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Evaluation of the budgetary allocation policy on the levels and quality of public agriculture budgets and expenditures in Malawi and RwandaKisira, Simon 26 March 2015 (has links)
M.A. (Public Management and Governance) / This study sought to assess the main outcomes of the 2003 Maputo Declaration encapsulating the political decision of the Heads of State of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), within the framework of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), to allocate at least 10% of national public budgets to the agriculture sector. The scope of the assessment included the levels, composition, efficiency and effectiveness of public expenditures in the agriculture sector. For this reason, the study not only sought to find out the calibration of the levels and quantities of resources allocated to, or spent in the agriculture sector, but also undertook a diagnosis of the composition and patterns in resource allocations and expenditures in the agriculture sector. The study, designed in form of an exploratory and pilot research, was conducted in two African countries (Rwanda and Malawi) and adopted an orientation towards discovering ideas and insights – not for purposes of coming up with final answers or decisions, but rather for providing a better understanding of the situation to inform the construction of larger research efforts. Specifically, the study aimed to: i) determine the patterns in public agriculture allocations and expenditure after the Maputo Declaration; ii) to identify the factors that determine or influence the levels and composition of budgetary allocations and expenditure in the public agricultural sector. From the population frame comprising all 54 member states of the African Union, a purposive stratified sampling method was employed to select the two countries. A judicious blend of qualitative and quantitative methods and attendant techniques was employed in data collection and analysis. Qualitative information was collected largely using a literature review and participatory research methods, such as semi-structured interviews with key informants. On the other hand, quantitative information was collected using a suite of methods and tools, such as simple questionnaires administered among specific country respondents. Anecdotal evidence drawn from literature review showed that Malawi allocates well above the 10% CAADP target for its national resources to agriculture, while Rwanda, in spite of being the first country on the continent to sign the CAADP Compact, allocates less than 10% of its public resources to the sector. The research, undertaking a deeper analysis revealed that Malawi exhibited consistent increases in the percentages of agricultural expenditure as a share of the national expenditure for the entire period under study (2000 to 2013), except in 2002/03 and in 2008/09. In fact, there is evidence that Malawi spent over 30% of its national resources on agriculture, although this percentage declined to 24.7% in the subsequent year. Most of Malawi’s expenditure is explained by the thrust that the government had placed on farm-input subsidies. It is also noteworthy that a significant proportion of Malawi’s agriculture budget (about 80%) is funded by external donors. The research revealed that the expectations of agriculture’s contribution to the growth and development of the national economy forms part of the major explanations behind the gigantic proportions of the national budget allocated to the agricultural sector. This is consistent with findings of another study that showed that show that agricultural-led economic growth has a greater impact on poverty reduction than does the same level of growth driven by non-agricultural sectors. Rwanda exhibited clearly different trends in agriculture expenditure from those exhibited by Malawi; with the exception of a spike recorded in 2001-2002, the subsequent periods all the way to the year 2006 show a consistent decline in expenditure. This study revealed that the share of agriculture expenditure in the national total fell from 8.6% recorded in 2002 to 3.3% in 2006. The patterns in agriculture budget allocations and public expenditure in Rwanda continued to drop and, in the best case scenario, the allocation patterns stagnated. The reasons for the drop before 2007 are unclear. However, Rwanda registered a consistent rise in public expenditure in the agricultural sector after 2007, both in absolute and relative terms. It is recalled that Rwanda was the first country on the continent to sign the CAADP Compact in 2007.
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Land revenue administration in the ceded and conquered provinces, and its economic background, 1819-1833Siddiqi, Asiya January 1963 (has links)
No description available.
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An analysis of land redistribution and the land market in the Boland region of the Western CapeMaphutha, Jacob Mampuputlane 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is experiencing major political, economic and social changes and in its policy
orientation towards the event of globalisation. These changes are intended for the
empowerment of those previously disadvantaged and for the levelling of the playing field for
future equality of opportunities. In empowering these individuals it is recognised that
agriculture is one of the important sectors that would serve as a vehicle for the development
of the country. It is the main source of economic growth and the bedrock of economic
development.
Agriculture depends strongly on land, which is also an asset that can be used to generate
income. For this reason land reform in the form of grants is one of the important tools
employed in South Africa to redistribute land to the disadvantaged in order to enable them to
improve their income and also to develop rural areas. As this programme is based on a
market-assisted approach, its success depends on land markets that function well and are
stable enough to carry it.
The objective of this study was to determine the state of land redistribution and to analyse
the land market in the Boland region of the Western Cape province. The effectiveness of
land redistribution was analysed with regard to the number of transactions that took place in
the years 1998, 1999 and 2000 in terms of citizenship, race, mode of land acquisition
amongst the disadvantaged (government grants, private acquisitions and inheritances),
quantity and quality factors. The findings were discussed in terms of their implications for
the success of the programme and their influence of the land market. Finally
recommendations were made for potential improvements as well as for further research.
It was found that land redistribution by means of government grants was rather slow and
most of the transactions took place through private purchases, mostly through mortgage
loans provided by the Land Bank of South Africa. Although private transactions
redistributed more wealth measured in terms of size pf land, the accompanying land was less
superior using price per hectare as a proxy for quality compared to land purchased with the
assistance of the government. Transactions for the latter were mainly through joint ventures
with current owners. The study also revealed that the land market in the Boland is one of the
major obstacles to the speedy transfer of land not because of the foreign investment, but due to the nature of the sectors. The two main agricultural sectors are viticulture and deciduous
fruit which have experience high growth in income and export. The analysis conducted
established that there was no significant difference between properties bought by foreigners,
white and Black South Africans. Future trends in land prices could not be predicted but it is
expected that agricultural land prices will be well above the capitalisation value of future
profits arising from the level of foreign investment as well as economic gain.
Based on the finding the areas to be emphasised by the land reform programme in this region
are joint venturing and the promotion of subsidies on mortgage loans as well as extending
the government's role in the land market. Increased government spending and involvement
of the private sector, including financial institutions and established commercial farmers, are
some of the things to be encouraged to facilitate the process and ultimately to overcome
poverty. The sole reliance on the current regional land market seems incapable of effectively
and speedily redistributing land to beneficiaries, whereby equality can be achieved in the
long run. However, if all the shortcomings of the land market are recognised and a new
policy is adopted, land reform in the Boland and in South Africa will in the future be more
likely to promote increased access to land, resulting in higher productivity, growth and a
globally competitive agriculture. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika ondervind tans grootskaalse politieke, ekonomiese en sosiale veranderinge en so
ook in beleidsoriëntering na aanleiding van globalisasie. Hierdie veranderinge het ten doel
om voorheen benadeeldes te bemagtig en om die speelveld gelyk te maak met betrekking tot
toekomstige geleenthede. Tydens die bemagtiging van hierdie individue word landbou erken
as een van die belangrikste sektore wat kan dien as 'n voertuig vir die ontwikkeling van die
land. Landbou is die hoofbron van ekonomiese groei en die hoeksteen van ekonomiese
ontwikkeling. Alhoewel landbou grootliks afhanklik is van grond, is grond 'n bate wat
gebruik kan word om inkomste te genereer. Om hierdie rede is grondhervorming in die
vorm van 'n toekenning of subsidie een van die belangrikste meganismes wat in Suid Afrika
gebruik word om grond aan die voorheen benadeeldes te herverdeel. Die doel van
grondhervorming is om die voorheen benadeeldes in staat te stelom hul inkomste te verbeter
en ook om landelike gebiede te ontwikkel. Hierdie program is gebaseer op 'n markondersteunde
benadering en daarom hang die sukses af van die grondmark wat goed
funksioneer en stabiel is.
Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om die stand van grondhervorming te bepaal en om die
grondmark in die Boland-streek van Wes-Kaapse provinsie te ontleed. Die effektiwiteit van
grondherverdeling is ontleed met betrekking tot die getal transaksies wat plaasgevind het in
die jare 1998, 1999 en 2000 in terme van burgerskap, ras, metode van grond aanskaffing
tussen die minder bevoorregte (staatstoekennings, private aanskaffing en erflatings),
hoeveelheid en kwaliteit. Die bevindings is bespreek in terme van hul implikasies vir die
sukses van die program en hul invloed op die grondmark. Finale aanbevelings is gemaak vir
potensiële verbeterings sowel as vir verdere navorsing.
Daar is bevind dat grondherverdeling by wyse van staatstoekennings baie stadig was en
meeste van die transaksies was deur private aankope, meestal deur verbandlenings verskaf
deur die Landbank. Alhoewel privaat grondverkope grootliks rykdom herverdeel, is die
waarde in terme van prys per hektaar minder in vergelyking met die waarde van grond
aangekoop met die hulp van die staat. Wingerbou- en tuinbouprodukte het die hoogste groei
in inkomste en uitvoer ondervind. Dit word egter verwag dat grondpryse ver bo die kapitalisasiewaarde van toekomstige winste sal styg voortspruitend uit onder andere die vlak
van buitelandse investerings.
Die areas wat beklemtoon moet word deur die grondhervormingsprogram in die streek, is
gesamentlike ondernemings en die bevordering van subsidies op verbandlenings. Verhoogde
staatsbesteding en betrokkenheid van die private sektor, insluitende finansiële instellings en
gevestigde kommersiële boere, moet aangemoedig word om die proses te fasiliteer en om
uiteindelik armoede te oorkom. Die huidige streeks-grondmark blyk onbevoeg te wees om
herverdeling van grond aan begunstigdes effektief en spoedig op die lange duur te laat
geskied. Indien die tekortkominge van die grondmark erken word en 'n nuwe beleid aanvaar
word, sal grondhervorming in die Boland en in Suid-Afrika in die toekoms meer geneig wees
om toegang tot grond te bevorder. Dit sal aanleiding gee tot hoër produktiwiteit, groei en 'n
globaal mededingende landbou.
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The effect of agricultural service provision on performance of smallholder farmers in ZambiaMwefyeni, Ephraim Chali 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / Zambia, a country in Sub Saharan Africa, is home to over 13 million people. Of this population, 61 percent are found in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihood, making the sector a key area for the development of the country. Agriculture remains a key sector because of its huge potential and the number of people that are dependent on it.
However, smallholder farmers face many challenges, which include inadequate market and price information, inability to access credit, inadequate extension services, low input supply and low usage of hybrid seed amongst others. Given this situation, the study undertook to use quantitative research methods to determine the effect of agricultural services on smallholder performance in Zambia. It also focused on determining whether the sources of agricultural services affect performance.
The results of the study reported that sources of fertilizers, maize seed and loans had a significant influence on yield of maize achieved by farmers. Access and utilisation of fertilizer, seed and maize price information had also shown that there was a relationship between these variables and yield produced.
With these results, it is imperative to understand and manage the level of government involvement in the provision of agricultural services so that private sector participation is not discouraged.
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Challenges of the dairy industry in Southern AfricaLouw, Johannes Michiel Adriaan 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The world population is growing rapidly and places additional pressure on the natural resources of the world. The increase in the world population leads to increasing focus on food security and the nutrition of the world population. Developed countries can only produce up to a certain level to satisfy the demand for food in the world. The additional production needs to come from countries where economic and agricultural development has been lagging.
The research identified five major drivers of the future growth of agriculture. These drivers of future growth create opportunities for countries in Africa and help to address the development challenges for their different agricultural sub-sectors. The dairy industry in Southern Africa can play a significant role in addressing food security and nutritional needs of the growing population. Large numbers of livestock are present in Southern Africa because the landscape is lending itself to livestock farming and cultural believes see livestock as wealth in the hands of the owner. There are however serious challenges to address in order to achieve sustainable growth in the dairy industry in Southern Africa. The focus of the report is on the identification of the challenges in the dairy industry in Southern Africa, thus helping with the formulation of a growth strategy and business model.
The report used a qualitative method of literature study to determine the challenges faced by the dairy industry in three Southern African countries, i.e. South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia. The contrasts between these countries are significant, but there are also many common elements and challenges. From this range of factors a set of key “challenges for action” has been derived, which are put forward as a basis for public and private sector efforts to strengthen growth in the sector. The list of challenges also assisted in the proposal of a business model to address part of the challenges of development in the dairy industry.
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The state, farmers and dairy farming in colonial Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia), c.1890-1951Hove, Godfrey 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis uses dairy farming in colonial Zimbabwe/Southern Rhodesia as a lens to explore the
intersection of economic, social and environmental factors in colonial agriculture from the 1890s
until 1951, when a new regulatory framework was introduced for the industry. It examines the
complex and fluid interactions between the colonial state and farmers (both white and black),
and the manner in which these interactions shaped and reshaped policy within the context of the
local political economy and the changing global economic conditions. It examines the competing
interests of the colonial state and farmers, and how these tensions played out in the formulation
and implementation of dairy development policy over time. This thesis demonstrates that these
contestations profoundly affected the trajectory of an industry that started as a mere side-line to
the beef industry until it had become a central industry in Southern Rhodesia’s agricultural
economy by the late 1940s. Thus, besides filling a historiographical gap in existing studies of
Southern Rhodesia’s agricultural economy, the thesis engages in broader historiographical
conversations about settler colonial agricultural policy and the role of the state and farmers in
commercial agriculture. Given the fractured nature of colonial administration in Southern
Rhodesia, this study also discusses conflicts among government officials. It demonstrates how
these differences affected policy formulation and implementation, especially regarding African
commercial dairy production. This thesis also explores the impact of a segregationist agricultural
policy, particularly focusing on prejudices about the “African body” and hygiene. It shows how
this shaped the character of both African and white production trends. It demonstrates that
Africans were unevenly affected by settler policy, as some indigenous people continued to
compete with white farmers at a time when existing regulations were intended to exclude them
from the colonial dairy industry. It argues that although dairy farming had grown to be a strong
white-dominated industry by 1951, the history of dairy farming during the period under review
was characterised by contestations between the state and both white and African farmers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis gebruik suiwelboerdery in koloniale Zimbabwe/Suid-Rhodesie as ’n lens om die
ekonomiese, sosiale en omgewingsgerigte kruispunte in koloniale landbou van omstreeks 1890 t
1951 toe ‘n nuwe regulatoriese raamwerk vir suiwelboerdery ingestel is te, ondersoek. Die
komplekse en vloeibare interaksies tussen die koloniale staat en boere (wit sowel as swart) en die
wyse waarop hierdie interaksies beleid binne die konteks van die plaaslike politieke ekonomie en
die globale ekonomiese omstandighede gevorm en hervorm het, word ondersoek. Hierbenewens
word gelet op die spanninge tussen die belange van die koloniale staat en die boere (wit sowel as
swart) en hoe hierdie spanning oor tyd in die formulering en implementering van suiwelbeleid
gemanifested het. Hierdie tesis demonstreer dat di spanninge en stryd ’n diepgaande uitwerking
gehad het op ’n bedryf wat aanvanklik as ondergeskik tot die vleisbedryf begin het, naar teen die
leat as ‘n sentrale veertigerjere bedryf in die Rhodesiëse landelike ekonomie uitgekristalliseer
het. Benewens die feit dat die proefakrif ’n historiografiese leemte in bestaande koloniale
Zimbabwe aangespreek, vorm dit ook deel van ’n breër historiografiese diskoers ten opsigte van
setlaar koloniale landbou in Zimbabwe en die rol van die staat en boere in kommersiële landbou.
Vanweё die gefragmenteerde aard van koloniale administrasie in Suid-Rhodesië, fokus die tesis
ook op die konflikte tussen regeringsamptenare en hoe hierdie geskille veral beleidsformulering
en implementering ten opsigte van swart kommersiële suiwelboerdery beïnvloed het. Vervolgens
word die uitwerking van ’n landboubeleid geliasear of segragasi onder die loep geneem met
spesiale verwysing na die geskiktheid van swartmense vir kommersiële suiwelboerdery en hoe
dit die aard en karakter van beide swart sowel as wit produksie tendense beïnvloed het. Daar
word aangedui dat swartmense nie eenvormig deur setlaarsbeleid geraak is nie aangesien van
hulle met wit boere meegeding het op ’n stadium toe die heersende regulasies daerop gemik was
oin baie van hulle uit die koloniale suiwelbedryfwit te slint. Die sentrale argument is dat hoewel
suiwelboerdery sterk wit gedomineerd was teen 1951, die geskiedenis van die bedryf gedurende
die tydperk onder bespreking gekenmerk is deur stryd en konflite tussen die staat en wit sowel as swart boere.
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Structural adjustments in the wheat industry of the Western Cape ProvinceTroskie, Dirk Pieter 03 1900 (has links)
Dissertation (PhD (Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this dissertation was to investigate the structural imbalances of the wheat industry
of the Western Cape Province and, with due recognition of a changing environment, to develop an
effective strategy for the industry.
It was found that the origins of the structural imbalances could be detected in the interaction
between policy, technological and demand factors and is not unique to the specific industry. The
farm problem provides an explanation for the instability of and downward pressure on wheat prices
as well as the sluggish adaptation to environmental change experienced in the wheat industry.
Internationally similar problems led to a whole range of policy measures. Relatively unique to
South African agriculture, but not only to the Western Cape wheat industry, is the circumstances
that gave rise to the current dual structure of the domestic agricultural sector. The origins of these
circumstances could be traced back to the Dutch settlement of the Cape in 1652 and the resulting
measures was later upheld under British rule. After the commercialisation of the local agricultural
sector following the discovery of diamonds in South Africa, certain measures were lobbied for at
the end of the 19th Century to protect white farmers. These measures were expanded in the 20th
Century and gave rise to the particular duality along ethnic lines of the South African agricultural
sector.
If it is accepted that the structural problems of the wheat industry are the result of political, policy,
technological and demand factors, the question of the potential future role of the sector, and more
specifically the wheat industry, can be asked. It was established that agriculture is a natural catalyst
for economic development through the provision of food, foreign exchange, manpower, and capital
formation as well as a market for industrial produce. Whereas the potential exists, agriculture has
not yet fulfilled this role in Southern Africa due to inconsistent domestic policy, adverse trade
regimes, inappropriate technology and problems encountered in the management of development.
This potential role of agriculture has been quantified for the Western Cape Province.
In the development of a strategy for an industry it is imperative to evaluate the future economic and
social environment. It was verified that in the next phase of economic development, towards
information societies, agriculture would still fulfil the functions previously mentioned. However, a
new and more esoteric role relating to identity could be added to this list in an information society.
Given the important role of agriculture as described in the previous section, intuition would lead
one to expect that government would play an important role in alleviating the structural problems of
the Western Cape wheat industry. However, contrary to this intuitive expectation it was found that,
in alleviating the problems of the Western Cape wheat industry, government intervention will be
largely limited to creating a favourable enabling environment. In getting to this conclusion the
theory of welfare economics, public choice and politician - voter interaction were explored. The
traditional wisdom has it that in searching for a Pareto-optimal state, or at least a second-best
solution, pressure group activities may play an important role. This is seen as important due to the
difficulties, as indicated by Arrow's impossibility theorem, in transforming individual preferences
into political preference functions. However, numerous examples have shown that pressure group
activities may only playa marginal role in influencing the final outcome. The underlying structural
characteristics of the national and provincial economies may be a more important determinant. This
became more certain as the way politicians perceived agriculture before and after the 1994 political
transition was analysed.
It follows that a strategy for the wheat industry of the Western Cape will take the global, social,
policy, natural and consumer environment into account and both the strategy and the industry will
have to be self-reliant. It was argued that a solution would be found in changing the slope
(elasticity) of the demand and supply functions for agricultural produce. With the aid of a spatial
model developed the impact of the different elements of the strategy on the profitability of wheat
production in the Western Cape was evaluated. This model took into consideration the yield
potential for wheat, the gross and net margin of wheat production, spatial dispersion, transport costs
and also made provision for different intermediate markets. It was found that each of the
components of the strategy would substantially contribute to a more profitable wheat industry for
the Western Cape. The combined effect of the strategy would result in a 97 percent decrease in the
area where wheat production is unprofitable. Profitable production of wheat would be possible on
99,3 percent of the total area that is suitable for rainfed wheat production. The production of wheat
would be highly profitable at a margin of more than R200 per ton on more than 1,1 million hectares
(77,1% of the total area).
It is concluded that, while taking the global, social, policy, natural and consumer environment into
account and without relying on government, a strategy could be developed that will rectify the
structural problems of the Western Cape wheat industry. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie proefskrif was om die strukturele wanbalanse van die koringbedryf in die Wes-
Kaap Provinsie te ondersoek en, om met erkenning aan 'n veranderde omgewing, 'n effektiewe
strategie vir die bedryf te ontwikkel.
Dit is bevind dat die oorsprong van die strukturele wanbalanse uit die interaksie tussen beleid-,
tegnologiese- en vraagfaktore spruit en dat die wanbalanse nie uniek is tot die bedryf nie. 'n
Verklaring vir die onstabiliteit van- en afwaartse druk op koringpryse, sowel as die trae aanpassings
van die bedryf by omgewingsveranderings, word deur die plaasprobleem gebied. Soortgelyke
probleme het globaal tot 'n verskeidenheid van beleidmaatreëls aanleiding gegee. Wat wel uniek is
tot die Suid-Afrikaanse landbou, maar nie tot die plaaslike koringbedryf nie, is die omstandighede
wat tot die huidige dualistiese struktuur van die landbou sektor aanleiding gegee het. Die oorsprong
van die omstandighede kan teruggespoor word tot die Hollandse besetting van die Kaap in 1652 en
die gepaardgaande maatreëls wat ook onder Britse bewind in stand gehou is. Na die
kommersialisering van die plaaslike landbou sektor, wat op die ontdekking van diamante in Suid-
Afrika gevolg het, is bepaalde maatreëls aan die einde van die 19de eeu deur drukgroepe beding ten
einde blanke boere te beskerm. Hierdie maatreëls is in die 20ste eeu uitgebrei en het die unieke
dualiteit op etniese gronde van die Suid-Afrikaanse landbou sektor tot gevolg gehad.
Met aanvaarding daarvan dat die strukturele wanbalanse van die koringbedryf die resultaat is van
politieke, beleid, tegnologiese en vraag faktore, kan dit gevra word of die sektor, en meer spesifiek
die koringbedryf, nog 'n rol te speel het. Dit is gevind dat landbou 'n natuurlike katalisator vir
ontwikkeling kan wees deur die verskaffing van voedsel, buitelandse valuta, mannekrag, kapitaal
vorming en 'n mark vir industriële goedere. Ten spyte van die bestaande potensiaal kon landbou
nog nie hierdie rol in Suidelike Afrika vervul nie, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van inkonsekwente
binnelandse beleid, onvriendelike handelsomgewings, nie-geskikte tegnologie en ontwikkelingsbestuur
probleme. Die potensiële rol van landbou in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie is gekwantifiseer.
Dit is belangrik om tydens die ontwikkeling van 'n strategie vir 'n bedryf ook die toekomstige
ekonomiese en sosiale omgewing in aanmerking te neem. Dit is bevestig dat in die volgende fase
van ekonomiese ontwikkeling, dié van 'n inligtings gemeenskap, landbou steeds die voorgenoemde
funksies sal vervul. 'n Nuwe en meer esoteriese funksie, gefokus op identiteit, kan egter in 'n
inligtingsgemeenskap tot die lys toegevoeg word.
Gegewe hierdie belangrike rol van landbou kan intuïtief verwag word dat die owerheid bereid sal
wees om 'n belangrike bydrae te maak tot die verligting van die strukturele probleme van die Wes-
Kaapse koringbedryf. Teenstrydig met hierdie intuïtiewe verwagting is egter bevind dat owerheids
betrokkenheid hoofsaaklik beperk sal wees tot die skepping van 'n gunstige en bemagtigende
omgewing. Ten einde hierdie gevolgtrekking te bereik is welfaart ekonomie, publieke keuse en
politici - kieser interaksie teorie bestudeer. Volgens tradisionele denke kan drukgroep aktiwiteite
'n belangrike rol speel in die soeke na 'n Pareto-optimale staat, of ten minste in die soeke na 'n
tweede-beste oplossing. Weens probleme in die transformasie van individuele voorkeure na
politieke voorkeur funksies, soos beskryf deur die onmoontlikheidsteorie van Arrow, word hierdie
aktiwiteite as belangrik geag. Veelvuldige voorbeelde dui egter daarop dat drukgroep aktiwiteite
slegs 'n marginale rol kan speel in die beïnvloeding van finale uitkomste. Dit blyk dat
onderliggende eienskappe van die nasionale en provinsiale ekonomië meer bepalende faktore kan
wees. Hierdie vermoede is bevestig namate die politieke persepsie van die landbou voor en na die
1994 politieke transformasie geanaliseer is.
Uit die voorafgaande is dit duidelik dat 'n strategie vir die koringbedryf van die Wes-Kaap die
internasionale, sosiale, politieke, natuurlike en verbruikers omgewing in aanmerking sal moet neem.
Dit is ook duidelik dat beide die strategie en die bedryf self onderhoudend sal moet wees. Dit word
aangevoer dat 'n oplossing gevind kan word indien die helling (elastisiteit) van die vraag en aanbod
funksies van landbouprodukte aangepas kan word. Met behulp van 'n ruimtelike model wat
ontwikkel is, is die impak van die verskillende elemente van die strategie op die winsgewendheid
van koringproduksie in die Wes-Kaap geëvalueer. Hierdie model het onder meer die opbrengs
potensiaal van koring, die bruto en netto marge van koringproduksie, ruimtelike verspreiding,
vervoerkoste en verskillende intermediêre markte in aanmerking geneem. Dit is bevind dat elk van
die elemente van die strategie beduidend tot winsgewende koringproduksie in die Wes-Kaap kan
bydra. Die strategie kan daartoe lei dat die oppervlakte met nie-winsgewende koringproduksie met
97 persent sal afneem. Koring kan winsgewend verbou word op 99,3 persent van die area geskik
vir droëland produksie. Terselfdertyd sal koring, teen 'n marge van R200 per ton, hoogs
winsgewend verbou kan word op nagenoeg 1,1 miljoen hektaar (77,1 persent van die totale area).
Ten slotte blyk dit dat, met inagneming van die internasionale, sosiale, politieke, natuurlike en
verbruikers omgewing, en sonder dat op owerheids ondersteuning staatgemaak word, 'n strategie
ontwikkel kon word wat die strukturele wanbalanse van die Wes-Kaapse koringbedryf kan oplos.
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The role of entrepreneurship in China's economic developmentNgan, Kit-yan., 顔傑恩. January 1995 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Economics and Finance / Master / Master of Economics
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Development of agriculture in Tihama: Regional growth and development in the Jizan region, Saudi Arabia.Habib, Mohammad Abdul-Kareim. January 1988 (has links)
The coastal plain called Tihama forms the principal agricultural zone which makes Jizan one of the main agricultural regions in the Arabian Peninsula. The Saudi government has keenly appreciated this wealth of Jizan and explored developing its potential in the mid-1940's. However, the pace of agricultural development in Jizan has been very slow, and an actual decline has been registered in traditional agriculture. This stagnation is caused by constraints imposed by unfavorable "institutional arrangements," i.e., those incentives and disincentives which are the product of the political economy of the country. Problems facing agricultural development in Jizan are explained within the context of the country's institutional arrangements. The contribution of the spatial structure of Jizan and the lack of sufficient impact by the urban/industrial complex of this region are detailed as causes for this problem. To its credit, the Saudi government imposes neither taxes nor restrictive economic policies on agriculturalists. Moreover, general financial support for farmers and investment in public projects are benefiting the agricultural sector of Jizan. These factors led to the evolution of the modern tubewell farming system in Jizan which began in 1961/62. Existing incentives are overshadowed by disincentives which are hampering agricultural and general regional development in Jizan. Unfavorable farm policy, such as subsidization of foodstuff imports, and out-migration due to unequal regional growth in the country, accelerated a process of agricultural decline in Jizan. Until 1962 this decline was not arrested by government investment due to the lack of funding. Ironically, the rise in revenue from oil exports seems to have undermined the need for agricultural development in Jizan. Recent government efforts to develop the country's agricultural sector yielded a farm policy which is unfavorable to Jizan. Projects which are vital for this region's agriculture have been implemented only recently, or as in the case of many irrigation projects, have not yet been built. In the 1980's Jizan, which had 14% of the country's agricultural land, received only about 1% of the value of loans provided by the government to farmers. As a result, Jizan remains a region with substantial, but still unrealized potential.
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AN ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN MEXICO, 1969-1979, AND COMPARISONS WITH THE UNITED STATES.Salmon-Castelo, Roberto Fernando. January 1982 (has links)
No description available.
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