This thesis focused on the spatiotemporal patterning of classical excitatory and inhibitory synaptic contacts accounting for the majority of cerebral cortical connections, in relation to ageing and cognitive status. These investigations tested the hypothesis that higher CNS functions depend on the balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections. Glutamatergic and GABAergic presynaptic bouton densities were determined in aged animals segregated according to their cognitive status into aged and cognitively unimpaired (AU) and aged and cognitively impaired (AI), using the Morris water maze. These two groups were compared in terms of behaviour and the pattern of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. It was evident that an excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic decline is associated with age-related cognitive impairments; whereby both glutamatergic and GABAergic boutons gradually diminish from young to AU to AI. Nevertheless, the balance between excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic inputs was maintained. To determine whether postsynaptic sites differed with respect to ageing and cognitive impairments, excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic scaffold proteins were investigated in the same cohort of segregated aged animals. There was an imbalance in density ratio between immunoreactive sites of excitatory versus inhibitory postsynaptic scaffold proteins in AI animals. This resulted from a marked decrease in the density of excitatory postsynaptic sites. To further investigate ultrastructural aspects of excitatory synapses I carried out electron microscopical studies of cerebral cortex to measure the abundance of NR2 receptor subunits of the NMDA receptor- a receptor site directly associated with excitatory postsynaptic scaffold proteins. This study revealed that NR2 immunoreactive sites were largely preserved during age-related cognitive decline with an uneven profile distribution. Finally, protein expression of specific receptor subunits and key proteins representative of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic sites was investigated by semi-quantitative Western blot analyses in selected cortical areas. It was clear that many of these postsynaptic proteins are affected by age and cognitive status. The most striking change was a marked up-regulation in neuroligin-1 in AI animals, which may affect the delicate balance between excitatory versus inhibitory synaptic inputs. Another notable finding was the down-regulated expression of GluR2 receptor subunits in AI animals, which should have implications for neuronal Ca2+ regulation. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the greater vulnerability of excitatory postsynaptic sites in aged and cognitively impaired animals.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

No description available.

As we age, our ability to cope with a variety of stresses significantly decreases. One of the features of an ageing organism is the dramatic increase in the number of cells arrested in the G1 phase, a process known as senescence. It is well established that the senescence phenotype leads to a change in the way cells respond to stress. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these cells cope and/or respond to a variety of environmental challenges remain unknown. In general, cells respond to stress by engaging a variety of mechanisms; one of them is the assembly of cytoplasmic foci known as stress granules (SGs). These entities are considered as part of the survival pathways that are activated at the beginning of any stress to protect key cellular elements which allow a quick recovery if the stress is rapidly removed. However, we do not know whether SGs formation is activated during senescence. In this study, we investigated the formation and the role of SGs in senescent cells exposed to various stresses. We demonstrated that while SGs can assemble in response to oxidative stress (OS) during all the steps leading to senescence activation, their number significantly increases at late stage of senescence. This increase correlates with a rapid decrease in the expression of the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21, one of the main players in the activation of the senescence phenotype. Although the OS-induced recruitment of p21 mRNA to SGs correlates with a significant increase in its half-life, this translocation interferes with p21 translation only at late senescence. This translation inhibition could be explained by the co-recruitment of CUGBP1, a known translation activator during senescence of p21, and p21 mRNA to SGs. Therefore, our data suggest that SGs formation and the reduction in p21 protein levels represent two main events through which senescent cells respond to stress conditions.

No description available.

In this study, the brain of senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice model was adopted to investigate PTMs state (especially methylation patterns) of core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Seven methylated sites (H3K24, H3K27, H3K36, H3K79, H3R128, H4K20 and H2A R89) were detected by tandem matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) analysis. The methylation of H3K27 and H3K36 demonstrated a modulating relationship and methylated H3K27 might contribute to the hypermethylation state and gene repression in aged brain. Western blotting results showed that mono-methylated H4K20 decreased during SAMP8 mice aging and di-methylated H3K79 decreased in the brain of 12-month-old SAMP8 mice compared with age-matched senescence accelerated-resistant mouse (SAMR1) control. Di-methylated H3K79 could express in neuron cells of cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Whereas, the number of H3K79 methylation negative cells was higher in the cortex of 12-month old SAMP8 mice than that of age-matched control SAMR1 mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) result indicated homeodomain transcription factor Pbx1 isoform 1 (Pbx1), transcription factors and transcriptional regulator proteins, such as T-box isoform 20, TetR family precursor BAZ2B and ribosomal protein, were recruited to methylated H3K79 site. Therefore, a model of methylated H3K79 on gene transcriptional regulation was proposed. Furthermore, the consequences of decreased H3K79 methylation in Neuro-2a (N2a) cells were investigated via transfection with Dot1 (disruptor of telomeric silencing) siRNA. After transfection, N2a cells displayed shorter neurite and less dendrite. Proteomic change in the N2a cells provided convincing evidence for the multi-function of decreased H3K79 methylation on transcriptional regulation, protein translation and folding, stress response and DNA breaks repair, which would contribute to brain dysfunction during neurodegenerative disease or aging. / Nowadays, many countries including China are experiencing aging populations. Aging has become the major risk factor for many diseases, such as neurodegenerative disease. The studies on the role of epigenetics in the aging process have grown tremendously in recent years. However, no systematic investigations have provided the information on histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) in aged brain and the roles of histone PTMs in brain aging are still unknown. / This study gave a new insight into the link between histone PTMs and brain aging. It could provide the experimental evidence for future studies and help us to better understand aging or neurodegenerative disease at epigenetic level. Furthermore, it could benefit for setting up the strategies for epigenetic therapy to neurodegenerative disease. / Wang, Chunmei. / Adviser: Ngai Saiming. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-01, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 136). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

O envelhecimento populacional é uma preocupação mundial, acarretando prejuízos pulmonares. A cinesioterapia respiratória é muito utilizada, mas pouco relacionada com o meio aquático e idosos. Este estudo analisou os efeitos da cinesioterapia respiratória realizada bem dois meios - aquático e terrestre - na força muscular respiratória, flexibilidade e expansibilidade torácica de idosos. Completaram o estudo 59 sujeitos entre 60 e 65 anos, randomizados em três grupos. Dois deles realizaram exercícios respiratórios em meios aquático e terrestre. O terceiro atuou como controle. Comparando os grupos, observou-se uma melhora estatisticamente significativa da força muscular inspiratória do grupo que realizou atividades na água. As demais variáveis não sofreram alteração significativa / Aging of the population is a mundial concern. It causes damages in the pulmonary system. Respiratory exercises are too much used, but not so much related with the aquatic environment and aged. This study analised the effects of the respiratory exercise realized in two environments - aquatic and earth - in the respiratory muscle strength, thoracic mobility and flexibility in healthy aged. Completed the study 59 subjects between 60 and 65 years, randomized in three groups. Two of then realized respiratory exercises in earth and water and the third one acted as a control. Comparing the groups, there was a stastically significance improve in the inspiratory muscle strength in the water group. All of the other variables analised didn't change with the intervention

O envelhecimento populacional é uma preocupação mundial, acarretando prejuízos pulmonares. A cinesioterapia respiratória é muito utilizada, mas pouco relacionada com o meio aquático e idosos. Este estudo analisou os efeitos da cinesioterapia respiratória realizada bem dois meios - aquático e terrestre - na força muscular respiratória, flexibilidade e expansibilidade torácica de idosos. Completaram o estudo 59 sujeitos entre 60 e 65 anos, randomizados em três grupos. Dois deles realizaram exercícios respiratórios em meios aquático e terrestre. O terceiro atuou como controle. Comparando os grupos, observou-se uma melhora estatisticamente significativa da força muscular inspiratória do grupo que realizou atividades na água. As demais variáveis não sofreram alteração significativa / Aging of the population is a mundial concern. It causes damages in the pulmonary system. Respiratory exercises are too much used, but not so much related with the aquatic environment and aged. This study analised the effects of the respiratory exercise realized in two environments - aquatic and earth - in the respiratory muscle strength, thoracic mobility and flexibility in healthy aged. Completed the study 59 subjects between 60 and 65 years, randomized in three groups. Two of then realized respiratory exercises in earth and water and the third one acted as a control. Comparing the groups, there was a stastically significance improve in the inspiratory muscle strength in the water group. All of the other variables analised didn't change with the intervention

心肺功能是其中一項體能特質，而對於進行較長時間的中至高劇烈程度運動十分重要，也會影響日常活動和健康。但是，還沒有研究香港華裔長者心肺功能水平及其與體能活動參與程度和健康的關條。 / 招募對象是從現有的兩個追蹤研究來的[男女骨折研究(n=998 和884 )和頸動脈粥樣硬化研究( 191 名婦女)， 70 - 79 歲年長男士最大攝氧量的參考範圖為22.3-23.0 毫升/分鐘/公斤(95%信賴區間) , 80 歲以上為19.2-20.2 毫升/分鐘/公斤。80 歲以上女性的參考範園為17.0-18.3 毫升/公斤/分鐘， 70-79 歲為19.3-20.0毫升/公斤/分鐘， 60-69 歲為2 1. 7-23.0 毫升/公斤/分鐘和年齡55-59 歲為22 .1 -23.8毫升/公斤/分鐘。男性的心肺功能與腰圍有相關性。<.0001) ，而女性的相關性還要加上體重(p<.02) ，與年齡有關的最大攝氧量衰退在男性為0.368 毫升/公斤/分鐘/年，而女性為0 .238 毫升/公斤/分鐘/年。 / 70 - 79 歲年長男士6 分鐘步行距離的參考範圍為453.3-466 公尺， 80 歲以上為382.6-403.3 公尺。80 歲以上女性的參考範圍為333.9-357.2公尺和年齡70-79 歲為396.1-406.8 公尺。6 分鐘步行距離與腰圍、身高和學歷有相關性(p:S:.05) ，與年齡有關的6 分鐘步行距離衰退在男性為9.06 公尺/年，而女性為7.35 公尺/年。從長者活動評估量表得出的體能活動參與程度被認為是與最大攝氧量成正相關(男性:r=.241，'女性:r=.214 )和6 分鐘步行距離(男性: r=.257，女性:r=.1 84) 。長者日常步行時間越長最大攝氧量和6 分鐘步行距離較佳(p≤01) ，進行劇烈運動的女性有正常最大攝氧量的機會較高(p=.041) 。男性能符合美國運動醫學學院或香港衛生署指引的明顯比不能達到指引的有較好的心肺功能。能達到指引的男性有1. 68 倍的概率有正常的心肺功能。回溯性研究追查過去的PASE 分數與現在最大攝氧量的相關性，反應出過去的體能活動參與程度對現在的心肺功能影響隨時間減少(男性由目前回到7 年前: r=0.241、0.168、0.120; 女性: r= .214、0.106、0.069 )。 / 患有高血壓男性的最大攝氧量和6 分鐘步行距離較差(p=.014) ，曾患有心肌硬塞或心絞痛男性和糖尿病女性的6 分鐘步行距離較差(p<.04) 。最大攝氧量分別與由社區認知篩選工具評估的男性認知水平（r=.107)和男女長者憂鬱量表分數男性:r=-.112 ，女性: r=-.123) 有相關性。另一方面， 6 分鐘步行距離被發現分別與簡易智能狀態測驗p<.02) 、男性的社區認知篩選工具(p=.046)的認知級別和男女長者憂鬱量表的抑鬱狀態p<.04)有差別。 / 最大攝氧量和6分鐘步行距離的年齡調整相關性連中高程度(男性:R=.459、女性: R=.425) 。除了與最大攝氧量有滿意的相關性，6分鐘步行距離與精神健康有比較密切的相關性。6分鐘步行距離可作為香港華裔長者最大攝氧量的體能代表值。 / Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is one of the main attributes which is important toper form moderate-to-high intensity exercise for prolonged periods which affects daily activities as well as health. However, there are no studies among HK Chinese Elders' CRF and the relationship between this important parameter of physical fitness, PA participation and health outcomes. / By recruiting subjects from two existing cohort studies, the Osteoporetic Fractures in Men & Women Study (n=998 & 884 respectively) and the Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (191 women), the reference ranges of VO₂ peak for men were 22.3-23.0ml/min/kg (95% C.I.) at age 70-79y, and 19.2-20.2 ml/min/kg at age ≥80y. Forwomen, the reference range at age ≥80y was 17.0-18.3 ml/kg/min, 70-79y was19.3-20.0 ml/kg/min, 60-69y was 21.7-23.0 ml/kg/min and for age 55-59y was22.1-23.8 ml/kg/min. Men's VO₂ peak was associated with waist circumference(WC, p<.000l) while women's VO₂ peak additionally associated with weight (p<.02).There was an age-related decline in VO₂ peak at 0.368 ml/kg/minly in men and 0.238ml/kg/minly in women. / The reference ranges of 6MWD for men were 453.3-466.6m (95% C.I.) at age 70-79y, and 382.6-403.3m at age ≥80y. For women, the reference range at age 80≥y was 333.9-357.2m and for age 70-79y was 396.1-406.8 ml/kg/min. 6MWD was associated with WC, height and education (p≤.05). There was an age-related decline in 6MWD at 9.06m/y in men and 7.35m/y in women. / Elders' participation in PA assessed by the Physical Activity Scale for Elderly (PASE), was positively correlated with VO₂ peak (r=.241 in men, r=.214 in women) and 6MWD (r=.257 in men, r=.184 in women). Elderly walked more everyday have better VO₂peak and longer 6MWD (p≤ .0l). Women did more strenuous sport had higher chance of having normal CRF (p=.041). Men who met the guidelines by American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) & Department of Health (DH), HK had better VO₂ peak than those who failed to meet that guidelines (p<.005). By following the PA guidelines, men had a 1.68-fold probability having normal CRF. A novel approach to retrospectively explore the correlation between the past PASE score and the present VO₂ peak revealed that the effect of past PA participation diminished with time (correlations for men from present, 4y and 7y ago: r=.241, .168, .120; for women r=.214, .106, .069). / Men with hypertension had significantly lower V02 peak and shorter 6MWD (p<.03). Men with history of myocardial infarction and angina also walked shorter in 6MWT while women only with diabetes had shorter 6MWD (p<.04). CRF was found to be correlated with cognitive level in men estimated by CSI-D (p<.0001) and GDS-15 score in both genders (r=-.112 in men, r=-.123 in women). On the other hand, 6MWD was found to be different across cognitive status estimated by MMSE (p<.02) & CSI-D (p=.046 in men only), and depression status estimated by GDS-15 (p<.04) in both genders. / Age-adjusted correlation between VO₂ peak & 6MWD was moderately high (R=.459 in men; R=.425 in women). In addition to the satisfactory correlation with VO₂ peak, stronger associations were found 6MWD, cognitive and mental health. It was suggested 6MWD might be a feasible surrogate for VO₂ peak as a physical fitness measure among HK Chinese elderly. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Yau, Chung Fai Forrest. / "December 2011." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-237). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendix in Chinese. / ABSTRACT (IN ENGLISH) --- p.I / ABSTRACT (IN CHINESE) --- p.IV / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.VI / LIST OF CONTENTS --- p.VII / LIST OF TABLES --- p.XII / SELECTED ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XV / Chapter 1 --- BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- OUTLINES OF THE THESIS --- p.4 / Chapter 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- ELDERLY POPULATIONS --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Health --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Hypertension, Coronary Heart Disease & Stoke --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Diabetes --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1.4 --- Cognitive Function --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1.5 --- Depression --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PA & HEALTH --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Participation in PA --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- PA Recommendation --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Indirect Estimation ofPA Participation --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Physical Activity Scale for Elderly. --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3. --- PHYSICAL FITNESS & HEALTH. --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definition of Physical Fitness. --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Cardiorespiratory Fitness --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Direct Assessment of Physical Fitness --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.2.1.1 --- Affordable Device for CPET --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Six Minutes Walk Test --- p.36 / Chapter 3 --- MATERIALS & METHODS --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- SUBJECTS --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Subjects Source --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- The Osteoporetic Fractures in Men & Women Study --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Carotid Atherosclerosis Study --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Follow up Situation --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Ethical Consideration --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- INSTRUMENTATION --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Questionnaire --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Medical History --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Smoking Habit --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Cognitive & Mental Health --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.1.3.1 --- Cantonese Mini Mental State Examination & Community Screening Instrument for Dementia --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.1.3.2 --- Geriatric Depression Scale-15 --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Physical Activity Scale for Elderly --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.1.5 --- Veteran Specific Activity Questionnaire --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Physical Measurements --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Height, Weight & Fat Percentage --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Waist, Hip Circumferences & WHR --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Blood Pressure --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Electrocardiograph --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Fitness Tests --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Cardiopuhuonary Exercise Test --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.1 --- Exclusion Criteria --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.2 --- PreTest Consideration --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.3 --- Test Sequence & Measures --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.4 --- Test Tennination Criteria --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Six Minutes Walk Test --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.3.2.1 --- Six Minute Walk Test Sequence --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- STATISTICS --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Description of Variables --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- General Statistical Method --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Comparison between VO₂ peak & 6MWD Relationship with other Variables --- p.54 / Chapter 4 --- RESULTS --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1 --- RESPONSE & PARTICIPATION OF SUBJECTS --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- DEMOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Men --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Women --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Sample Representativeness --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Physical Measurements --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Peak Oxygen Uptake --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Correlations with Demographic Properties --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.4.2.1 --- Mean VO₂ peak in Different WC Status --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.4.2.2 --- Reference Range across Age Groups 98 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.4.2.3 --- Mllltivariat Analysis of VO₂ peak --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- Six Minutes Walk Test --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.4.3.1 --- UnivariateAnalysis with Demographic Properties --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.4.3.2 --- Mean 6MWD by WC Status --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.4.3.3 --- Reference Range by Age Groups --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.4.3.4 --- Multivariate analysis of 6MWD --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Physical Activity Scale for Elderly --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Univariate Analysis with Demographic Properties --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Reference Range across Age Groups --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.5.3 --- Reference Range of PASE --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.5.4 --- Multivariate Analysis of PASE --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Cognitive & Mental Scores --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.6.1 --- Community Screening Instrument for Dementia --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.6.2 --- Mini-Mental State Examination --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.6.3 --- Geriatric Depression Scale-15 --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3 --- CORRELATIONS OF CRF TESTS --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Relationship between 6MWD & VO₂ peak --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.1.1.1 --- Pearson Correlation between 6MWD & VO₂ peak --- p.104 / Chapter 4.4 --- CRF & LIFESTYLES --- p.106 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- How PA correlates with CRF --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Relationship between PASE& VO₂ Peak --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.1.1.1 --- Pearson Correlation between PASE & V02 peak. --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.1.1.2 --- Mean VO₂ peak by Quartiles of PASE --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.1.1.3 --- Mean PASE scores by VO₂ peak status --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4.1.1.4 --- Relationship between PASE leisure activities & VO₂ peak --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4.1.1.5 --- Time spent daily on PASE leisure activities by VO₂ peak status --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Relationship between PASE & 6MWD --- p.116 / Chapter 4.4.1.2.1 --- Mean 6MWD by Quartiles of PASE --- p.118 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Relationship between CRF & Recommended PA Guidelines --- p.119 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- ACSM Guidelines --- p.119 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- HKDH Guidelines --- p.121 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Does PASE in the Past Predict Present Maximal Oxygen Uptake --- p.122 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- Pearson Correlation between PASE at 3y before & Present VO₂ peak --- p.122 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- Pearson Correlation between PASE at 7y before & Present VO₂ peak --- p.124 / Chapter 4.5 --- CRF & HEALTH --- p.126 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- CRF & Physical Health --- p.126 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Relationship between VO₂ peak & Medical History --- p.126 / Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Relationship between 6MWD and medical history --- p.129 / Chapter 4.5.1.2.1 --- Mean 6MWD of men by chronic diseases --- p.130 / Chapter 4.5.1.2.2 --- Mean 6MWD of women by diabetes --- p.134 / Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Comparison between VO₂ peak & 6MWD relationship with medical history --- p.135 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- CRF & Cognitive Function --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Relationship between MMSE& VO₂ Peak --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5.2.1.1 --- Pearson Correlation betweenMMSE & VO₂ peak --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5.2.1.2 --- Mean VO₂ peak by MMSE Status --- p.139 / Chapter 4.5.2.2 --- Relationship between MMSE & 6MWD --- p.141 / Chapter 4.5.2.2.1. --- Pearson Correlation between MMSE & 6MWD --- p.141 / Chapter 4.5.2.2.2 --- Mean 6MWD by MMSE category --- p.143 / Chapter 4.5.2.3 --- Relationship between CSID & VO₂ peak --- p.144 / Chapter 4.5.2.3.1 --- Pearson Correlation between CSID & VO₂ peak --- p.144 / Chapter 4.5.2.3.2 --- Mean VO₂ peak by CSID Classification --- p.146 / Chapter 4.5.2.4 --- Relationship between CSID & 6MWD --- p.147 / Chapter 4.5.2.4.1 --- Pearson Correlation between CSID & 6MWD --- p.147 / Chapter 4.5.2.4.2 --- Mean 6MWD by CSID Classification --- p.149 / Chapter 4.5.2.5 --- Comparison between VO₂ peak & 6MWD relationship with Cognitive Function --- p.150 / Chapter 4.5.2.5.1 --- Pearson Correlation between MMSE & 6MWD --- p.151 / Chapter 4.5.2.5.2 --- Mean 6MWD by MMSE category --- p.151 / Chapter 4.5.2.5.3 --- Pearson Correlation between CSID & 6MWD --- p.152 / Chapter 4.5.2.5.4 --- Mean 6MWD by CSID Classification --- p.153 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- CRF & Depression --- p.154 / Chapter 4.5.3.1 --- Relationship between GDS & VO₂ peak --- p.154 / Chapter 4.5.3.1.1 --- Speannan Correlation between GDS & VO₂ peak --- p.154 / Chapter 4.5.3.1.2 --- Logistic Regression Analysis --- p.154 / Chapter 4.5.3.2. --- Relationship between GDS & 6MWD --- p.156 / Chapter 4.5.3.2.1. --- Spearman Correlation between GDS & 6MWD --- p.156 / Chapter 4.5.3.2.2. --- Mean 6MWD by depression status. --- p.156 / Chapter 4.5.3.3. --- Comparison between VO₂ peak & 6MWD relationship with GDS --- p.158 / Chapter 4.5.3.3.1. --- Pears on Correlation between GDS & 6MWD --- p.158 / Chapter 4.5.3.3.2. --- Mean 6MWD by depression status --- p.158 / Chapter 5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.160 / Chapter 5.1 --- INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS --- p.160 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Physical Fitness --- p.160 / Chapter 5.1.1.1 --- Cardiorespiratory Fitness --- p.160 / Chapter 5.1.1.1.1 --- Mode for CPET --- p.160 / Chapter 5.1.1.1.2 --- Criteria for VO₂ peak --- p.161 / Chapter 5.1.1.1.3 --- Reference Range of VO₂ peak among HK elderly --- p.164 / Chapter 5.1.1.1.4 --- Age Related Decline in VO₂ peak --- p.169 / Chapter 5.1.1.1.5 --- Repeatability of Measurements using FitMate[superscript TM] Pro --- p.170 / Chapter 5.1.1.1.6 --- Smoking --- p.170 / Chapter 5.1.1.2 --- Six Minutes Walk Test --- p.171 / Chapter 5.1.1.2.1 --- Reference Range of 6MWD among HK Elderly --- p.172 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- How Estimated PA Level Correlated to CRF --- p.173 / Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- CRF &PA --- p.174 / Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- CRF & Leisure Activities --- p.176 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Elderly CRF of those who met Recommended PA Guidelines --- p.177 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Could Past PA Participation Predict Present CRF --- p.180 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Health --- p.181 / Chapter 5.1.5.1 --- Physical Health --- p.181 / Chapter 5.1.5.2 --- Dementia --- p.185 / Chapter 5.1.5.2.1 --- Community Screening Instrument for Dementia --- p.186 / Chapter 5.1.5.2.2 --- Mini-Mental State Examination --- p.188 / Chapter 5.1.5.2.3 --- Possible Mechanisms of Cognitive Decline & Benefits ofPA --- p.191 / Chapter 5.1.5.3. --- Depression --- p.193 / Chapter 5.1.5.3.1 --- Possible Mechanism of Depression & Benefits of PA --- p.197 / Chapter 5.1.6 --- 6MWD, a Better Physical Fitness Surrogate than VO₂ peak --- p.200 / Chapter 5.2 --- LIMITATIONS AND STRENGTH --- p.205 / Chapter 5.3 --- FUTURE STUDIES --- p.210 / Chapter 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.211 / Chapter 7 --- REFERENCES --- p.215 / APPENDIX --- p.238