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A sector-wide programming model of the Dominican agriculture is developed and used to analyze the impacts of trade and agricultural policies in the Dominican Republic. The model includes ten agricultural commodities which accounted for 75 percent of the total value of agricultural production in 1988. Linear demand functions for the commodities are included and the model is solved in its quadratic form using the GAMS/MINOS package. A competitive market is assumed where consumer and producer surplus is maximized. Quantities and prices are obtained endogenously. Nominal and Effective Rates of Protection were estimated for selected crops. Results indicated negative protection for most of the crops. Two sets of policy changes and market condition changes were evaluated using the sector programming model. Inward--oriented policies included a policy of self-sufficiency and a penalty on traditional export crops through an exchange rate differential. Outward-oriented policies consisted of a change in the fertilizer price to reflect the border price and the elimination of government subsidies in the agricultural sector. External market condition changes included the elimination of the US sugar quota and an increase in the US sugar quota up to the level assigned in 1990. Agricultural production, income and employment are increased by a policy of food self-sufficiency, a reduction in fertilizer price and an increase in the US sugar quota. A policy of food self-sufficiency requires more government spending given the input subsidies available from the government. / Ph. D.

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The first part of the thesis is concerned with questions arising from the dual society of "tribesmen and townsmen", as the distinction is often briefly but inaccurately described. Nearly two thirds of the rural population and more than half of the total population may be regarded as having their social centre of gravity still in some form or other of tribal organisation. 1. British policy towards the tribes, as it shaped at first after the occupation of the country during the last war, stood in contradiction to the axiom which had been common to all the changing patterns of Turkish tribal policy. Far from being intent on destroying tribalism, it favoured its preservation. But the experiment in indirect administration of tribal areas came to an end in 1920. In some districts conditions forbade its introduction, in others its introduction courted failure. With the establishment of the provisional Arab Government the emphasis shifted back towards the bureaucratic administration of tribal areas. With the assistance of the British Royal Air Force, the establishment of direct administration in the outlying districts proceeded steadily. After the release from the Mandate, the Iraqi army proved its ability to act efficiently in face of serious tribal opposition. The ascendancy of the central Government faces tribalism with difficult problems of re-adjustment.

Thesis (doctor agriculturarum)--Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle-Wittenberg, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [187]-200). Also available via the World Wide Web.

This study applies Destler's institutional counterweights to Putnam's two-level analysis, substituting Liberal Institutionalism and Realism for internationalism and isolationism, in a comparative case study of the roles played by the U.S. and the EC in multilateral trade negotiations in agriculture under the aegis of the General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade during the first half of the Uruguay Round. Using game theory as an analytical tool in the process, this present study demonstrates that a clear pattern emerges in which stages of cooperation and deadlock can be easily anticipated in games of Chicken and Prisoners' Dilemma in accordance with various but predictable levels of institutional influence.

Thesis (MScAgric (Agricultural Economics)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / The Doha Round of negotiations on the liberalisation of agricultural trade inherited complications from its predecessor - the Uruguay Round (UR). It needs to be noted, as one of the fundamental differences, that agriculture sectors in the developed countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) get support from their governments. In contrast to the situation, in the developing countries, agriculture is taxed to generate government revenue. The subsidies that farmers receive in the developed countries affect farmers globally through world prices (world prices depression). Therefore protection and greater subsidies should be not encouraged. As such, after a long time of preferential treatment, agriculture trade was tabled as a separate issue of negotiations at the UR and resulted to the round to be prolonged. However, one of the achievements of the UR was imposing of bound tariffs on agricultural products and determining tariff equivalence for non-tariff measures. Then, the Doha Round (DR) also known as the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) which is the first round to place development and focus strongly on agricultural liberalisation as a tool for development. International trade theory supports agricultural liberalisation, as negotiated in the DDA. Therefore, the DDA, in seeking more liberalised agricultural markets, continues a theoretically sound approach, as in the UR. The effects of liberalising agricultural trade in the DDA will differ across countries, whereas some will gain, others may loose, and the same situation is true for different sectors within an economy. The focus of the DDA on agriculture, as a tool of development, links well to the fact that agriculture in the developing countries accounts for a substantial share of their gross domestic products (GDPs) and exports. This situation, therefore, calls for a closer consideration of the possible impact of agricultural liberalisation in South Africa even though agricultural share of GDP is less than 4 percent.

University of Macau / Faculty of Business Administration / Department of Finance and Business Economics