Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T16:51:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-08-04. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-05-17T16:54:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000864223.pdf: 2491406 bytes, checksum: 974fe83a20529cf15dc03da8ef9db832 (MD5) / A aplicação de agrotóxicos, por meio de matrizes poliméricas hidrofílicas, pode reduzir danos ao meio ambiente e a saúde humana, causados pelo uso indiscriminado destes. Neste trabalho, foram sintetizados novos hidrogéis nanoestruturados de poli(ácido metacrílico-co-acrilamida) PMAA-co-PAAm com carboximetilcelulose (CMC) e zeólita em diferentes formulações. Foram realizadas medidas do grau de intumescimento (Q) desses materiais em água e em diferentes meios salinos. Diferentemente de outros hidrogéis nanoestruturados encontrados na literatura, houve uma tendência à redução nos valores de Q com o aumento do teor da zeólita nos nanocompósitos. Além disso, o hidrogel com maior teor de zeólita, sofreu uma redução menos significativa no Q quando o meio foi alterado, em comparação ao hidrogel puro. Indicando a capacidade de sorção de solutos pelas zeólitas. A análise de espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) identificou possíveis interações dos grupamentos óxidos da zeólita com os grupamentos hidrofílicos da matriz dos hidrogéis. Pela análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) observou um aumento dos poros, e uma mudança na superfície do hidrogel nanoestruturado com 1,5% de zeólita em relação ao hidrogel puro. A análise termogravimétrica (TG) evidenciou que a adição de zeólita nos hidrogéis nanoestruturados aumentou a estabilidade térmica da matriz polimérica. A análise de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) mostrou que houve um aumento de variação de entalpia no evento térmico referente à evaporação da água de hidratação dos hidrogéis nanoestruturados. Isso se deve ao acúmulo de água nas cavidades das zeólitas. Por fim, a análise de dessorção do fertilizante mostrou que esses hidrogéis possuem propriedades promissoras de adsorção e dessorção de insumos agrícolas, sendo então... / The application of pesticides from hydrophilic polymer matrices can reduce damage to the environment and human health caused by their indiscriminate use. In this work, novel nanostructured hydrogels based on poly (acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) PMAA-co-PAAm, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and zeolite with different compositions were synthesized. Swelling degree (Q) measurements of these materials were done using water and saline solutions as swelling media. Differently of others nanostructured hydrogels published in the literature, there was a tendency of the reduction in the Q value with increase in zeolite content. Besides, the hydrogel with high zeolite content suffered low significant reduction in the Q values compared to pure hydrogel when the swelling media was changed. Indicating the solution sorption capability of the zeolite. From Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), it was possible to identify possible interactions of the zeolite oxides groups with hydrophilic groups of the hydrogel matrix. In addition, the analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed an increase in pore size, and a change in the surface of the nanostructured hydrogel with 1,5% of zeolite when compared to pure hydrogel. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) showed that the addition of zeolite in nanostructured hydrogels increased of the thermal stability of the polymeric matrices. Analysis of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that there was an increase in the enthalpy variation in thermal event related to evaporation of the water of hydration of the nanostructured hydrogel. This fact is attributed to the water accumulation into the zeolite cavities. Finally, the desorption analysis of the fertilizer showed that these hydrogels have promising properties of sorption and desorption of agrochemicals. Thus, these nanocomposites are potential candidates to be applied as carrier vehicles for controlled ...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T16:51:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-08-21. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-05-17T16:55:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000864237.pdf: 3104863 bytes, checksum: 4ad760f835a1f0f64c6134076d894f39 (MD5) / O principal objetivo de sistemas de liberação controlada é manter a concentração de um determinado soluto dentro dos níveis de eficiência por um período desejado com uma única dose. No caso dos agrotóxicos, tal tecnologia auxilia a reduzir impactos ao meio ambiente. O uso dos hidrogéis como veículos de liberação controlada surgiu como um meio promitente por apresentar algumas propriedades tais como: biodegradabilidade, biocompatibilidade e não toxidade. Hidrogéis com nanoargila dispersa compõem uma nova classe de nanocompósitos que combinam a elasticidade e a permeabilidade dos hidrogéis com a alta capacidade das argilas de absorverem diferentes substâncias. Nesta dissertação foram sintetizados e caracterizados hidrogéis nanoestruturados obtidos a partir de ácido metacrílico (MAA) e composições variadas de nanoargila Cloisita Na + . A caracterização hidrofílica dos hidrogéis foi investigada por meio de estudos de grau de intumescimento (Q) usando água pura e soluções salinas como meio de intumescimento. Espectros de absorção na região do infravermelho (FTIR) identificou bandas características tanto do poli(ácido metacrílico) (PMAA) quanto da nanoargila e uma possível interação entre eles. A dispersão das plaquetas de nanoargila na matriz polimérica foi avaliada por difração de raios- X (DRX). A microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) identificou uma morfologia homogênea, com poros visivelmente uniformes. A espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDX), apresentou elementos da nanoargila nos nanocompósitos, confirmando assim uma interação entre ambos. Propriedades térmicas, feitas por análise termogravimétrica (TG), análise termogravimétrica diferencial (DTG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), apontaram uma melhor estabilidade térmica dos nanocompósitos em comparação ao hidrogel puro. E por fim, testes preliminares de... / The main objective of controlled release systems is to maintain the concentration of certain solute within efficiency level by desired period from a single dose. In the agrochemical case, such technology helps to reduce impacts in the environment. The use of hydrogels as controlled release carrier emerged as a prospective means for exhibit some properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility and no toxicity. Hydrogel with dispersed nanoclay comprise a new class of nanocomposites that combine the elasticity and permeability of hydrogels with high nanoclay capability to absorb different substances. In this dissertation, nanostructured hydrogels obtained from methacrylic acid (MAA) and varied Cloisite-Na + nanoclay content were synthesized and characterized. The hydrophilic characteristic of the hydrogels was investigated by degree of swelling (Q) using pure water and in saline solutions as swelling media. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified the characteristic bands of the poly (methacrylic acid) (PMAA), nanoclay and a possible interaction between them. The dispersion of the nanoclay platelets in the polymeric matrix was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) identified a homogeneous morphology, with visibly uniform pores. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed elements coming of the nanoclay in the nanocomposite, confirming the interaction between both. Thermal properties, performed by thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) analyzes and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), showed a better thermal performance of the nanocomposites when compared to pure hydrogel. Finally, preliminary tests of controlled release were done and indicated that the nanocomposites present great potential to be applied in agriculture, especially as carrier vehicle in the controlled release of fertilizers

Orientador: Dagoberto Martins / Banca: Maria Renata Rocha Pereira / Banca: Eduardo Custódio Gasparino / Banca: Fernando Tadeu de Carvalho / Banca: Rinaldo César de Paula / Resumo: As plantas daninhas são um dos principais entraves na recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a seletividade de alguns herbicidas sobre mudas de Apuleia leiocarpa (garapeira); Schinus terebinthifolius (aroeirinha); Trema micrantha (candiúba); Croton floribundus (capixingui ); Luehea divaricata (açoita cavalo); Astronium graveleons (guaritá); Gallesia integrifolia (pau d' alho); Handroanthus chrysotrichus (ipê amarelo) ; Handroanthus impetiginosus( ipê rosa) . Foi implantado um experimento no município de Junqueirópolis/SP e outro em Jaboticabal/SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram (g i.a. ha-1): clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (50 + 50); fluasifop-p-butyl (250); sethoxydim (184); quizalofop-p-ethyl (75); fomesafen (125); haloxyfop-methyl (48); nicosulfuron (50), bentazon (720); chlorimuron-ethyl (15), além de uma testemunha. As características analisadas foram: incremento no diâmetro de caule e altura de plantas, além de fitointoxicação visual aos 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias após a aplicação (DAA) dos herbicidas. Ao final do experimento a parte aérea das plantas foram retiradas para avaliação do acúmulo de massa seca na parte aérea. Os herbicidas nicosulfuron e o chlorimuron-ethyl causaram intoxicação visual em todas as espécies arbóreas estudadas, bem como provocou redução do crescimento inicial das plantas de candiúba em Jaboticabal, sendo que o uso do herbicida... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Weeds are one of the main obstacles in recovering degraded areas. The aim of this paper is to study the selectivity of some herbicides over seedlings of Apuleia leiocarpa (garapeira); Schinus terebinthifolius (aroeirinha); Trema micrantha (candiúba); Croton floribundus (capixingui); Luehea divaricata (açoita cavalo); Astronium graveleons (guaritá); Gallesia integrifolia (pau d'alho); Handroanthus chrysotrichus (yellow ipê) and Handroanthus impetiginosus (pink ipê). An experiment was performed in the municipality of Junqueirópolis/ SP and another one in Jaboticabal/ SP. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 replications. The applied treatments were (g i.a. ha-1 ): clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (50 + 50); fluasifop-p-butyl (250); sethoxydim (184); quizalofop-p-ethyl (75); fomesafen (125); haloxyfop-methyl (48); nicosulfuron (50), bentazon (720); chlorimuron-ethyl (15), besides a witness. The analyzed features were: increase in the diameter of stems and in the height of the plants, as well as visual phytotoxication at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after the applying of the herbicides (DAA). At the end of the experiment, the aerial part of the plants were removed for evaluating the building up of their dry mass. The herbicides nicosulfuron and chlorimuron-ethyl caused visual phytotoxication in all studied species of trees, and it also provoked a decrease in the initial growing of the candiúba in Jaboticabal, being that the use of the herbicide clethodim + feno... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Fauze Ahmad Aouada / Banca: Walter Katsumi Sakamoto / Banca: Caue Ribeiro de Oliveira / Resumo: A aplicação de agrotóxicos, por meio de matrizes poliméricas hidrofílicas, pode reduzir danos ao meio ambiente e a saúde humana, causados pelo uso indiscriminado destes. Neste trabalho, foram sintetizados novos hidrogéis nanoestruturados de poli(ácido metacrílico-co-acrilamida) PMAA-co-PAAm com carboximetilcelulose (CMC) e zeólita em diferentes formulações. Foram realizadas medidas do grau de intumescimento (Q) desses materiais em água e em diferentes meios salinos. Diferentemente de outros hidrogéis nanoestruturados encontrados na literatura, houve uma tendência à redução nos valores de Q com o aumento do teor da zeólita nos nanocompósitos. Além disso, o hidrogel com maior teor de zeólita, sofreu uma redução menos significativa no Q quando o meio foi alterado, em comparação ao hidrogel puro. Indicando a capacidade de sorção de solutos pelas zeólitas. A análise de espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) identificou possíveis interações dos grupamentos óxidos da zeólita com os grupamentos hidrofílicos da matriz dos hidrogéis. Pela análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) observou um aumento dos poros, e uma mudança na superfície do hidrogel nanoestruturado com 1,5% de zeólita em relação ao hidrogel puro. A análise termogravimétrica (TG) evidenciou que a adição de zeólita nos hidrogéis nanoestruturados aumentou a estabilidade térmica da matriz polimérica. A análise de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) mostrou que houve um aumento de variação de entalpia no evento térmico referente à evaporação da água de hidratação dos hidrogéis nanoestruturados. Isso se deve ao acúmulo de água nas cavidades das zeólitas. Por fim, a análise de dessorção do fertilizante mostrou que esses hidrogéis possuem propriedades promissoras de adsorção e dessorção de insumos agrícolas, sendo então... / Abstract: The application of pesticides from hydrophilic polymer matrices can reduce damage to the environment and human health caused by their indiscriminate use. In this work, novel nanostructured hydrogels based on poly (acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) PMAA-co-PAAm, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and zeolite with different compositions were synthesized. Swelling degree (Q) measurements of these materials were done using water and saline solutions as swelling media. Differently of others nanostructured hydrogels published in the literature, there was a tendency of the reduction in the Q value with increase in zeolite content. Besides, the hydrogel with high zeolite content suffered low significant reduction in the Q values compared to pure hydrogel when the swelling media was changed. Indicating the solution sorption capability of the zeolite. From Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), it was possible to identify possible interactions of the zeolite oxides groups with hydrophilic groups of the hydrogel matrix. In addition, the analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed an increase in pore size, and a change in the surface of the nanostructured hydrogel with 1,5% of zeolite when compared to pure hydrogel. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) showed that the addition of zeolite in nanostructured hydrogels increased of the thermal stability of the polymeric matrices. Analysis of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that there was an increase in the enthalpy variation in thermal event related to evaporation of the water of hydration of the nanostructured hydrogel. This fact is attributed to the water accumulation into the zeolite cavities. Finally, the desorption analysis of the fertilizer showed that these hydrogels have promising properties of sorption and desorption of agrochemicals. Thus, these nanocomposites are potential candidates to be applied as carrier vehicles for controlled ... / Mestre

Orientador: Fauze Ahmad Aouada / Banca: Luiz Francisco Malmonge / Banca: Ricardo Hidalgo Santim / Resumo: O principal objetivo de sistemas de liberação controlada é manter a concentração de um determinado soluto dentro dos níveis de eficiência por um período desejado com uma única dose. No caso dos agrotóxicos, tal tecnologia auxilia a reduzir impactos ao meio ambiente. O uso dos hidrogéis como veículos de liberação controlada surgiu como um meio promitente por apresentar algumas propriedades tais como: biodegradabilidade, biocompatibilidade e não toxidade. Hidrogéis com nanoargila dispersa compõem uma nova classe de nanocompósitos que combinam a elasticidade e a permeabilidade dos hidrogéis com a alta capacidade das argilas de absorverem diferentes substâncias. Nesta dissertação foram sintetizados e caracterizados hidrogéis nanoestruturados obtidos a partir de ácido metacrílico (MAA) e composições variadas de nanoargila Cloisita Na + . A caracterização hidrofílica dos hidrogéis foi investigada por meio de estudos de grau de intumescimento (Q) usando água pura e soluções salinas como meio de intumescimento. Espectros de absorção na região do infravermelho (FTIR) identificou bandas características tanto do poli(ácido metacrílico) (PMAA) quanto da nanoargila e uma possível interação entre eles. A dispersão das plaquetas de nanoargila na matriz polimérica foi avaliada por difração de raios- X (DRX). A microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) identificou uma morfologia homogênea, com poros visivelmente uniformes. A espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDX), apresentou elementos da nanoargila nos nanocompósitos, confirmando assim uma interação entre ambos. Propriedades térmicas, feitas por análise termogravimétrica (TG), análise termogravimétrica diferencial (DTG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), apontaram uma melhor estabilidade térmica dos nanocompósitos em comparação ao hidrogel puro. E por fim, testes preliminares de... / Abstract: The main objective of controlled release systems is to maintain the concentration of certain solute within efficiency level by desired period from a single dose. In the agrochemical case, such technology helps to reduce impacts in the environment. The use of hydrogels as controlled release carrier emerged as a prospective means for exhibit some properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility and no toxicity. Hydrogel with dispersed nanoclay comprise a new class of nanocomposites that combine the elasticity and permeability of hydrogels with high nanoclay capability to absorb different substances. In this dissertation, nanostructured hydrogels obtained from methacrylic acid (MAA) and varied Cloisite-Na + nanoclay content were synthesized and characterized. The hydrophilic characteristic of the hydrogels was investigated by degree of swelling (Q) using pure water and in saline solutions as swelling media. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified the characteristic bands of the poly (methacrylic acid) (PMAA), nanoclay and a possible interaction between them. The dispersion of the nanoclay platelets in the polymeric matrix was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) identified a homogeneous morphology, with visibly uniform pores. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed elements coming of the nanoclay in the nanocomposite, confirming the interaction between both. Thermal properties, performed by thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) analyzes and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), showed a better thermal performance of the nanocomposites when compared to pure hydrogel. Finally, preliminary tests of controlled release were done and indicated that the nanocomposites present great potential to be applied in agriculture, especially as carrier vehicle in the controlled release of fertilizers / Mestre

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No description available.

Contamination from agricultural fertilizers and pesticides has been recognized as a serious threat to underground drinking water sources. Through separate federal acts and amendments, the states have been given various levels of support with which to attack this contamination problem. However, these federal acts have not provided enough protection for groundwater from agricultural chemicals. The states must develop their own management programs for groundwater quality protection. Each state needs to consider what type of policy it will use as the foundation of its program. The policy can provide uniform groundwater quality throughout the state, provide for limited degradation throughout the state, or allow variances in groundwater quality for different locations. The strategies available to be used in the construction of a program consist of regulation, imposition of liability, economic incentives, and education. Finally, the states need to realize the basic mechanics needed for program support. The states of Nebraska, California, New Mexico, and Arizona serve as examples to show methods through which groundwater quality protection can be realized. Some major obstacles still exist in the development of effective state groundwater quality protection. These obstacles must be overcome to provide effective management of agricultural contamination of groundwater. / Master of Science

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Novartis is a life sciences company with its headquarters in Basie, Switserland. Novartis divides its business into three core activities, namely Healthcare, Consumer Health and Agribusiness (Novartis AG). Novartis AG is further divided into crop protection, seeds and animal health. In order to improve business systems, Novartis AG divides its business into five geographical areas, namely NAFTA, Western Europe, Central- and South America, Asia/Pacific countries and Business International. Novartis Crop Protection South Africa (Novartis CP SA) reports to Business International. The financial position of producers in various sectors of the agricultural industry has weakened over the past years. Various reasons are given for this, such as a decrease in nett farm income, adverse weather conditions, a government which is unsympathetic towards the commercial producer, macro-economic factors (weakening of the local currency against the US Dollar and British Pound and high interest rates), as well as poor financial and general management by producers. Due to this poor performance, the agricultural industry as a whole hardly showed growth in real terms over the past five years. Input suppliers, such as the aqrochernical industry suffered the same fate. The agrochemical industry has changed tremendously over the same period. Suppliers of generic products are increasing annually. The agrochemical industry is regulated by Act 36 of 1947. This Act makes it relatively easy, fast and cheap for generic producers (and suppliers) to register their products in South Africa. This huge increase in cheaper generic products led to poor performances by the producers (and suppliers) of research-based products, both in volume and price. Currently, there is an imbalance between the number of suppliers and the number of distributors in the South African Agrochemical Industry. Consequently, the suppliers of these generic products always find a keen distributor in South Africa. Presently, Novartis CP SA has the largest market share in the agrochemical industry in South Africa. Over the years, Novartis CP SA developed a very strong distribution network. This network was partly the reason for Novartis' success in the field. This distribution network, in broad terms, was managed as a franchise. In other words, Novartis CP SA gave an independant company the right to sell its product range in an allocated geographical area. Today, all the suppliers of researched-based products are using dealerships to distribute their products. Although this system worked very well, it was important for Novartis CP SA to adapt this system if the situation in the agrochemical and agricultural industries would change. Due to the changes that took place in both industries, it was of utmost importance for Novartis CP SA to gain more control over the management of the distribution network. As a supplier, it was also important that Novartis CP SA tried to stabilise the fragmented distribution industry by grouping some of the individual dealerships together. As the leader in this transformation process, Novartis CP SA was in a position to choose its partners. With the establishment of Novon Crop Protection Chemicals (Novon), a company was formed in which Novartis AG and the various dealerships, as a group, has a shareholding of 45% each. In exchange for the shares in Novon, each dealership offered a 26% (veto right) shareholding in their companies to Novon. Via Novon, Novartis CP SA created a distribution company which will be able to defend its marketshare in the future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Novartis is 'n Switserse maatskappy wat spesialiseer in die lewenswetenskappe met sy hoofkantoor in Basel, Switserland. Novartis se besigheid word in drie kernaktiwiteite verdeel naamlik; gesondheidsorg, verbruikersgesondheid en landboubesigheid (Novartis AG). Landboubesigheid behels weer gewasbeskerming, saad en dieregesondheid. Novartis AG verdeel sy besigheid in vyf geografiese streke: NAFTA, Wes-Europa, Sentraalen Suid-Amerika, Asië/Pasifiese lande en Besigheid Internasionaal. Novartis Gewasbeskerming Suid-Afrika (Novartis CP SA) rapporteer aan Besigheid Internasionaal. Die finansiële posisie van produsente in verskeie vertakkings van die landboubedryf het oor die laaste aantal jare aansienlik verswak. Daar is verskeie redes vir hierdie tendens, waaronder 'n afname in netto boerdery inkomste, swak weersomstandighede, 'n regering wat nie simpatie toon met die kommersiële produsent nie, makro-ekonomiese faktore ('n verswakking van die plaaslike geldeenheid en hoë rentekoerse), asook swak finansiele en algemene bestuur deur produsente, die belangrikstes is. Vanweë hierdie swak prestasies, het die landboubedryf in sy geheel nie werklik enige groei getoon nie. Insetverskaffers soos die landbouchemiese bedryf het dienooreenkomstig ook nie oor die afgelope aantal jare werklik reële groei getoon nie. Voorts het die liandbouchemiese bedryf in Suid Afrika ook oor die afgelope aantal jare verander. Verskaffers van veral generiese produkte het toegeneem. Die landbouchemiese bedryf word deur Wet 36 van 1947 gereguleer. Hierdie wet maak dit vir die vervaardigers van generiese produkte baie maklik en goedkoop om produkte te registreer. Die toename in goedkoper, generiese produkte het die verskaffers van navorsingsgebaseerde produkte se verkope (prys en volume) onder kwaai druk geplaas. As gevolg van 'n wanbalans tussen die aantal verskaffers en verspreiders in Suid-Afrika, het hierdie generiese vervaardigers maklik gewillige verspreiders van hul produkte gekry. Novartis CP SA het tans die grootste markaandeel in die landbouchemiese bedryf in Suid- Afrika. Hierdie posisie as markleier, is gevestig met die hulp van sy verspreidingsnetwerk. In breë trekke het Novartis CP SA sy handelaarsnetwerk op die beginsels van 'n bedryfsreg (franchise) bestuur. Dit bring mee dat Novartis CP SA aan onafhanklke maatskappye die reg gee om sy produkreeks in 'n spesifieke geografiese area te versprei. Die meeste verskaffers van landbouchemiese produkte in Suid-Afrika maak tans van handelaars gebruik om hul produkte te versprei. Alhoewel hierdie stelsel effektief was, was dit vir Novartis CP SA belangrik om dit aan te pas by veranderende omstandighede binne die landboubedryf. Dit was vir Novartis CP SA belangrik om deel te wees van die besluitneming en bestuur van die verspreidingsnetwerk, asook om die reeds gefragmenteerde verspreidingsbedryf te stabiliseer. Deur hierin die voorloper te wees, was Novartis CP SA in staat om te kies met watter van die plaaslike verspreidingsmaatskappye hy in vennootskap wou gaan. Met die stigting van Novon Gewasbeskerming Chemikalieë (Novon), het daar 'n maatskappy ontstaan waarin Novartis AG 45% aandeel het, terwyl die onderskeie handelaars ook 'n aandeel in die maatskappy het ( 45% in totaal vir al die handelaars). As teenprestasie, het Novon 26% aandeel (dus 'n vetoreg) in elkeen van die handelaars bekom.