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This study explored the role of institutions in countries that have improved their competitiveness in a short time period, under the framework of institutional theory. This study investigated how informal and formal institutions have evolved and interacted. The purpose of the study was to build on institutional theory by exploring the role and interaction of institutions in nations that have undergone institutional changes. A literature review was done to provide a foundation for the study. Case studies of Singapore and Finland – countries that have improved their competitiveness in a short time period – were done in this study. A number of documents in the public domain were observed: internet resources, reports, and studies on Singapore and Finland. The study concluded that countries that have improved their competitiveness achieved their goals through their own institutional mix and through interactions among institutions. Active interactions among institutions were based on broad coalition among actors and the directions of interactions in each country differed. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

This study is motivated by the need to improve the understanding of international entrepreneurship (IE) in emerging economies. Thus, the researcher conducted an in-depth case study of four Nigerian firms to investigate how divergent institutional conditions influence the processes of IE from emerging economies to developed economies. The findings of the study depict how entrepreneurial activity from emerging economies to developed economies can involve many sub-activities and processes to achieve opportunity identification, development, and exploitation. This process which appears disruptive is significantly supported through resource acquisition and development. However, this process of IE is heavily shaped by the institutional conditions of the international entrepreneur’s host and home markets. The institutional environment impeded growth and entrepreneurial aspirations while simultaneously facilitating access to resources, reducing risks and providing legitimacy to the firms. These simultaneous effects of institutions constrained strategic choices of the entrepreneurs and by so doing, shaped the means and processes by which they identify and execute international opportunities. The major contributions of this thesis include the validation of New Institutional Economics (NIE) framework for the examination of IE processes and empirical evidence demonstrating how entrepreneurial activity from emerging economies to developed economies can involve many sub-activities and processes to achieve opportunity identification, development, and exploitation. Also, the study guides emerging economy managers and entrepreneurs on ways to effectively manage their liabilities of smallness and foreignness. Lastly, the study provides some policy recommendations to facilitate the development of a conducive environment for entrepreneurship and IE to flourish in Nigeria.

<p>The aim of this study is to investigate the situation in Romania concerning trafficking for sexual purposes. We look at what affect the European Union has had relating to this matter, in order to conclude what a membership implies on the fight against trafficking. A gender perspective is apparent throughout the essay and new institutionalism leads us to focus on the affect of the EU, both formally and informally. Questions to be answered revolves around the EU:s strategy against trafficking, recent trends and the implementation of the strategy in Romania, formally and informally. The study has the form of a case study and is conducted through a field study in Romania. A combination of methods is used, including personal interviews with organizations and qualitative text analysis. The results show that the EU has mainly had a formal affect on the measures against trafficking for sexual purposes in Romania, whilst having deficiencies in affecting norms and implementation. We conclude that it is difficult for the EU to make sure that the member states work with this issue sufficiently in practice.</p>

E-government is basically described as using all available electronic media to provide an online public services companies, agencies, citizens or persons in certain country or region. This provision can be provided by the government institutions, agencies, or organisation, in addition to public and private sectors subject to government policies and legislation. Political instability, armed conflict, corruption and chaotic situations are considered to be an obstacle confronting public services delivery and governance in some developing countries around the world. Therefore, Libya is selected a case study of this research. Post the 2011 ousting of the Gadhafi regime in Libya, the country has been experiencing a severe and deep-rooted environment of conflict and chaos, which has destabilised and in some cases dismantled government institutions throughout the country. Within this environment, the original aim of this study was to explore the possibility of implementing e-government services that can provide public services to citizens and, if so, how and what services could be utilised. An exploratory qualitative pilot study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of e-government implementation in Libya utilising the knowledge of government officials. The study found that, the Libyan government had recently and successfully implemented an online e-passport service. An extensive literature review carried out in relation to e-government implementation to help understanding lesions learned and factors behind such success then to utilise the knowledge for further services implementations. Critical success factors of e-government implementation were addressed but available ones are related to stable countries under normal situations. This research is aiming to investigate its implementation in chaotic environment where not much of research is available. During the chaotic environment and instability, different factors may emerge to drive the implementation and the usage of e-services such environment. From government perspectives, it is noticed that cases of corruption, lack of citizens’ safety and poor infrastructure were found to be drivers behind the success of existing government institutions and departments of implement e-passport system. Social collaboration and trust in government institutions’ commitment were emerged from the citizens’ perspectives as factors encouraged the citizens to use the e-passport system. Quantitative data analysed using structural equation modelling techniques using SmartPLS (3.2.7) together with the SPSS 23 were used to analyse the collected data. The outcome were used to propose a framework that can improve the implementation of public e-services while the country at unrest. Another contribution of this studies is the proposal of social collaboration model towards better e-services in such environment.

Background: More foreign companies expand into emerging markets and such markets differ from developed ones. Emerging markets present opportunities and challenges for foreign companies. Challenges include many environmental factors, cultural differences, economic uncertainties and weak institutions. Emerging markets are often characterized by underdeveloped formal institutions which result in the so called institutional voids. Informal institutions act as formal institutions and fill in these institutional voids. Foreign companies need to pay much attention to emerging economies institutions when selecting entry mode since the institutions affect their strategy and profitability. Aim: The purpose of my thesis is to investigate and analyze how aforeign company is affected by a host country’s institutional context when entering an emerging market. The thesis focuses on the emerging market of Russia and a case company. Conclusions: Institutions affect the steps taken in accordance with the Uppsalamodel. It is important to learn more about the institutions of a host country in choosing an entry mode. The weakness in property rights, risk of corruption, political and economic factors combined with networking were the dominant factors in choosing an entrymode. Väderstad suffers from institutional shocks in the Russian market and they affect the willingness to invest further. / Bakgrund: Mer företag expanderar till tillväxtmarknader och sådana marknader är annorlunda än utvecklade marknader. Tillväxtmarknader presenterar både möjligheter och utmaningar för företagen. Utmaningarna inkluderar omgivningsfaktorer, kulturella skillnader, ekonomisk osäkerhet och svaga institutioner. Tillväxtmarknader karakteriseras ofta av underutvecklade formella institutioner som kan resultera i institutionella tomrum. Informella institutioner verkar som formella för att fylla tomrummet. Utländska företag måste ge uppmärksamhet till institutionerna i tillväxtmarknader när de väljer etableringsform eftersom institutionerna påverkar både strategi och lönsamhet. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera hur ett utländskt företag påverkas av ett värdlands institutionella sammanhang när det etablerar sig på en tillväxtmarknad. Uppsatsen fokuserar på tillväxtmarknaden Ryssland och ett fallföretag. Slutsats: Institutioner påverkade stegen i enlighet med Uppsalamodellen. Det är viktigt att lära sig mer om institutionerna för värdlandet när företaget väljer etableringsstrategi. Svag äganderätt, risk för korruption, politiska och ekonomiska faktorer kombinerat med närverksbyggande var dominanta faktorer i valet av etableringsform. Väderstad påverkas av institutionella chocker i Ryssland och det påverkar viljan att investera mer

Using the optics of institutional analysis, the master's thesis "Institutional Analysis of Support of Czech Cinematography" examines and critically evaluates the dynamics of shifts in public policy approach towards audiovisual culture and its subvention from public resources. First, the subsystem of audiovisual policy is set into a broader social and cultural context. Then the thesis continues with identification of key events that influenced the formal institutions of cinematography support, one of the most significant branches of audiovisual culture. Following the Velvet Revolution, cinematography is approached with a neoliberal optics because of its potential to generate a financial profit and its artistic dimension and ability to function as a medium for values and education are sidelined. Despite declared efforts to support cinematography, the state institutions do not offer any conceptual solution for severely underfinanced sector of domestic cinematography, the sector, whose functionality should be in public interest. Only recently, changes in formal institutions, striving to bring a more complex quality approach back to cinematography, can be observed. As long as there is no conceptual financial support, however, the desired goals cannot be achieved.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo Albuquerque Marques.pdf: 1455799 bytes, checksum: a39f06ed207a5bf921d6f775a3f557dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / This study investigates the limits of the possibilities of an efficient design for legal institutions, focusing its analysis on the structure of pilotage services market. It is carried out a critique over the neoclassical concept of efficiency, which, from a historical perspective, is not a concept a priori. From approach adopted in this study, the traditional concept of static efficiency (in its allocative and productive dimensions) is a cultural construction, subject to biases, judgments and perspectivisms, and is therefore susceptible to a great variety of criticisms, where the state has a naturally limited role in solving social conflicts that arise through time. This being said, it is argued that the study of efficiency must focus on the structure of institutions (legal or not), to allow a reduction of transaction costs and the possibility of the various stakeholders in interaction situations through transactions (on the market or outside it) to have the opportunity to develop standards of conduct for themselves through trial, error and learning. And this trial, error and learning, in order to spread its improving prospects to the maximum, must lead to the maximization of communication exchanges possibilities and to allow variation and selection of new ideas. That is, it is argued that law should aspire to maximize the possibilities of institutional adaptation through trial, error and learning by expanding communication exchanges. With these assumptions, we try to study the structure of pilotage services market, pointing out the errors of a cycle of public hearings conducted by CNAP (object chosen for case study). In this regard, it is understood that there is an ideological lock-in problem that prevents the upcoming of a sustainable cycle of creative destruction under the pilotage services, which inhibits the improvement of available technologies and institutions. From the development done in the theoretical exposition of this thesis, some proposals for the structure of pilotage services that facilitate this adaptive efficiency are presented, not only for the stakeholders directly related to the market (service providers and buyers) as well as for others who may be affected by negative externalities provided by the risk of the activity / O presente trabalho procura investigar quais são os limites da possibilidade de um desenho eficiente para instituições jurídicas, focando a sua análise na estruturação dos mercados de serviços de praticagem. Realiza-se uma crítica ao conceito neoclássico de eficiência, o qual, a partir de uma perspectiva histórica, não é um dado a priori. Na perspectiva aqui adotada, o conceito de eficiência estática tradicional, nas dimensões alocativa e produtiva, é uma construção cultural, sujeitas a vieses, arbítrios e perspectivismos, sendo, portanto, suscetível a uma imensidão de críticas, e onde o Estado tem um papel naturalmente limitado na resolução dos conflitos sociais que surgem no devir. Isso colocado, defende-se que o estudo da eficiência deve se voltar para a estruturação das instituições (jurídicas ou não), de modo a permitir a diminuição dos custos de transação e a possibilidade de que os diversos stakeholders em situação de interação por meio de transações (no mercado ou fora dele) tenham a perspectiva de desenvolver padrões de condutas próprios por meio de tentativa, erro e aprendizado. E a maximização das chances dessa tentativa, erro e aprendizado deve pressupor a maximização das possibilidades de trocas de comunicações para permitir a variação e seleção de novas ideias. Isto é, defende-se que o Direito deve aspirar a maximizar as possibilidades de adaptação das instituições por meio tentativa, erro e aprendizagem por meio da ampliação das trocas de comunicações. Com essas premissas, procura-se estudar a estrutura de mercado dos serviços de praticagem, apontando os erros de um ciclo de consultas públicas conduzida pela CNAP (objeto escolhido para estudo de caso). Nesse particular, entende-se que há um problema de lock-in ideológico que impede o surgimento de um ciclo sustentável de destruição criativa no âmbito dos serviços de praticagem, o que inibe o aprimoramento das tecnologias e das instituições disponíveis. A partir do desenvolvimento realizado na exposição teórica da presente tese, são apresentadas algumas propostas para a estruturação dos serviços da praticagem que facilitem essa eficiência adaptativa, não só para os stakeholders diretamente relacionados ao mercado (prestadores e tomadores de serviços) como também para os demais que possam ser afetados pelas externalidades negativas propiciadas pelo risco da atividade

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-02-09T13:55:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Marlon Monticelli_.pdf: 2132135 bytes, checksum: 7734ff90d7d8d8c8f8541fd6fea4da57 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-09T13:55:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Marlon Monticelli_.pdf: 2132135 bytes, checksum: 7734ff90d7d8d8c8f8541fd6fea4da57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 / Nenhuma / A coopetição é uma estratégia de relacionamento multifacetada, multinível e paradoxal entre firmas (LUO, 2004; CHEN, 2008; GNYAWALI; PARK, 2009). Apesar do número significativo de estudos relacionados com o conceito, a coopetição é ainda considerada como um conceito em andamento. Os estudos se limitaram em explorar uma série de firmas, principalmente pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs), embora a coopetição possa criar benefícios relevantes para essas firmas (BOUNCKEN et al., 2015). A coopetição deve ser analisar a partir de uma perspectiva multidimensional, considerando a influência de arranjos institucionais em estratégias de competição, cooperação e coopetição entre firmas. Além disso, há um aumento da pressão competitiva. As empresas buscam a coopetição para alcançar um posicionamento no mercado internacional (FESTA et al., 2017). Minha tese foca-se na lacuna que associa coopetição, instituições formais e desempenho internacional, uma vez que os estudos sobre esses construtos são raros e inconclusivos. Desse modo, minha tese objetiva enfatizar como a coopetição influencia a performance na internacionalização de firmas de mercados emergentes considerando o papel da coopetição. Apesar de essa pesquisa focar em diferentes indústrias, as firmas competem e cooperam em uma mesma indústria, caracterizando a coopetição. Conectando os campos teóricos e empíricos, a questão de pesquisa é: “Qual é a relação entre instituições formais e desempenho internacional das firmas de uma economia emergente considerando o papel da coopetição?”. Esta pesquisa está dividida em duas fases: uma etapa qualitativa e uma quantitativa. A etapa qualitativa é exploratório-descritiva. Foi baseada em 21 entrevistas realizadas com representantes de firmas e instituições formais e com pesquisadores acadêmicos para estabelecer um estudo de caso sobre o contexto. A etapa quantitativa foi realizada com a pesquisa com firmas das indústrias de calçado, vinho e tecnologia da informação, resultando em 166 respostas válidas. A técnica de análise aplicada foi a análise de regressão. As principais contribuições deste estudo são duplas. A primeira contribuição é enfatizar o papel das instituições formais na discussão sobre coopetição. A segunda está relacionada com a pesquisa sobre coopetição associada com a performance na internacionalização de firmas. Poucos estudos lidam com a performance das firmas e geralmente focam-se no desempenho de inovação (GNYAWALI; PARK, 2009; GNYAWALI et al., 2008). Como resultado, é apresentado um quadro que sustenta o conceito de abordagem institucional. Além disso, os resultados mostraram uma relação direta ente instituições formais e desempenho internacional mediada pela coopetição. As limitações deste estudo baseiam-se no fato de a investigação ter ocorrido em um único país. Ao final deste estudo, outros caminhos de investigação surgiram. Em primeiro lugar, esta pesquisa focou-se no nível entre firmas, desconsiderando os níveis individuais, intrafirmas e de rede. Segundo, a coopetição como contexto poderia analisar cadeias de agentes que adicionam valor às firmas (BRANDENBURGER; NALEBUFF, 1995). / Coopetition is a multifaceted, multilevel, and paradoxical strategy of relationship between firms (LUO, 2004; CHEN, 2008; GNYAWALI; PARK, 2009). Despite the significant number of studies related to the concept, coopetition is still considered as a concept in progress. Studies have been limited in exploring a variety of firms, mainly small and medium enterprises (SMEs), although coopetition can generate relevant benefits for these firms (BOUNCKEN et al., 2015). Coopetition must be analyzed from a multi-dimensional view, considering the influence of institutional arrangements on competition, cooperation, and coopetition strategies between firms. Moreover, there is an increased competitive pressure. Firms search for coopetition to gain positioning in international markets (FESTA et al., 2017). My thesis focus on the gap that associates coopetition, formal institutions, and international performance because there are rare and inconclusive studies about these constructs. Thus, this thesis aims to highlight the relationship between formal institutions and international performance of firms from an emerging economy taking into account the role of the coopetition. Although this research focuses on different industries, they compete and cooperate in the same industry, characterizing coopetition. While connecting theoretical and empirical topics, the research question is the following: what is the relationship between formal institutions and international performance of firms from an emerging economy taking into account the role of the coopetition? This research is divided into two stages: a qualitative and a quantitative step. The qualitative stage is exploratory-descriptive. It was based on 21 interviews realized with representatives from firms and formal institutions and academic researchers to establish a case study about the context. The quantitative stage was carried out with the survey with firms from footwear, winery, and information technology industries, resulting in 166 valid responses. The analysis technique applied was regression analysis. The main contributions of this study are twofold. The first contribution is to stress the role of formal institutions in the discussion about coopetition. The second contribution is related to the research about coopetition associated with the performance in the internationalization of firms. Few studies deal with firm performance and usually focus on the innovation performance (GNYAWALI; PARK, 2009; GNYAWALI et al., 2008). As a result, a framework supporting the concept of Institutional Approach is presented. Also, results showed a direct relationship between formal institutions and international performance mediated by coopetition. Limitations of this study are based on the investigation to have occurred in a single country. At the end of this study, other avenues of the investigation appeared. First, this research focused on the inter-firm level, disregarding individual, intrafirm and network levels. Second, coopetition as context could analyze chains of agents that add value to the firms (BRANDENBURGER; NALEBUFF, 1995).

Esta tese analisa a transterritorialidade decorrente de institucionalidades formais e informais concorrentes em nove cidade de Brasil, Colômbia e México. Mais especificamente, trata das consequências sociais da produção de múltiplos territórios e multiterritorialidades a partir da competição entre institucionalidades formais legais e institucionalidades informais ilegais ligadas ao narcotráfico. A pesquisa se desenvolveu nas cidades brasileiras de Porto Alegre e Rio Janeiro, colombianas de Bogotá, Buenaventura, Cali e Medellín, e mexicanas de Cidade do México, Culiacán e Xalapa. O estudo busca compreender as distintas dinâmicas de dominação funcional e apropriação simbólica dos espaços urbanos. Interessou, neste sentido, de forma mais contundente, a investigação dos efeitos sobre a população de territorialidades mais funcionais instituídas a partir da unidade regra-sanção baseada no disciplinamento dos corpos pela violência. Examina, ainda, a relação recursiva entre território (e territorialidade), instituição e cultura. Associada ao paradigma de complexidade proposto por Morin, a investigação propriamente dita, inspirada no estudo de múltiplos casos, envolveu um conjunto de técnicas para coleta e análise de dados Foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, observações a partir de saídas de campo, registros fotográficos, análise de conteúdo e análise estatística descritiva. Em termos de resultados, demonstrou-se que os moradores, especialmente os residentes na periferia das cidades pesquisadas, vivem a transterritorialidade imposta por regras inscritas nos corpos por institucionalidades formais e informais. Eles têm suas rotinas ordenadas por códigos formais e informais de conduta, contenções permanentes e temporárias dispostas no e pelo espaço geográfico. Verificou-se a existência de uma relação recursiva entre estratégias de evitação e contornamento. Constatou-se que, na maioria dos casos, os territórios produzidos e mantidos por forças institucionais ligadas ao Estado e ilegais associadas ao narcotráfico são mais funcionais do que simbólicos. Dito de outra forma, o espaço é dominado pelo estabelecimento de regras e sanções, e não apropriado por processos identitários ou de identificação cultural. Por fim, chega-se à conclusão de que a transterritorialidade é uma emergência complexa, em termos morinianos, decorrente dos processos de produção e manutenção de multiterritorialidades de institucionalidades formais e informais. / This thesis analyzes the trans-territoriality caused by competing formal and informal institutions in nine cities of Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. More specifically, this research is about the social consequences of the formation of multiple territories and multi-territorialities produced by the competition between legal formal institutions and illegal informal institutions connected to drug trafficking. The research was developed in the Brazilian cities of Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, in the Colombian cities of Bogotá, Buenaventura, Cali and Medellín and in the Mexican cities of Mexico City, Culiacán and Xalapa. The study aims to comprehend the distinct processes of functional domination and symbolic appropriation of urban spaces. The research was mainly interested in investigating the effects of more functional territorialities on the population established by the connection between rules and sanctions based on the use of violence in order to discipline bodies. The study also examined the recursive relation among territory (and territoriality), institution e culture. Associated with Morin's Paradigm of Complexity, the investigation itself, inspired by the study of multiple cases, involved a range of techniques to acquire and to analyze data The research used semi-structured interviews, observations during field trips, photographic record, content analysis and descriptive statistics. As for the results, this thesis demonstrates that the inhabitants, especially the ones who reside on the periphery of the cities researched, live the process of trans-territoriality imposed by the rules of formal and informal institutionalities. They have their routines commanded by formal and informal codes of conduct, permanent and temporary restraints established in the geographic space. The research found the existence of a recursive relation between bypassing restraints and strategies to avoid populations. The study also noted that, in most cases, the territories produced and maintained by institutional forces connected to the State and illegal forces associated with the drug trafficking are more functional than symbolic. In other words, the space is dominated by rules and sanctions and not appropriated by identity processes or cultural identification. Finally, the research came to the conclusion that trans-territoriality is a complex emergence, in Morin’s terms, due to processes of production and maintenance of formal and informal multi-territorialities and institionalities.