conduzidas utilizando-se o método dos elementos finitos. A discretização espaço-temporal é desenvolvida através do método das linhas ou direções características (Characteristic-Based Split - CBS) e a modelagem da turbulência é feita através de um modelo de Simulação de Grandes Escalas (SGE, ou na terminologia em inglês, Large Eddy Simulation – LES) com o coeficiente de Smagorinsky variável no tempo e espaço (SGE ou LES dinâmico). A análise estrutural de corpos deformáveis imersos no fluido é realizada através de um modelo de elementos finitos triangulares para análise de placas e cascas com não linearidade geométrica, usando materiais elásticos com comportamento linear. Conjuntamente, um método de adaptação anisotrópica transiente de malhas é empregado para obter resultados com boa resolução a baixos custos computacionais. A consideração do movimento relativo de corpos imersos no escoamento é feita através de um método híbrido de movimento da malha que emprega interpolação com funções de base radial. Exemplos bidimensionais e tridimensionais são apresentados de forma a validar cada uma das metodologias desenvolvidas. Por fim, exemplos de simulações complexas são investigados, comparando-se os resultados obtidos com resultados experimentais e numéricos presentes na literatura. / In this work, the simulation of compressible turbulent flows around rigid and flexible moving bodies is presented using adaptative techniques. The numerical simulations are solved employing the finite element method. The space-time discretization is performed using the Characteristic-Based Split scheme (CBS) and turbulence is modelled with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and a dynamic Smagorinsky sub-grid model. The structural analysis of deformable bodies immersed on the flow is performed using a triangular finite element model for the analysis of geometrically non-linear elastic plates and shells. An anisotropic mesh adaptation algorithm for transient simulations is coupled with the solver to achieve results with good resolution and low computational costs. The consideration of the relative movement of immersed bodies on the flow is performed employing an hybrid method of mesh movement based on radial basis function interpolation. Twodimensional and three-dimensional examples are presented in order to validate the proposed methodologies. Finally, complex simulations are investigated, where results are compared with experimental and numerical data available in the literature.

Neste trabalho, é apresentada a simulação de escoamentos compressíveis turbulentos no entorno de corpos móveis rígidos ou deformáveis empregando-se técnicas adaptativas. As simulações numéricas são conduzidas utilizando-se o método dos elementos finitos. A discretização espaço-temporal é desenvolvida através do método das linhas ou direções características (Characteristic-Based Split - CBS) e a modelagem da turbulência é feita através de um modelo de Simulação de Grandes Escalas (SGE, ou na terminologia em inglês, Large Eddy Simulation – LES) com o coeficiente de Smagorinsky variável no tempo e espaço (SGE ou LES dinâmico). A análise estrutural de corpos deformáveis imersos no fluido é realizada através de um modelo de elementos finitos triangulares para análise de placas e cascas com não linearidade geométrica, usando materiais elásticos com comportamento linear. Conjuntamente, um método de adaptação anisotrópica transiente de malhas é empregado para obter resultados com boa resolução a baixos custos computacionais. A consideração do movimento relativo de corpos imersos no escoamento é feita através de um método híbrido de movimento da malha que emprega interpolação com funções de base radial. Exemplos bidimensionais e tridimensionais são apresentados de forma a validar cada uma das metodologias desenvolvidas. Por fim, exemplos de simulações complexas são investigados, comparando-se os resultados obtidos com resultados experimentais e numéricos presentes na literatura. / In this work, the simulation of compressible turbulent flows around rigid and flexible moving bodies is presented using adaptative techniques. The numerical simulations are solved employing the finite element method. The space-time discretization is performed using the Characteristic-Based Split scheme (CBS) and turbulence is modelled with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and a dynamic Smagorinsky sub-grid model. The structural analysis of deformable bodies immersed on the flow is performed using a triangular finite element model for the analysis of geometrically non-linear elastic plates and shells. An anisotropic mesh adaptation algorithm for transient simulations is coupled with the solver to achieve results with good resolution and low computational costs. The consideration of the relative movement of immersed bodies on the flow is performed employing an hybrid method of mesh movement based on radial basis function interpolation. Twodimensional and three-dimensional examples are presented in order to validate the proposed methodologies. Finally, complex simulations are investigated, where results are compared with experimental and numerical data available in the literature.

Neste trabalho, é apresentada a simulação de escoamentos compressíveis turbulentos no entorno de corpos móveis rígidos ou deformáveis empregando-se técnicas adaptativas. As simulações numéricas são conduzidas utilizando-se o método dos elementos finitos. A discretização espaço-temporal é desenvolvida através do método das linhas ou direções características (Characteristic-Based Split - CBS) e a modelagem da turbulência é feita através de um modelo de Simulação de Grandes Escalas (SGE, ou na terminologia em inglês, Large Eddy Simulation – LES) com o coeficiente de Smagorinsky variável no tempo e espaço (SGE ou LES dinâmico). A análise estrutural de corpos deformáveis imersos no fluido é realizada através de um modelo de elementos finitos triangulares para análise de placas e cascas com não linearidade geométrica, usando materiais elásticos com comportamento linear. Conjuntamente, um método de adaptação anisotrópica transiente de malhas é empregado para obter resultados com boa resolução a baixos custos computacionais. A consideração do movimento relativo de corpos imersos no escoamento é feita através de um método híbrido de movimento da malha que emprega interpolação com funções de base radial. Exemplos bidimensionais e tridimensionais são apresentados de forma a validar cada uma das metodologias desenvolvidas. Por fim, exemplos de simulações complexas são investigados, comparando-se os resultados obtidos com resultados experimentais e numéricos presentes na literatura. / In this work, the simulation of compressible turbulent flows around rigid and flexible moving bodies is presented using adaptative techniques. The numerical simulations are solved employing the finite element method. The space-time discretization is performed using the Characteristic-Based Split scheme (CBS) and turbulence is modelled with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and a dynamic Smagorinsky sub-grid model. The structural analysis of deformable bodies immersed on the flow is performed using a triangular finite element model for the analysis of geometrically non-linear elastic plates and shells. An anisotropic mesh adaptation algorithm for transient simulations is coupled with the solver to achieve results with good resolution and low computational costs. The consideration of the relative movement of immersed bodies on the flow is performed employing an hybrid method of mesh movement based on radial basis function interpolation. Twodimensional and three-dimensional examples are presented in order to validate the proposed methodologies. Finally, complex simulations are investigated, where results are compared with experimental and numerical data available in the literature.