Bibliography: leaves 181-233. / 233 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Investigates pharmacological control of transient lower oesophagal sphincter relaxations as a treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Two major classes of pharmaceutical agents were explored; anticholinergic agents and the GABAb agonist, baclofen. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Medicine, 1999

Licentiatavhandling (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2009. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Psychology, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 2004. / Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 152 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-130).

La mélatonine est une hormone synthétisée et sécrétée uniquement la nuit par la glande pinéale. Son rôle principal est son implication dans la synchronisation de la saison de reproduction. La mélatonine se lie aux récepteurs, MT1 et MT,, membres de la famille des récepteurs à sept domaines transmembranaires couplés aux protéines G (RCPG).Le clonage récent du récepteur ovin MT2a remis en cause toutes les données connues. La pharmacologie et les voies de signalisation du récepteur oMT2ont été étudiées et sont communes à celles des récepteurs des autres espèces. En revanche, oMT2possède une originalité de séquence avec la présence du motif DRY, fortement impliqué dans l’établissement de l’activité constitutive des RCPG. D’une part, nous avons montré que l’ensemble des récepteurs MT possèdent une activité constitutive. D’autre part, nous avons identifié deux agonistes inverses pour les récepteurs hMT2, initialement décrits comme antagonistes. Dans l’optique de discriminer les rôles respectifs des récepteurs MT in vivo, le développement d’une approche par ARN interférents a été validée dans un modèle cellulaire, la lignée CHO-KI exprimant les récepteurs ovins et de rat. / Melatonin is a hormone synthesized and secreted only during night by pineal gland. A main role of melatoninconcerns its implication in the synchronization of reproductive seasonality. Binding sites of melatonin are MT1and MT2 receptors which belong to the superfamily of seven-transmembrane-spanning G protein-coupledreceptors (GPCRs).Recent cloning of ovine MT2 receptor has challenged the knowledge about melatonin receptors. Wedemonstrated that its pharmacology and signalling pathways were similar to subtype 2 receptor of othersspecies (human and rat). Nevertheless, oMT2 receptor possesses a particularity of sequence, with the presenceof DRY motif which is known to be involved in the establishment of constitutive activity of GPCRs. In ourstudy, we demonstrated the existence of constitutive activity for ail the melatonin receptors. In addition, weidentified two inverse agonists for human MT2 receptors, previously described as antagonists. To describe therespective roles of each subtype of melatonin receptors in vivo, siRNA approach was developed in cell line,CI-10-K Iexpressing ovine and rat melatonin receptors

Chapter 1 provides a general introduction on the role of bioisosterism of fluorine aiming to improve the pharmacokinetics properties of lead compounds. GABAA receptors specifically, synaptic GABAA receptors, extrasynaptic GABAA receptors and GABAA rho receptors are then presented. Compounds that exhibit agonist and partial agonist effects at these receptors are also discussed. The applications of some compounds as GABAA receptor PET radiotracers are also described. Chapter 2 details the synthesis of two fluorinated analogues of muscimol, fluoromuscimol and trifluoromethylmuscimol. Fluoromuscimol was obtained from the lithiation of a Boc-protected isoxazole followed by in-situ fluorination using NFSI, whereas trilfuoromethylmuscimol was obtained from the coupling of a heteroaryl iodide with trifluoromethylcopper species, which was generated in-situ from MFSDA in the presence of CuI. Fluoromuscimol and trifluoromethylmuscimol were assessed on human synaptic, (α₁β₂γ₂), extrasynaptic, (α₄β₂δ) and ρ₁ subunits of the GABAA receptor. The biological results show that fluoromuscimol exhibits greater maximum response in comparison to GABA at the extrasynaptic GABAA receptors (α₄β₂δ), but lower overall potency, whereas trifluoromethylmuscimol was inactive at all the tested GABAA receptors. Chapter 3 discusses the synthesis and late stage fluorination of diaryliodonium salts as precursors to fluoromuscimol. Application of iodonium salts as precursors for nucleophilic fluorination in PET studies are also highlighted. The last part of this chapter focuses on the synthesis of iodomuscimol as a potential alternative SPECT radiotracer to fluoromuscimols in probing GABA binding sites on GABAA receptors.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Daniel U. Thomson / The widespread use of beta adrenergic agonists in beef cattle production has been adopted by the beef industry in recent years to improve weight gain and feed efficiency at the end of the feeding period. During this feeding period, anecdotal reports of increased mortality during the timeframe in which beta agonists were being fed to cattle was also reported, and confirmed in epidemiologic studies. Additionally, adverse animal welfare events at abattoirs in cattle fed beta adrenergic agonists were reported in August 2013. The objectives of this dissertation were to investigate physiologic and management factors that may be associated with adverse effects of the use of beta adrenergic agonists in cattle. Two studies were conducted, one to establish normal Holter monitor registration values and evaluate the electrocardiographic effects of zilpaterol and ractopamine hydrochloride on finishing steers, and one to develop a model to investigate the physiologic effects of forced exercises in finished cattle, which was hypothesized to be a possible factor in reported adverse cattle welfare events in August 2013. Thirty steers were enrolled to evaluate the effect of ractopamine, zilpaterol or negative control on arrythmia and mean heart rate at 4 different time periods during a 28 day feeding period. Cattle fed ractopamine and zilpaterol had increased heart rate (P < 0.05) but no differences in arrythmia rates were found. Forty steers were enrolled in a study at a commercial feeding facility to develop a model for fatigue in cattle forced to run 1,540 m compared to control cattle walked 1,540 m. Blood lactate, cortisol, rectal temperature, heart rate was increased (P < 0.05), blood pH decreased (P < 0.01) and to have reduced locomotion, as measured by pedometers, during the 48 hour period following handling compared to controls. Additionally cattle that were fatter and forced to run had increased lactate (P =0.057) and lower blood pH (P < 0.01) than thinner cohorts. Cattle handling method is a factor in the health and welfare of cattle and the continued adoption of low stress handling methods throughout the beef industry should be pursued.

Physiologic β-adrenergic activation of PKA during the sympathetic “fight-or-flight” response increases calcium influx through CaV1.2 in cardiomyocytes, leading to increased cardiac contractility. The molecular mechanisms of β-adrenergic regulation of CaV1.2 in cardiomyocytes are incompletely known, but activation of PKA is required for this process. The second chapter of this dissertation describes our investigation of the functional PKA phosphorylation target for β-adrenergic regulation of CaV1.2. Recent data confirm that β-adrenergic regulation of CaV1.2 does not require any combination of PKA phosphorylation sites on α1C or β2B subunits. Proximity proteomic labeling methods led us to other potential PKA targets near the CaV1.2 complex, including Rad, a calcium channel inhibitor that changes its position within the calcium channel neighborhood after β-adrenergic stimulation. With expression of α1C, β2B, and Rad in a heterologous expression system, we reconstituted forskolin-PKA regulation of CaV1.2. By mutating potential PKA phosphorylation sites on Rad, we identified specific residues that are critical for this mechanism to occur and validated Rad as the functional PKA target for regulation of CaV1.2. In the third chapter, we probe the contribution of both CaV1.2 α1C and β subunits in β-adrenergic regulation. Previous results have shown that binding between α1C and β subunits is required for adrenergic stimulation of the calcium channel in the heart. Using transgenic mouse models, we demonstrate that this phenomenon requires a rigid IS6-AID linker in the α1C subunit, as introduction of glycines in this region increased flexibility of the linker and abolished a response to adrenergic agonists even though α1C was able to bind to β. The fourth chapter examines the role of the auxiliary β subunit in β-adrenergic regulation of CaV1.2. Binding of Rad to the β subunit is also necessary for this mechanism to occur. Although the β2B isoform is the predominant subunit in the heart, we show that transgenic mice with β3 or β4 replacing β2B in the heart are viable and still have normal β-adrenergic regulation of CaV1.2, indicating that this mechanism is universal to other voltage gated calcium channels that bind to β subunits and RGK proteins. The fifth chapter verifies that Rad is the PKA target in the heart. Using a knock-in mouse model with four PKA phosphorylation sites mutated to alanine, we definitively show that phosphorylation of Rad is necessary for β-adrenergic regulation of CaV1.2 in the heart. We investigate the importance of Rad phosphorylation on many levels. First, we study Rad’s role in regulating the calcium channel. Second, we observe the effect phosphorylation of Rad has on the calcium transient using isolated cardiomyocytes. Third, we examine cardiovascular function in vivo using radiotelemetry and echocardiograms. Finally, we assess the “fight-or-flight” response in an animal model with exercise capacity testing. Together, these findings conclusively show that in the heart, phosphorylation of Rad is the essential mechanism for the sympathetic nervous system control of calcium influx in both atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes. Additionally, Rad modulates both heart rate and contractility in vivo. In the sixth chapter, we explore the mechanism of Rad modulation of CaV1.2 in depth using a flow-cytometry Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) two-hybrid assay. We closely examine the roles of phosphorylation sites on both Rad’s N-terminus and C-terminus. By creating phosphomimetic mutations on Rad, we uncover the importance of phosphorylating the C-terminus for release of Rad from both the membrane and the β subunit. Taken together, these findings elucidate the mechanism behind β-adrenergic regulation of CaV1.2 in the heart – a longstanding query for over forty years in the cardiovascular ion channel field. At baseline, Rad “tunes” the amount of calcium influx into the cell by inhibiting a population of channels as a functional reserve. Upon adrenergic stimulation, Rad is phosphorylated, lessening its interaction with the membrane, and releasing inhibition of the calcium channel. The enhanced local calcium influx allows for additional calcium release into the cytoplasm through ryanodine receptors leading to increased contractility of the heart, a notable characteristic of the evolutionary survival mechanism— “fight-or-flight.”

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, School of Pharmacy, 1998. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 106-130.