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A risk analysis approach for farm work-related injuries was proposed. For this study, risk is defined as the Expected Injury Cost (EIC) index per farm worker per year. Four steps are involved in the risk assessment analysis of farm injuries: (1) determination of risk factors, (2) injury severity classification, (3) cost estimation, and (4) risk characterization. Farm variables were examined to determine their influences on the rates of occurrence as well as the severity of injuries. Farm injuries were correlated with the risk factors of employment status, gender of farm worker, age of farm worker, hours of exposure, type of agricultural operation, and various hazardous conditions on a farm. By combining the probability of injuries due to a particular risk factor with the estimated costs of injuries, the EIC indices were derived for farm workers and activities. Agricultural safety education and research priorities were defined based upon the risk model developed in this study. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the impact of the assumptions on the research priorities established. It was found that the research priorities were not affected by the uncertainty on the magnitude of injury costs and other variables used in this study. The risk-based approach can also provide input to farm insurance ratings. By combining the EIC index for each worker with the number of workers employed on a farm, a composite risk factor could be obtained for the farm enterprise. This composite risk factor can be used as a basis for adjusting farm insurance premiums. Adjustment of insurance premiums or related benefits could be used as an economic incentive to encourage adoption of safer farming practices so that preventable farm accidents and human suffering can be reduced. Other potential applications of the risk model presented in this study include safety management and loss control for a farm enterprise, and serving as a guide for the systematic collection of farm injury data. / Ph. D.

Mudanças na política agrícola brasileira têm preconizado a adoção de mecanismos de mercado para o fortalecimento da comercialização, financiamento à produção e mitigação dos riscos agropecuários, tanto o climático, quanto o de mercado. O seguro rural é um dos instrumentos mais promissores nesse novo estágio da política agrícola, pois permite a administração do risco agrícola, ao mesmo tempo em que lastreia as operações de comercialização e financiamento agrícola. O seguro de receita emerge como um instrumento ainda mais robusto de estabilização a receita agrícola, na medida em que garante a variação de produtividade e preço, simultaneamente. O instrumento já é consolidado nos Estados Unidos e começa a ser estudado no Brasil. Por essa razão, a primeira parte do estudo, capítulo 2, visa analisar os planos de seguro existentes e indicar os modelos que devem ser fomentados no Brasil. Constatou-se que os modelos estadunidenses baseados no plano de Proteção de Renda (IP - Income Protection) e Receita Garantida (RA - Revenue Assurance), substituídos pelo plano Proteção de Receita (RP - Revenue Protection), são os mais adequados para iniciar o desenvolvimento dessa modalidade de seguro no Brasil. Na segunda parte do trabalho, capítulo 3, é apresentado modelo teórico de plano de seguro de receita, bem como procedimento metodológico de cálculo da taxa de prêmio, de modo univariado e bivariado. Aplicada a metodologia ao caso da soja no Paraná, concluiu-se que as taxas calculadas no estudo são inferiores às praticadas nos dois projetos experimentais existentes. O distanciamento entre as taxas praticadas no mercado e a diferença em relação às estimadas na nesta pesquisa indicam imprecisão no cálculo das taxas de prêmio e são evidências de superestimação das taxas pelas seguradoras. / Changes in Brazilian agricultural policies have advocated the adoption of market mechanisms for strengthening the marketing, the financing to production, and both climate and market farming risk mitigation. Rural insurance is one of the most promising instruments in this new stage of agricultural policy, for crop risk administration at the same time it serves as collateral to marketing operations and agricultural funding. The insurance revenue emerges as an even more robust stabilization of agricultural revenue instrument to the extent that it ensures the variation of productivity and price simultaneously. The instrument is already consolidated in the United States and begins to be studied in Brazil. For this reason, the first part of the study, Chapter 2, aims to analyze existing insurance plans and indicate the models that should be encouraged in Brazil. It was found that models based on U.S. Income Protection (IP) and Revenue Assurance (RA), replaced by the plan Revenue Protection are best suited to start the development of this type of insurance in Brazil. In the second part of the dissertation, Chapter 3, the theoretical model of revenue insurance plan is presented, as well as a methodology for univariate and bivariate premium ratemaking. The methodology was applied to the case of soybean in Paraná, and it was concluded that the rates calculated in this study are lower than those of the two existing experimental projects. The gap between the market rates and the difference in relation to the rates estimated in the study indicate inaccuracy in the calculation of premium rates and are evidence of rate overestimation by insurers.

The main purpose of this thesis is dealing with the risks in crop production by commercial insurance. The paper provides description of the occurrence and form of the risks in crop production and agricultural insurance as one of the ways of the protection against them. It analyzes the development of crop insurance from 1986 to present, discusses how statutory insurance was provided by the state insurance company until 1990 and also presents the current form of commercial insurance, including a detailed comparison of offers according to the relevant insurance conditions. The next part of the thesis is focused on the government subsidies on agricultural insurance operated in the Czech Republic. The last part of this thesis describes possible trends of future strategies of risk management in the agricultural business including uninsurable risks. These possible trends are presented and discussed in several models.

Mudanças na política agrícola brasileira têm preconizado a adoção de mecanismos de mercado para o fortalecimento da comercialização, financiamento à produção e mitigação dos riscos agropecuários, tanto o climático, quanto o de mercado. O seguro rural é um dos instrumentos mais promissores nesse novo estágio da política agrícola, pois permite a administração do risco agrícola, ao mesmo tempo em que lastreia as operações de comercialização e financiamento agrícola. O seguro de receita emerge como um instrumento ainda mais robusto de estabilização a receita agrícola, na medida em que garante a variação de produtividade e preço, simultaneamente. O instrumento já é consolidado nos Estados Unidos e começa a ser estudado no Brasil. Por essa razão, a primeira parte do estudo, capítulo 2, visa analisar os planos de seguro existentes e indicar os modelos que devem ser fomentados no Brasil. Constatou-se que os modelos estadunidenses baseados no plano de Proteção de Renda (IP - Income Protection) e Receita Garantida (RA - Revenue Assurance), substituídos pelo plano Proteção de Receita (RP - Revenue Protection), são os mais adequados para iniciar o desenvolvimento dessa modalidade de seguro no Brasil. Na segunda parte do trabalho, capítulo 3, é apresentado modelo teórico de plano de seguro de receita, bem como procedimento metodológico de cálculo da taxa de prêmio, de modo univariado e bivariado. Aplicada a metodologia ao caso da soja no Paraná, concluiu-se que as taxas calculadas no estudo são inferiores às praticadas nos dois projetos experimentais existentes. O distanciamento entre as taxas praticadas no mercado e a diferença em relação às estimadas na nesta pesquisa indicam imprecisão no cálculo das taxas de prêmio e são evidências de superestimação das taxas pelas seguradoras. / Changes in Brazilian agricultural policies have advocated the adoption of market mechanisms for strengthening the marketing, the financing to production, and both climate and market farming risk mitigation. Rural insurance is one of the most promising instruments in this new stage of agricultural policy, for crop risk administration at the same time it serves as collateral to marketing operations and agricultural funding. The insurance revenue emerges as an even more robust stabilization of agricultural revenue instrument to the extent that it ensures the variation of productivity and price simultaneously. The instrument is already consolidated in the United States and begins to be studied in Brazil. For this reason, the first part of the study, Chapter 2, aims to analyze existing insurance plans and indicate the models that should be encouraged in Brazil. It was found that models based on U.S. Income Protection (IP) and Revenue Assurance (RA), replaced by the plan Revenue Protection are best suited to start the development of this type of insurance in Brazil. In the second part of the dissertation, Chapter 3, the theoretical model of revenue insurance plan is presented, as well as a methodology for univariate and bivariate premium ratemaking. The methodology was applied to the case of soybean in Paraná, and it was concluded that the rates calculated in this study are lower than those of the two existing experimental projects. The gap between the market rates and the difference in relation to the rates estimated in the study indicate inaccuracy in the calculation of premium rates and are evidence of rate overestimation by insurers.

L’agriculture familiale s’affiche indéniablement comme un pilier de la sécurité alimentaire nationale. Elle représente près de 80% des exploitations en Afrique sub-saharienne et emploie 75% des actifs. Dans le Bassin arachidier, les exploitations agricoles familiales ont généralement une superficie moyenne comprise entre un et cinq hectares mais, elles font face aux divers défis de sécurité alimentaire, d’équité sociale et de durabilité environnementale. En outre, elles sont confrontées à des contraintes structurelles d’ordre organisationnel et économique dans un contexte d’incertitude climatique. Ainsi, cette thèse cherche à comprendre les stratégies mises en œuvre par les exploitations familiales face aux différents risques ainsi que les propositions alternatives des autres acteurs du développement du secteur. Il s’agit, à la fois, d’identifier les principales contraintes se posant aux exploitations et les stratégies qu’elles occasionnent pour proposer des stratégies complémentaires ou alternatives dans le cadre d’analyse de la gestion du risque. Pour une telle visée, nous avons appréhendé les concepts d’exploitation agricole familiale, de risque, de vulnérabilité et d’assurance agricole pour prendre en compte les dimensions de cet objet de recherche. Ce cadre théorique et conceptuel a été opérationnalisé sur le terrain au sein d’exploitations agricoles, en donnant la parole aux chefs d’exploitation. Plusieurs enquêtes ont été réalisées et ont porté sur les indicateurs sociodémographiques, structurels et techniques, sur les principaux risques et contraintes au niveau des exploitations, sur la perception de l’assurance agricole. Les principaux risques identifiés sont agricoles et climatiques. Les exploitations agricoles familiales considèrent l’accès aux intrants (engrais et semences) et au matériel agricole comme une contrainte structurelle, en plus du déficit pluviométrique. Aussi, il ressort une vulnérabilité importante dans ses trois composantes au niveau des exploitations agricoles du Bassin. Cette réflexion montre les limites des stratégies développées par les exploitations agricoles pour améliorer leur résilience dans le contexte pluvial du Bassin arachidier ; et justifie la nécessité d’aller vers de nouvelles stratégies complémentaires. L’une des pistes que nous avons explorée est l’assurance indicielle agricole. Son couplage au crédit, comme garantie pour les institutions financières et pour disposer de fonds de roulement, est positivement apprécié par les souscripteurs qui, à hauteur de 95%, sont prêts à prolonger l’utilisation des polices d’assurance. / Family farming undeniably appears as a pillar of national food security. It represents nearly 80% of farms in sub-Saharan Africa and employs 75% of assets. In the groundnut basin, family farms generally have an average size between one and five hectares, but they face the various challenges of food security, social equity and environmental sustainability. In addition, they face structural constraints of organizational and economic order in a context of climate uncertainty. Thus, this thesis seeks to understand the strategies used by family farms toward the various risks and alternative proposals from other actors in the sector's development. It is, at once, to identify the main constraints arising farms and strategies they cause to propose additional or alternative strategies in the analysis of the risk management framework. For such an aim, we arrested the concepts of family farm, risk, vulnerability and agricultural insurance to reflect the dimensions of this subject for research. This theoretical and conceptual framework was operationalized on the field within farms, giving a voice to farm managers. Several investigations have been conducted and focused on socio-demographic, structural and technical indicators, principal risks and constraints at the farm level, the perception of agricultural insurance. It appears from this study that the main risks identified are agriculture and climate. Family farms consider access to inputs (fertilizer and seed) and farm equipment as a structural constraint in the rainfall deficit. Also, it appears a significant vulnerability in its three components at farm level Basin. This reflection shows the limits of the strategies developed by the farms to improve their resilience in the context of rained groundnut basin; and justifies the need to go to new complementary strategies. One of the tracks that we have explored is the agricultural index insurance. Its coupling to credit, as collateral to financial institutions and to provide working capital is positively appreciated by the subscribers who, up to 95%, are willing to extend the use of insurance policies.

No description available.

O risco de produtividade afeta diretamente a renda do produtor rural, mas existem diversas ferramentas de administração que visam diminuir esses riscos. O trabalho apresenta, a partir de uma revisão abrangente da literatura, os possíveis ganhos e perdas que a diversificação espacial como controle de risco oferecem ao produtor rural. Através de mapas que apresentam medidas estatísticas de dispersão e evidenciam o efeito da distância e da direção geográfica na correlação da produtividade da soja entre regiões, pode-se mostrar como a diversificação espacial pode beneficiar o produtor rural. Com a utilização de dados do IBGE e de métodos estatísticos bayesianos foram estimados prêmios líquidos de seguro para a soja e estudado o efeito da diversificação espacial no cálculo desses prêmios de seguro. Os resultados obtidos ao longo do trabalho permitem concluir que as produtividades variam espacialmente com mais intensidade no sentido da latitude (leste-oeste) do que no sentido da longitude (norte-sul). Ainda, foi possível verificar que o cálculo da taxa de prêmio líquido de seguro a partir da regressão das produtividades anteriores retorna valores mais baixos do que quando calculada pela média desses dados e que a diversificação espacial reduz o prêmio médio do seguro em comparação a quando o seguro é calculado para cada município individualmente. / The productivity risk affects the income of the rural producer directly but several administration tools that seek to reduce those risks exist. The work presents, starting from an including revision of the literature, the possible earnings and losses that the space diversification as risk control offers to the rural producer. Through maps that present statistical measures of dispersion and they evidence the effect of the distance and of the geographical direction in the correlation of the productivity of the soy among areas, it can be shown as the space diversification can benefit the rural producer. With the use of data of IBGE and of statitical bayesian methods they were dear liquid prizes of insurance for the soy and studied the effect of the space diversification in the calculation of those prizes of safe. The results obtained along the work allow to conclude that the productivities vary espacialmente with more intensity in the latitudinal direction (east-west) than in the longitudinal direction (north-south). Still, it was possible to verify that the calculation of the tax of liquid prize of insurance starting from the regression of the previous productivities returns lower values than when made calculations by the average of those data and that the space diversification reduces the medium prize of the insurance in comparison with when the insurance is calculated for each municipal district individually.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo utilizar a abordagem dos modelos lineares generalizados e os modelos de dispersão no contexto do seguro agrícola. Os modelos lineares generalizados (MLG\'s) constituem uma extensão dos modelos lineares de regressão múltipla introduzida por Nelder e Wedderburn (1972), que inclui modelos cuja variável resposta pertence à família exponencial de distribuições. O MLG é formado por um componente aleatório, que possui distribuição pertencente à família exponencial, um componente sistemático, conectados por uma função de ligação. Jorgensen (1997) estende a utilização dos MLG para uma classe mais ampla de modelos probabilísticos, denominados modelos de dispersão. A estimação dos parâmetros foi baseada no método da máxima verossimilhança, e também, em função da amostra ser relativamente pequena, optou-se pelo método de bootstrap não-paramétrico. As duas abordagens foram aplicadas a dois conjuntos de dados de sinistros de 15 municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados mostraram que a precipitação acumulada tem influência na ocorrência de sinistros. Entretanto, na modelagem do montante do sinistro não foi encontrada nenhuma variável significativa. Usando o método de bootstrap, foi encontrada influência das variáveis precipitação acumulada e a temperatura média no numero de sinistros / The main objective of this work is to use the generalized linear models and dispersion models in the agricultural insurance context. The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) are an extension of the multiple regression linear models presented by Nelder e Wedderburn (1972). This approach include situations in which the response variable can be included in exponencial the family. The GLM is composed of a randomized component, a sistematic component and the link functions. JÁrgensen (1997) extend the application of the GLM for a more general class of probability models, called dispersion models. Both approaches were applied in two insurance datasets for 15 citys in Rio Grande do Sul. The parameters estimation was based in the maximum likelihood method, in addition, because of the relatively small sample, the non-parametric Bootstrap method was used. This study show, using GLM, that only the accumulated rainfall was statistically significant . However, any of the covariates was significant when modelling the amount of claims. In the analysis using Bootstrap method the accumulated rainfall and average temperature were significant when modelling the number of insurance clains.

O risco de produtividade afeta diretamente a renda do produtor rural, mas existem diversas ferramentas de administração que visam diminuir esses riscos. O trabalho apresenta, a partir de uma revisão abrangente da literatura, os possíveis ganhos e perdas que a diversificação espacial como controle de risco oferecem ao produtor rural. Através de mapas que apresentam medidas estatísticas de dispersão e evidenciam o efeito da distância e da direção geográfica na correlação da produtividade da soja entre regiões, pode-se mostrar como a diversificação espacial pode beneficiar o produtor rural. Com a utilização de dados do IBGE e de métodos estatísticos bayesianos foram estimados prêmios líquidos de seguro para a soja e estudado o efeito da diversificação espacial no cálculo desses prêmios de seguro. Os resultados obtidos ao longo do trabalho permitem concluir que as produtividades variam espacialmente com mais intensidade no sentido da latitude (leste-oeste) do que no sentido da longitude (norte-sul). Ainda, foi possível verificar que o cálculo da taxa de prêmio líquido de seguro a partir da regressão das produtividades anteriores retorna valores mais baixos do que quando calculada pela média desses dados e que a diversificação espacial reduz o prêmio médio do seguro em comparação a quando o seguro é calculado para cada município individualmente. / The productivity risk affects the income of the rural producer directly but several administration tools that seek to reduce those risks exist. The work presents, starting from an including revision of the literature, the possible earnings and losses that the space diversification as risk control offers to the rural producer. Through maps that present statistical measures of dispersion and they evidence the effect of the distance and of the geographical direction in the correlation of the productivity of the soy among areas, it can be shown as the space diversification can benefit the rural producer. With the use of data of IBGE and of statitical bayesian methods they were dear liquid prizes of insurance for the soy and studied the effect of the space diversification in the calculation of those prizes of safe. The results obtained along the work allow to conclude that the productivities vary espacialmente with more intensity in the latitudinal direction (east-west) than in the longitudinal direction (north-south). Still, it was possible to verify that the calculation of the tax of liquid prize of insurance starting from the regression of the previous productivities returns lower values than when made calculations by the average of those data and that the space diversification reduces the medium prize of the insurance in comparison with when the insurance is calculated for each municipal district individually.