Thesis (M Dev.)--University of Limpopo, 2006. / Eliminating poverty and deprivation and their negative social effects is a critical challenge facing South Africa today. No political democracy can survive and flourish if the masses of the people remain in poverty, are landless, and do not have tangible materials for a better life. Attacking poverty and deprivation should be a priority of any democratic government (RDP 1994:1, 2, 9). Then South African government like its counterparts in the developing world is being restructured to improve governance and alleviate poverty. Optimal agricultural performance by small-scale farmers for poverty relief, food security, is shown to increase income and employment. Recognizing the contribution of these farmers in agricultural development and helping them improve their farming methods and secure small loans would impact favorably on poverty alleviation in the rural areas. The aim of this study is to determine the role played by rural development projects in poverty alleviation. In addition policy options, consequences and recommendations will be entertained. / Not listed

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-20T16:51:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Jose Oliveira Tavares de Melo.pdf: 527162 bytes, checksum: 531f16514f2f37d10ec42a7586eb875b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T16:51:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Jose Oliveira Tavares de Melo.pdf: 527162 bytes, checksum: 531f16514f2f37d10ec42a7586eb875b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-18 / The objective of this work was to evaluate, the potential of agricultural and industrial production of a group of genotypes constituted with commercial varieties and sugarcane clones, as well as the magnitude of some genetic parameters, in two different sugar cane micror-areas of the State, South Coast and North Forest from Pernambuco. In the country a number exists relatively big of varieties obtained in improvement programs local and introduced of other areas, that are appraised continually in the experimentation, with the objective of determining the behavior andthe viability of use in commercial plantings. It is used, of this it sorts things out, to indicate the more adapted to each producing micror-areas, making possible rationalization at the same time through the use of superior varieties in productivity, being still taken into their account good yield. This way, tries to outline the problem of the production fall given to the degenerateness related to aspects fito-sanitary or for natural decline of production. The experimental works with the farming of the sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) were developed during the agricultural harvests of 1999/2000, 2000/2001, 2001/2002 and 2002/2003, being a constituted experiment of obtained varieties of the three main centers of research of sugar-cane of the country: Net university Inter of the Development of the Section of sugar and alcohol - RIDESA; Cooperative of the Producing of Sugar and Alcohol of the State of São Paulo - COPERSUCAR and of the Agronomic Institute of Campinas - IAC, in Trapiche sugar mill industrial unit, located in the Sugar cane Area of the South Coast of Pernambuco, in the Municipal district of Serinhaém (8035'S and 35007'W) another and constituted of clones RB of the series 94 in the Olho D´Água sugar mill, located in the Sugar cane Area of the North Forest of Pernambuco, in the Municipal district ofCamutanga (07º24'S and 35º28'W). The design experimental in complete randomized blocks with four blocks and sixteen genotypes. The experimental unit was represented by five furrows of 8,0 m of length with twelve yolks for meter, with spacing of 1,0 m among the lines, containing a useful area of 40 m2. They were appraised the variables tons of cane for hectare (TCH), percentile of apparent sucrose (PC), fiber tenor (TF),% brix (PB), purity (PZA), tons of pol/hectare (TPH). The experiments were picked with an average of 15 months of age for cane-plant, while the ones of it would beat were with 12 months for the three cuts successive. The genotypes SP 78-4764, SP 86-0621 and SP 86-127 of the experiment of the South Forest and RB 813804 and RB 942991 of the experiment of the North Forest, demonstrated of be potentially productive of the agricultural point of view and wealth in sugar, being suggested the inclusion of those genotypes in new studies of competition of in other areas of cultivation of the sugarcane in the Area of the Forest of Pernambuco. The varieties RB 813804 of the experiment of the North Forest andSP 78-4764 of the experiment of the South Forest exhibited the best acting sugar yield, confirming the answer differentiated as patterns varietais. That the effect of cut of the cane two studied micror-areas was highly significant indicating the specific behavior among the genotypes during the cuts of the cane. It is observed also the weight ton of cane for hectare is the component more influenced by the cycles ofcrop of the sugarcane. Variable TCH and TPH in the South Coast and variable TCH, TPH and FI in the North Forest, were them character that you/they presented the largest estimates of genetic variance and heredity, reflected most of the variation observed phenotype caused by genetic factors, indicating success in the selection phenotypic in the improvement of these characters. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho quanto ao potencial de produção agrícola e industrial de um conjunto de genótipos constituído com variedades comerciais e clones de cana-de-açúcar, nas microrregiões canavieiras do Litoral Sul e Mata Norte de Pernambuco, bem como analisar a magnitude de alguns parâmetros genéticos úteis em programas de melhoramento. No país existe um número relativamente grande de variedades obtidas em programas de melhoramento locais e introduzidas de outras regiões, que são avaliadas continuamente na experimentação, com o objetivo de determinar o comportamento e a viabilidade de seu aproveitamento em plantios comerciais. Permite-se, desta maneira, indicar as mais adaptadas à cada zona produtora, possibilitando ao mesmo tempo maior racionalização através da utilização de variedades superiores em produtividade e com boas características agroindustriais. Desse modo, tenta-se contornar o problema da queda da produtividade dada à degenerescência relacionada aos aspectos fitossanitários ou por declínio natural de produção. Os trabalhos experimentais com a lavoura da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) foram desenvolvidos durante as safras agrícolas de 1999/2000, 2000/2001, 2001/2002 e 2002/2003, sendo um experimento constituído de variedades obtidas dos três principais centros de pesquisa canavieira do país: Rede Interuniversitária do Desenvolvimento do Setor Sucroalcooleiro – RIDESA; Cooperativa dos Produtores de Açúcar e Álcool do Estado de São Paulo – COPERSUCAR e do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas – IAC, conduzido na unidade agroindustrial da Usina Trapiche, localizada na Zona Canavieira do Litoral Sul de Pernambuco, no Município de Serinhaém (8035’S e 35007’W) e, outro, constituído de clones RB da série 94 na Usina Olho D’Água, localizada na Zona Canavieira da Mata Norte de Pernambuco, no Município de Camutanga (07º24’S e 35º28’W). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos, utilizando-se como tratamentos dezesseis genótipos para cada local. A unidade experimental foi representada por cinco linhas de 8,0 m de comprimento com doze gemas por metro, com espaçamento de 1,0 m entre as linhas, em uma área útil de 40 m2. Foram avaliadas as variáveis toneladas de cana por hectare (TCH), percentual de sacarose aparente (PC), teor de fibra (TF), %brix (PB), pureza (PZA), toneladas de pol por hectare (TPH). Os experimentos foram colhidos com uma média de 15 meses de idade para cana-planta, enquanto os de socaria foram colhidos com 12 meses para os três cortes sucessivos. Os resultados mostraram que os genótipos SP 78-4764, SP 86-0621 e SP 86-127 no Litoral da Mata Sul e os RB 813804 e RB 942991 na Mata Norte, apresentaram o melhor desempenho em rendimento agrícola e industrial, sugerindo-se a inclusão desses genótipos em novos estudos de competição em outras diferentes áreas de cultivo da cana-de-açúcar nas Zonas da Mata de Pernambuco. As variedades RB 813804 na Mata Norte e SP 78-4764 no Litoral da Mata Sul exibiram os melhores rendimentos agroindustriais, confirmando a resposta diferenciada como padrões varietais. O efeito de corte da cana nas duas microrregiões estudadas foi altamente significativo, indicando o comportamento específico entre os genótipos durante os cortes da cana. Observa-se, também, que o peso de cana por hectare é o componente mais influenciado pelos ciclos de colheita da lavoura de cana-de-açúcar. As variáveis TCH e TPH no Litoral Sul e as variáveis TCH, TPH e FI na Mata Norte, foram os caracteres que apresentaram as maiores estimativas de variância genética e herdabilidade, refletindo a maior parte da variação fenotípica observada devida às causas genéticas, indicando potencial êxito na seleção fenotípica para melhoramento dos genótipos visando estes caracteres.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’examen de la gestion durable des ressources non renouvelables en général et du phosphate naturel en particulier. Le premier chapitre expose l’état, les perspectives et les enjeux économiques et géopolitiques du marché mondial des phosphates. Il s’attache à mettre en exergue de cette analyse un important déficit, à long terme, de l'offre mondiale par rapport à la demande incitant les producteurs des phosphates, qui ont suffisamment de réserves, à investir dans des nouvelles capacités. Le deuxième chapitre développe un modèle Stackelberg à plusieurs joueurs, calibré sur des données effectives du marché des phosphates et permet de calculer les capacités optimales à mettre en place par les producteurs selon leurs niveaux de réserves et leurs coûts de développement. Les résultats de ce modèle montrent que le marché deviendrait plus concentré, en 2100, qu’il est aujourd’hui avec une dominance du Maroc, le pays qui détient les trois quarts des réserves mondiales. Le troisième chapitre vise à évaluer les effets d’entraînement que le Maroc dégage de son exploitation des phosphates. En utilisant le modèle Input-Output, l’analyse empirique proposée compare les impacts socio-économiques de l’extraction à ceux liés à la valorisation ou à la transformation. Les résultats de cette analyse montrent que la transformation des phosphates est plus reliée en amont avec les autres branches de l’économie et génère plus de valeur ajoutée, de revenus et d’emplois. Le dernier chapitre s’évertue à traiter à de nouveaux frais la question de la malédiction des ressources naturelles en reliant la performance agricole et l’urbanisation à l'abondance de ces ressources. L’étude empirique, basée sur un panel de pays africains, exhibe un lien significatif entre l’abondance de ressources minières, le sous-développement du secteur agricole et l’explosion urbaine. / The purpose of this thesis is to examine the sustainable management of non-renewable resources in general and phosphate rock in particular. The first chapter presents the current situation, future trends and geopolitical issues pertaining to the global phosphate market. The analysis shows a large deficit in world phosphate supply in the future, inciting producers with sufficient phosphate reserves to invest in new capacities. The second chapter develops a multi-leader-multi-follower Stackelberg model, calibrated using real data from the phosphate market. This model derives the optimal future capacities for different producers according to their reserve levels and their development costs. The results show that the market would become more concentrated in 2100, with Morocco being the dominante country wich already holding three quarters of the world's reserves. The third chapter presents and calculates the linkage effects generated by Morocco’s phosphates exploitation. Using the Input-Output model, the proposed empirical analysis compares the socio-economic impacts of extraction to those related to transformation or valorization. The results of this analysis show that phosphates transformation is more linked to the other sectors and generates higher socio-economic impacts in terms of added value, income and employement. The last chapter contributes to the literature on the natural resources curse by linking agricultural performance and urbanization to the abundance of resources. The empirical study, based on a panel of African countries, shows a significant link between the abundance of mineral resources, the underdevelopment of the agricultural sector and urban explosion.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de découvrir si l’environnement institutionnel affecte la performance agricole dans le cas du Cambodge et comment le premier influe sur la dernière. Pour répondre à cet objectif, trois hypothèses sont formulées : (1) l’environnement institutionnel joue un rôle important dans la protection des droits de propriété foncière ; (2) les droits de propriété foncière sécurisés augmentent la productivité agricole par la stimulation des incitations d’investissement des agriculteurs ; (3) les droits de propriété foncière sécurisés accroissent la productivité agricole par la facilitation de l’accès au crédit formel. Méthodologiquement, la recherche est basée sur les différentes théories de la Nouvelle Economie Institutionnelle, qui expliquent que les institutions déterminent la structure des incitations des acteurs économiques dans une société. Spécifiquement, les institutions politiques déterminent les institutions économiques, c’est-à-dire les droits de propriété, qui à leur tour affectent la performance économique en général et la performance agricole en particulier. La recherche est également basée sur les données venant de diverses sources, telles que des agences gouvernementales, des instituts de recherche locaux, des organisations non-gouvernementales et des organisations internationales, qui sont susceptibles de servir de base pour des analyses empiriques. En outre, le cas de l’Afrique subsaharienne est également étudié à titre de comparaison. Le résultat de la thèse confirme fortement les deux premières hypothèses, mais peu la dernière. Le résultat indique que l’impact de l’environnement institutionnel sur la productivité agricole via la protection des droits de propriété foncière est lié au contexte particulier parce qu’il devrait être complété par un environnement économique favorable, tel que l’infrastructure physique et la technologie agricole améliorées et les institutions du marché développées. De plus, on apprend que les résultats désirés ne sont pas obtenus si les institutions formelles (c’est-à-dire, l’enregistrement formel des terres) sont imposées via l’approche top-down dans les régions où les institutions informelles existantes sont fortement encastrées. / The purpose of this dissertation is to find out if the institutional environment affects agricultural performance in the case of Cambodia and how the former exerts an influence on the latter. To respond to this purpose, three hypotheses are formulated: (1) the institutional environment plays an important role in protecting property rights in land; (2) secure property rights in land increase agricultural productivity through the stimulation of farmers’ investment incentives; (3) secure property rights in land raise agricultural productivity through the facilitation of access to formal credit. Methodologically, the research is based on different theories of New Institutional Economics, which explain that institutions determine the incentive structure of economic actors in society. Specifically, political institutions shape economic institutions, i.e. property rights, which in turn affect economic performance in general and agricultural performance in particular. The research is also based on the data from various sources, such as government agencies, local research institutes, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations, which can serve as a basis for empirical analyses. In addition, the case of Sub-Saharan Africa is also studied for comparison. The result of the dissertation confirms strongly the first two hypotheses but slightly the last one. The result indicates that the impact of institutional environment on agricultural productivity through the protection of property rights in land is context-specific because it should be complemented by a favorable economic environment, such as improved physical infrastructure and agricultural technology and developed market institutions. Furthermore, it is learned that, in developing countries, the desired outcomes will not be obtained if formal institutions (i.e., formal land registration) are imposed through a top-down approach in areas where the existing informal institutions are strongly embedded.