Thesis (Ph. D.)--Area Study Centre, University of Peshawar, 1985. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-199).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Area Study Centre, University of Peshawar, 1985. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-199).

Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009. / Thesis Advisor(s): Simons, Anna. Second Reader: Tucker, David. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 21, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Unconventional, Irregular Warfare, Counterinsurgency, Naturalistic Decision Making, Personal Intelligence, Fingerspitzengefuhl, and Recognition-Primed Decision Making. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-141).

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1989.

Habilitationsschrift--Bonn. / Summary also in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. [189]-195) and index.

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005. / Thesis Advisor(s): Peter R. Lavoy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-85). Also available online.

Le concept de gestion de crise, auquel s’ajoute subrepticement son corollaire, la prévention des conflits, est l’un des champs d’expression contemporaine de la capacité des sujets de Droit international à contribuer efficacement au maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationales. L’Europe, acteur stratégique formé et forgé à partir des actes de Politique étrangère de l’UE et la coopération des Etats membres, ne tient surtout pas à manquer ce rendez-vous ; d’autant plus que l’agrégat d’activités que suscite la gestion des crises privilégie le traitement civil aux opérations militaires, instruments au pouvoir duquel l’Europe évalue exceptionnellement sa puissance. La contribution de cet acteur à la résolution de la crise de l’Etat en Afghanistan lui donne l’opportunité de confirmer cette dynamique, sans pour autant sous-entendre qu’il renonce à l’emploi de la force dans les relations internationales. En effet, l’implication de l’Europe à la gestion de la guerre civile d’Afghanistan, à l’exercice solidaire de la légitime défense reconnue aux Etats-Unis après les dramatiques attentats du 11 Septembre 2001 et à la mise en oeuvre de l’Accord de Bonn sur la reconstruction post-taliban est le fruit d’une volonté consciente et cohérente d’affirmer sa personnalité sur la scène internationale. L’établissement de la Mission EUPOL Afghanistan aux fins de promotion des principes de l’Etat de droit, des valeurs de la démocratie et du respect des Droits fondamentaux des hommes et des femmes peut donc être perçu comme un défi pour l’engagement collectif de l’UE et de ses Membres dans les enjeux de sécurité internationale qui se jouent en Asie Centrale au prisme de l’Afghanistan. La nomination d’un Représentant spécial de l’Union européenne pour l’Afghanistan et le Pakistan élargit manifestement cet horizon. / The crisis management completed by conflict prevention, is one of the fields of contemporary expression of the ability of international subjects to effectively contribute to global peace and security. Europe, strategic power formed and forged from the UE foreign policy acts and Member States cooperation can not miss this particular agenda. All activities required for crisis management prefer use civilian mechanisms. The European power does not assessed for the use of force. The contribution of this new strategic actor in resolving the Afghanistan state’s crisis gives him an opportunity to confirm that way. But it does not reject completely the use of force to keep, make or re-establish and build peace. Indeed, the Europe involvement in the management of the afghan civil war, his contribution in the self-defence recognized to the United States after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 and the implementation of the Bonn Agreement is the result of a conscious and coherent statement of European international capacity. EUPOL Afghanistan establish to promote the Rule Of Law, democratic values and respect for fundamental rights of human beings can be see as à challenge to the collective commitment of the EU and its state members in international security issues open in Central Asia through the afghan case. Appointing a Special Representative of the European Union for Afghanistan and Pakistan, Europe clearly extends this outlook.

In 1939, a rich archaeological find was made in Afghanistan when a hoard of luxury objects was excavated in a "palatial residence" at Begram, site of ancient Kāpisa. Among the precious articles brought to light were hundreds of Indian ivory carvings which at one time decorated royal furnishings belonging to Kushan kings. Kāpisa was once the summer capitol of opulent and powerful rulers who controlled a land extending from the Ganges River into Central Asia. Created by former nomads whose ruling princes gave themselves the dynastic name of Kushan, the Indo-Scythian Empire straddled the routes to Rome, Iran and China and was virtually the centre of the world in the first centuries of our era. Yet no integral record of the Kushans has been found in any traditional source, and their history has been pieced together from fragments of information gleaned over the last century from the study of coins, cryptic textual references, and worn inscriptions. Similarly, the history of India's art from the same period suffers from a paucity of documentation; its chronology, although now receiving the attention of modern scholarship, is still in a state of flux. The discovery of the ivories at Kāpisa enriches not only our knowledge of the Kushans, but it adds another dimension to our information about early Indian art as it was during Kushan rule, prior to the fourth century when a classical civilization began to emerge under the Gupta dynasty. One of the ivories, analyzed in this study, is unique in its wealth of symbolic detail. Representing a torana and two standing female figures, the ivory plaque once adorned a royal couch that possibly served as a Kushan throne. The ivory's iconography relates to the Kushan dynasty's concern with legitimacy of rule; there is an assertion of the sacred and worthy character of Kushan sovereigns. Moreover, the ivory makes various references to Srl-Lakshmi, Indian Goddess of Royal Fortune, a deity analagous with Roma or the Hellenistic Tyche. In the iconography of the two standing female figures, the concept of Srl-Lakshmi is apparent, but these figures are further shown with overtones of Indian godllngs, divine consorts and Near Eastern goddesses whose functions parallel those of Srl-Lakshmi in assuring the regime political and natural prosperity. The syncretic character of the Ivory's iconography corresponds with that of coins and seals from the period of Huvishka, a name taken by one or more Kushan emperors ruling in the second century A.D. The style of the ivory plaque has often been associated with that of Sanchi, an Indian monument of the first century A.D. where a torana gateway bears a carved panel upon which is inscribed "Gift of the Ivory Carvers of Vidisa". With respect to surface treatment, spatial devices, tonal arrangement, naturalism of poses and figural proportions, however, the Sanchi panel does not compare with the Begram plaque. In tracing the evolution of style during the interval between these two works, an Indian ivory found at Pompeii, a relief from Amaravati, the donor figures at Karli, and the Bhutesvar railing figures from the Mathura region are examined. The Bhutesvar figures are believed to coincide with the early part of the reign of Kanishka, most powerful of Kushan monarchs, whose accession initiated an era beginning perhaps about A.D. 110-15. Although the Begram ivory alludes to the Bhutesvar model, the plaque is closer in style to later Mathura works. Relief carvings and sculptures accompanied by dated inscriptions disclose a period of cultural transition during the second quarter century of Kanishka's era, when new Influences permeate the Indian tradition. This stylistic assimilation is reflected by the Begram ivory; hence in style, as in Iconography, the ivory is representative of the period of Huvishka, whose name appears on inscriptions from the year 28 to the year 64 or 67 of Kanishka*s era. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

The Soviet Union occupied her southern neighbor Afghanistan on Thursday, December 27, 1979. Soon after the occupation, significant impacts were felt on agriculture and other sectors of the economy. Agriculture was affected in many ways from the integrity of irrigation systems to the cultivation of opium poppies. Agricultural extension, as the main department within the Ministry of Agriculture, was severely affected in terms of programs, organization, personnel, budget, methods, relations with farmers, and transfer of improved technologies. This study was designed to assess the impacts of the occupation and identify recommendations for the future development of the system. A survey design was used. Sixty-two Afghans with detailed knowledge about the Soviet occupation and agriculture participated in the study. The survey included 34 mostly open-ended questions, covering three areas: demographic characteristics of respondents, impacts of the occupation, and prospects for the future of the Agricultural Extension System of Afghanistan. The majority of participants were highly educated and lived in North America after departing Afghanistan. The results also showed that during the occupation many participants were assigned to passive positions or lost their jobs. The occupation affected the attitudes of the farmers, reduced the cultivation of agricultural land, destroyed the infrastructure for delivering agricultural services, altered the types of crops grown and reduced the number of people working in agriculture. Millions of landmines remain a serious threat to those who return to farming. Recommendations are made for the Government, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Higher and Vocational Education, Agricultural Extension System, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), and International Aid Agencies. Agricultural extension rehabilitation should be given high priority to meet the emerging challenges of increasing agricultural production by adopting modern technology, generating suitable marketing channels for surplus agricultural products, providing equal development and working opportunities for Afghan women, protecting natural resources, utilizing professional returnees, and replacing poppy cultivation with regular food crops. Perceptual and structural obstacles may militate against providing proper support for agricultural development in Afghanistan. The overall reconstruction and development of the Afghan Agricultural Extension System is a prerequisite for the future development of the Afghan agriculture sector. Establishing a stable Afghan government and support from the international coalition are essential to rebuilding this important sector of the economy.