This thesis explores how the art world negotiates what contemporary African art means, in the context of the international contemporary art system and in relation to the histories of Western perspectives on Africa. Using conceptual and methodological approaches drawn from cultural geography, it examines the field of contemporary African art, foregrounding the terms of negotiation framing contested geographical imaginations and ideas of Africa. The research considers curatorial practices, exhibitions, art institutions, networks and the wider art infrastructure as an arena in which geographical concepts and categories are formulated, debated and contested in relation to contemporary African art. It draws on interviews with artists, curators, gallerists, collectors and scholars, as well as ethnographic fieldwork conducted in institutions and at art events, to unpick the idea of 'contemporary African art' as a working category and conceptual frame. It reveals tensions running through the field hinging on questions of categorisation, scale and location, the geographical dimensions and implications of which are currently under-explored. The conclusions argue for the importance of geographical awareness in debates around contemporary art from Africa and its shifting position internationally, particularly in the context of globalising trends in the art world and beyond, which engender complex geographies of mobility, identity, belonging and opportunity. The thesis also highlights the relevance of debates around contemporary African art for geographers, proposing new directions in research on art within cultural geography.

In 1979, the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) and the Standard Bank Investment Corporation came together to form the Standard Bank Foundation Collection of African Tribal Art, the first public collection of its kind in South Africa, which fundamentally re-shaped public and institutional perceptions of black art in the country. Its collection and display, at first in the Gertrude Posel Gallery and then in the Wits Art Museum, formed a canon of African art that represented the artistic identities of a larger continent as well as those of South Africa’s majority black population. Together these formed an explicit political statement. This dissertation traces the evolution of the Standard Bank Collection, examining key developments at critical moments in South Africa’s political history. Divided into two parts that juxtapose the apartheid and post-apartheid periods, the first section begins with the founding of the Standard Bank Collection and its inaugural exhibition, African Tribal Sculpture held in 1979. In Chapter One, a case study considers how Wits placed black South African objects in dialogue with the canonical sculpture from West and Central Africa. Wits thereby authenticated black South African objects as art, both in South Africa itself and within the field of African art history, an action that undermined the apartheid system. Chapter Two offers a second case study that takes on the racially charged climate of late apartheid, situating Wits’ collecting practices in relationship to the collections and exhibitions of other art museums in the country. Wits curators employed and politicized the labels traditional art and transitional art in their classifications of South African objects at a critical juncture in the nation’s political transformation. Part two looks at the post-apartheid period in a single case study. Chapter Three examines the politics present in exhibitions featuring African art in the new Wits Art Museum that addressed themes relevant to popular urban culture – including style, fashion, and adornment – viewed as central to the presentation of post-apartheid black identities. By examining the types of objects Wits collected and the kinds of exhibitions it mounted, this dissertation illuminates how the art museum’s cultural authority represented and grappled with the changing racial politics of the nation.

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Nigerian sculptor Peju Alatise and British/Kenyan video artist Grace Ndiritu create works centered on the female form. In these works the artists turn to flesh, their own and representations of, in order to expose prevailing notions of the black female body. Peju Alatise’s mixed-media sculpture, 9 Year Old Bride (2010), depicts the hollow bodies of seven small female figures created from fabric and frozen in motion by resin and white paint. Ndiritu’s video paintings, Still Life: Lying Down Textiles (2007)and Still Life: White Textiles (2005-2007) similarly employs cloths as means of covering and creating the body. In Still Life: Lying Down Textiles, Ndiritu reclines on the floor amongst a rich array of fabrics. Completely covered by cloth, except for her right arm, Ndiritu breathes heavily and twitches for entirety of the five-minute film. In her second film, Still Life: White Textiles, Ndiritu manipulates a large piece of fabric between her bare legs and arms which hints at, but never grants nudity. This thesis argues that both Alatise and Ndiritu incorporate wax-printed fabrics to conceal/reveal and construct/deconstruct the female form. Both artists do so as means of destabilizing dominant essentialized notions of black womanhood rooted in colonial visual practices. The paper draws similarities between Alatise and Ndiritu’s works to colonial photographic practices and historical figures of curiosity, such as Sara Baartman, which both inform contemporary understandings of the black female body. Rather than simply repeat—and therefore perpetuate—Western imagined qualities of deviant sexualities and sexual availability, this thesis asserts that Alatise and Ndiritu allude to and ultimately undermine these notions through a careful control of nudity. The last section of the thesis distinguishes the artistic practices of Ndiritu and Alatise from artists working in similar mediums. Though artists like Yinka Shonibare and Lalla Essaydi incorporate textiles into their works, Ndiritu and Alatise are unique for their use of textiles as extensions of the body rather than simply coverings for the figure. Lastly, the thesis argues that Alatise and Ndiritu straddle both Orientalist and Occidentalist understandings of African culture, incorporating elements of both, seemingly inverse, theories into their artistic practices. / text

L’art contemporain africain a fait son entrée dans le système globalisé, d’abord par les manifestations artistiques, ensuite dans les maisons de vente. Depuis les années post-indépendances, une nouvelle vision de l’art contemporain africain a émergé avec l’avènement des discours postcoloniaux. Ces idées inédites ont entraîné une lecture différente de l’esthétique contemporaine africaine avec l’appui de certains commissaires d’exposition. Parallèlement, une vision de l’artiste « authentique » subsiste dans les manifestations et donne de l’artiste africain une image qui peut paraître quelques fois figée. Les artistes contemporains africains se retrouvent aujourd’hui dans une situation conflictuelle ; ils doivent soit se rapprocher des centres d’impulsion artistiques c’est-à-dire du marché de l’art occidental ou rester sur le continent africain et tenter par des initiatives diverses et variées d’intégrer un marché qui reste encore en occident. Les zones périphériques arrivent cependant peu à peu à se muter en centres d’impulsion mais restent pour le moment modestes.Avec l’avènement des nouvelles technologies, des opportunités s’offrent aux artistes des périphéries en termes d’usages mais aussi en tant que medium. Leur application pousse à la réflexion, et à une tentative de compréhension des enjeux qui se profilent pour l’art contemporain africain et des perspectives qu’il faudra entrevoir à travers le paradigme des postcoloniales studies et à travers l’avènement des technologies de l’information et des communication. Est-il possible de proposer de nouvelles approches pour promouvoir la diffusion de l’art contemporain africain à travers les dispositifs socio-techniques disponibles mais aussi à travers la gestion de l’information. ? Dans une première partie, cette thèse tente de montrer la diversité des arts de l’Afrique pour en comprendre la complexité aujourd’hui. Puis en analysant les liens qu’elle a eus avec l’occident, d’en comprendre l’histoire.Dans une seconde partie la place de l’identité de l’artiste africain mais aussi son positionnement puis les initiatives qui sont menées sur le continent permettront de mieux appréhender les enjeux et perspectives qui dans la troisième partie, permettront d’avoir un point de vue global sur ce qui régit aujourd’hui l’art contemporain africain. / The contemporary African art has made its entry into the globalized system, first through artistic exhibitions then in the auction houses. Since the 1960s’ a new vision of contemporary African art has emerged with the postcolonial discourse. These ideas have led to a different reading of the contemporary African aesthetic with the support of some curators. Meanwhile, a vision of the “authentic” artist remains in many European and American exhibitions. African artist give an image that can sometimes seem fossilized The contemporary African artists today find themselves in a situation, which can be source of conflicts. They can get close to the artistic centers pulse which means the Western art market or stay on the African continent and try by different initiatives to include a market which is still outlying areas like western countriesThe other areas however gradually mutate into centers pulse but remain modest for the time being. With the advent of new technologies, opportunities exist for artists from the third world in terms of use but also as media. Their application pushes the reflection, and then attempt to understand the challenges that lies ahead for contemporary African art and perspectives that will glimpse through the paradigm of postcolonial studies and through the advent of technologies of information and communication. Is it possible to suggest new approaches to promote the dissemination of contemporary African art through socio-technical devices available but also through information management? The first part, this thesis attempts to show the diversity of the arts of Africa to understand it’s complexity today. Then by analyzing the relationship it has with the West, to understand it’s history.The second part tries to understand the identity of the African artist but also its positioning and initiatives that are carried out on the continent will better understand the challenges and opportunities.The third part will give a point of view overall which today governs contemporary African art.

This thesis responds to the dearth of detailed studies of pioneering African modernists; and the need for fresh theoretical frameworks for the interpretation of their art. Building on recent scholarship that applies decolonisation as an epistemic framework, it argues that a productive decolonial discourse needs to consider concurrent forms of nationalism and cultural agency in both the anti/colonial and postcolonial periods. Central to this approach is an analysis of the aesthetic responses of artists to the experiences and legacies of colonialism. This thesis is grounded in a study of Malangatana Valente Ngwenya (1936-2011), Mozambique’s most celebrated artist. It draws substantially on archival material and rare publications, mostly in Portuguese. The artist’s career is located within changing social and political contexts, specifically the anti/colonial period, and the promise and collapse of the postcolonial revolutionary project, with the pervasive influence of the Cold War highlighted. Following the advent of globalisation, the artist’s role in normalising postcolonial relations with Portugal is foregrounded. Parallel to his contribution to Mozambican art and society, Malangatana features prominently in surveys of modern African art. The notion of the artist fulfilling divergent social roles at different points in time for evolving publics is linked to an analysis of his emergence as a composite cultural sign: autodidact; revolutionary; cultural ‘ambassador’; and global citizen. The artist’s decolonial aesthetics are positioned in relation to those of his pan-African peers, with four 6 themes elaborated: colonial assimilation; anti-colonial resistance; postcolonial dystopia; and the articulation of a new Mozambican identity. Key to this analysis is an elaboration of the concept of the polemic sign, initially proposed by Jean Duvignaud (1967), adapted here to interpret the artist’s predilection for composite visual signs that, in their ambivalence and often provocative significations, resist processes of definitive translation. It is argued that through a juxtaposition of disparate forms of signs, and the simultaneous deployment of semi-realist and narrative pictorial strategies, the artist develops a complex, eclectic and evocative aesthetic that requires critical and open-ended engagement. The thesis concludes with provocative questions regarding the extent to which the artist’s aesthetics reflect hegemonic national narratives, or act to unsettle these. of a new Mozambican identity. Key to this analysis is an elaboration of the concept of the polemic sign, initially proposed by Jean Duvignaud (1967), adapted here to interpret the artist’s predilection for composite visual signs that, in their ambivalence and often provocative significations, resist processes of definitive translation. It is argued that through a juxtaposition of disparate forms of signs, and the simultaneous deployment of semi-realist and narrative pictorial strategies, the artist develops a complex, eclectic and evocative aesthetic that requires critical and open-ended engagement. The thesis concludes with provocative questions regarding the extent to which the artist’s aesthetics reflect hegemonic national narratives, or act to unsettle these.

In this study, I hope to challenge the absolute belief in academia, which assumes that the perception of reality or visualities; in terms of culture, nature, truth and so on, by definition should be understood according to the Western philosophical character and genealogy as developed from a positivist paradigm. It seems to me, that the dominant methodological frameworks as I know them now, tacitly follow this scientific, quantitative, material, mechanical, positivist paradigm that draws from Western philosophical development and positions, pervasively held as the only basis for knowledge production. In turn, this philosophical position delegitimises any other epistemologies or methodological frameworks from elsewhere. In many cases, the methods of teaching and assessing subscribe, impose and perpetuate these same protocols as the only recognised epistemological and methodological approaches for critical inquiry inside tertiary educational institutions. By far, fine art as a discipline has inherited this epistemological position. To define this field in the context of decolonisation (meaning the undoing of colonisation), it requires us to look beyond disciplinary knowledge. This research is primarily an epistemological critique; and does not simply seek to “Africanise” the study of art, but to condemn the pervasive institutionalised cultural dominance. To frame my discourse, I have adopted an anti-colonial perspective, and a qualitative method to help define this phenomenon through a wide range of techniques. These include grounded theory; propositional logic; case study, narrative inquiry and auto-ethnography as possible tool for collecting, coding and analysing of data.

A dissertação tem como objeto de pesquisa obras de arte tradicionais de origem africana do grupo étnico Iorubá onde se encontra representado o corpo humano. Busco elucidar as causas sociais, históricas, filosóficas que possibilitaram as produções escultóricas artísticas que apresentam geralmente formas antropóides. / The dissertation has as object of research works of traditional art from Africa\'s Yoruba ethnic group where the representation of the human body. Seeking to explain the social, historical, philosophical causes that allowed the artistic sculptural productions usually feature anthropoid forms.

A dissertação tem como objeto de pesquisa obras de arte tradicionais de origem africana do grupo étnico Iorubá onde se encontra representado o corpo humano. Busco elucidar as causas sociais, históricas, filosóficas que possibilitaram as produções escultóricas artísticas que apresentam geralmente formas antropóides. / The dissertation has as object of research works of traditional art from Africa\'s Yoruba ethnic group where the representation of the human body. Seeking to explain the social, historical, philosophical causes that allowed the artistic sculptural productions usually feature anthropoid forms.

This essay is a study of Yinka Shonibare MBE, London-born and Nigerian-raised contemporary artist, and his recent photographic practice that includes three series: Fake Death Pictures, William Morris Family Album, and Medusa. Exploration of the series reveals insight into Shonibare’s unique relationship to photography, in which he employs the hyper-realism and theatricality of the medium to interact with individuals from British history and reveal contemporary social and political injustices.