La chasse aux trophées peut contraindre les ongulés à ajuster leur comportement pourréduire le risque de mortalité. De plus, comme cette chasse est basée sur des critères detaille, et biaisée en faveur des mâles, elle peut causer des changements morphologiquesvers des individus plus petits, et altérer la structure et la dynamique des populations. Lachasse aux trophées est l’un des modes de conservation des habitats naturels. Son potentielde conservation est encore incertain parce qu’il y a peu d’études en dehors des parcsnationaux, notamment en Afrique. Cette thèse examine les effets de cette chasse sur lesongulés africains, i.e. sur leur comportement, la longueur des cornes, la proportion de mâlesadultes, la taille de groupe, et la densité des populations. J’ai travaillé à partird’observations comportementales et de données populationnelles de suivis à long terme.Pour plusieurs espèces (surtout l’impala Aepyceros melampus, le grand koudouTragelaphus strepsiceros, et l’hippotrague noir Hippotragus niger), j’ai comparé lecomportement, la structure et la densité des populations entre le Parc National de Hwangeet les zones de chasse adjacentes, Zimbabwe. Dans les zones de chasse, j’ai analysé lestendances de longueur des cornes au cours des 30 dernières années. Les ongulés venaientdavantage de nuit aux points d’eau, et étaient plus vigilants dans les zones de chasse quedans le parc national. L’amplitude de ces ajustements en revanche, était limitée par lebesoin en eau, et par le risque de prédation naturelle. La longueur des cornes a décliné, plusparticulièrement pour les espèces prisées des chasseurs et subissant une pression de chasseélevée. Il n’y avait pas de différence significative de la proportion de mâles adultes, ou dela taille de groupe, entre les populations du parc national et des zones de chasse. Au coursdes 30 dernières années, les densités de population ont globalement davantage diminuédans le parc national que dans les zones de chasse. Ceci suggère que la chasse aux trophéesn’a eu qu’un effet minime sur les densités de population par rapport à d’autres facteurscomme les précipitations, ou possiblement la prédation naturelle et l’éléphant. Malgré lesajustements comportementaux, le déclin de la longueur des cornes, et le prélèvement biaiséen faveur des mâles adultes, les densités d’ongulés étaient aussi élevées dans les zones dechasse que dans le Parc National de Hwange. Cette étude illustre comment les zones dechasse aux trophées, lorsque rigoureusement gérées, peuvent jouer un rôle dans laconservation des ongulés africains. / Like predation, trophy hunting may constrain ungulates to adjust their behaviour todecrease mortality risk. Moreover, because this removal is size selective and male-biased, itmay induce morphological changes towards individuals with smaller traits, alter populationstructure and dynamics. Trophy hunting is one of the conservation modes of naturalhabitats, particularly in Africa. However, its conservation potential is still unclear becausethere are few studies outside National Parks. This thesis aimed to investigate the subtleeffects of trophy hunting on African ungulates, i.e. on their behaviour, horn length ofharvested males, proportion of adult males, group size, and population densities. I workedfrom behavioural observations, and from population data of long-term surveys. For severalspecies (mainly impala Aepyceros melampus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, andsable antelope Hippotragus niger), I compared behaviour, population structure, anddensities between Hwange National Park and adjacent hunting areas, Zimbabwe. In huntingareas, I analysed trends in horn length of harvested males over the past 30 years. This thesisshows that ungulates drank more often at night, and were more vigilant in hunting areasthan in the national park. However, the amplitude of these adjustments was constrained bythe need of surface water, and by natural predation risk. Trophy hunting caused a decline inhorn length, particularly for species that experienced high hunting pressure and were ofhigh value for hunters. Trophy hunting tended to decrease proportion of adult males,though not significantly, and did not affect group size. Moreover, during the last 30 years,ungulate densities generally declined more in the national park than in neighbouringhunting areas. This suggests that trophy hunting played a minor role on densities comparedto other factors, i.e. rainfall, and possibly natural predation and elephant densities. Despitebehavioural adjustments induced by hunting risk, decline of horn length, and harvestskewed towards adult males, ungulate densities in hunting areas adjacent to HwangeNational Park remained comparable to densities within the national park. This studyillustrates how trophy hunting areas, when rigorously managed, may play a significant rolein the conservation of ungulates in Africa.

Woody plant encroachment is one of the major problems worldwide because it affects negatively the herbaceous layer, which provide forage for livestock production. However, the role of ruminants particularly browsers in the dispersal of woody plant seeds still remains a concern for farmers interested in grass production. Seedpods of various woody plant species constitute a crucial part of the diet of herbivores during the dry season because of their high nutritional quality compared to herbaceous material. The interaction of associated diet quality, seed characteristics and animal species among other factors play a pivotal part in the success of livestock faecal seeds dispersion. Furthermore, dispersed seeds that successfully grow into mature woody plants become an important source of protein for herbivores. The use of woody plants as a source forage is known to be limited by plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) such as condensed tannins. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the effects of condensed tannins and crude protein of Vachellia tortilis and Dichrostachys cinerea pods in seed recovery and germination fed to goats, and 2) the effects of diet mixing on the feed intake of plant species by goats. In the first experiment, a total of 12 female indigenous goats and 12 female Pedi sheep were utilised in this study, with the average body weights of 29.50 kg ± 1.60 (S.E) and 28.70 kg ± 1.60, respectively. Twelve goats were grouped into two groups of six goats per group, one group was fed D. cinerea pods and the other group was fed V. tortilis pods. The group of 12 sheep were divided similarly, the one group was fed D. cinerea pods and the other group was fed V. tortilis pods. Each animal was given V. tortilis and D. cinerea pods at 2.50% of their body weight. All animals were allowed to consume D. cinerea or V. tortilis pods within 24 h, after which the remaining pods were collected and weighed. Faecal collection commenced immediately after the 24 h pods feeding and was carried on until no seeds were discovered in faeces. All faeces extracted from sheep and goats were collected daily in the morning from the faecal bags. In the second experiment, a total of 24 indigenous goats with average body weight of 26.6 kg ± 0.51 were utilised. Goats were arbitrarily selected and grouped into four groups of six goats per group (goats were placed individually in 2 m2 pens). Each group was fed one of the following diets: diet one - Searsia lancea, diet two - S. pyroides, diet three - Euclea crispa and diet four - was a combination of the three plant species (Searsia lancea, S. pyroides and Euclea crispa). Searsia lancea, S. pyroides and E. crispa branches were collected every morning prior to feeding, and were weighed before offering the animals. Refusals were gathered and weighed, and intake was calculated as distinction between weight in and refusals. Plant species foliage were analysed for crude protein, condensed tannin, acid detergent lignin, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre. During the first experiment, the cumulative percentage seed recovery of V. tortilis from goats (46.00 % ± 1.90) and sheep (52.00 % ± 2.93) was significantly higher than D. cinerea from goats (13 % ± 1.47) and sheep (24.00 % ± 1.16). Germination percentage of D. cinerea seeds that passed through the gastro-intestinal tract of goats (33.12 % ± 2.94) and sheep (36.00 % ± 2.68) was significantly higher than V. tortilis seeds that passed through the gastro-intestinal tract of goats (28.98 % ± 2.68) and sheep (23.04 % ± 2.81). Average D. cinerea (34.56 % ± 1.99) and V. tortilis (26.02 %± 2.10) seeds that went through the gastro-intestinal of goats and sheep had a significantly higher germination rate than the control (i.e. no passage through the gut; D. cinerea = 2.31 % ± 1.55, V. tortilis = 5.07 % ± 2.68). The high mean cumulative percentage seed recovery of V. tortilis (18.80 %) may be attributed to the relatively higher crude protein than D. cinerea (12.20 %). This may encourage animal seed dispersal and germination of woody plant species with relatively high crude protein content. In the second experiment, Searsia lancea contained 8.50 % CP, 21.46 % acid detergent fibre (ADF), 12.50 % ADL and 39.37 % NDF. Searsia pyroides had 9.03 % CP, 27.07 % ADF, 10.89 % ADL and 40.30 % NDF. Euclea crispa had 6.19 % CP, 26.20 % ADF, 16.63 % ADL and 30.02 % NDF. Mixed diet (combination of the three plant species) had 8.96 % CP, 23.72 % ADF, 11.13 % ADL and 38.28 % NDF. Searsia lancea had 2.70 % of CTs while S. pyroides had 5.20 % CT, E. crispa had 6.44 % CT and mixed diet had 7.20 % CT. The mean dry matter intake varied significantly among dietary groups (P < 0.001). Similarly, goats offered a mixed diet consumed more CTs (P < 0.01) than those offered individual forage species. The high mean cumulative percentage seed recovery of V. tortilis may be attributed to the higher crude protein of V. tortilis (18.80 %) than D. cinerea (12.20 %). Higher passage rate may encourage animal seed dispersal and germination of plant species. The results from experiment two support the postulation that animals foraging in mixed diet systems consume more PSMs and achieve higher dry matter intake than animals confined to monocultures or single species feeding systems. Given that woody plant encroachment is already reducing farm-grazing capacities in African savannas and this problem is predicted to double by 2050, strategies that improve herbivore ability to consume woody plants will increase forage availability and inform bush control programmes and policies. Moreover, the concomitant increase in CTs by goats exposed to diets with diverse species also has positive implications for animal / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M. Sc. (Agriculture)