nÃo hà / A exposiÃÃo aos agrotÃxicos representa um risco em potencial para a saÃde humana. AlÃm das intoxicaÃÃes, estes compostos podem interagir com o DNA, causando doenÃas degenerativas e cÃncer. A avaliaÃÃo de riscos aos agrotÃxicos foi realizada em 97 agricultores dos municÃpios de Picos, Piripiri, Barras e Josà de Freitas, tendo como grupo nÃo exposto 55 trabalhadores administrativos da capital, Teresina, como uma proposta de continuidade dos estudos anteriormente realizados nos municÃpios: Baixa Grande do Ribeiro, Ribeiro GonÃalves e UruÃuÃ, regiÃo sul do PiauÃ. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os possÃveis efeitos tÃxicos e genotÃxicos/mutagÃnicos da exposiÃÃo ocupacional Ãs misturas complexas de agrotÃxicos, com o uso de biomarcadores hematolÃgicos, enzimÃticos e genotÃxicos/mutagÃnicos. Aplicou-se um questionÃrio recomendado pela International Comission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens-ICPEMC, e coletou-se material biolÃgico, para as anÃlises hematolÃgicas, bioquÃmicas, genotÃxicas e mutagÃnicas. A populaÃÃo exposta aos agrotÃxicos apresentou uma mÃdia de idade de 40,37 anos e tempo de trabalho de 19,32 anos, com carga horÃria de 41,38 h/semanas e apenas 50,5% usam EPIs, e 33% sÃo fumantes; 59,8% consomem Ãlcool; 34% utilizam medicamentos prescritos; 54,6% foram vacinados nos Ãltimos 6 meses; 68% nÃo consomem vegetais, e 96,9% comem carne. Os agricultores utilizam 13 diferentes tipos de ingredientes ativos, sendo 53,5% de herbicidas. Quanto aos parÃmetros hematolÃgicos apenas 39% apresentaram leucopenia e 10% diminuiÃÃo na sÃrie vermelha. Quanto as variÃveis bioquÃmicas: ureia, proteÃnas totais e fraÃÃes, Gama GT nÃo ocorreram alteraÃÃes significantes, entretanto nas dosagens de creatinina, TGO, TGP e fosfatase alcalina, houve significÃncia (p< 0,05) em relaÃÃo ao grupo controle. Foi observado para a butilcolinesterase inibiÃÃo no percentual de cerca de 4%, dado nÃo significante. Foi evidenciada genotoxicidade nos agricultores expostos pelo significante (p < 0,001) aumento do Ãndice de Dano (45,85 vs 12,51) e FrequÃncia de Dano (29,41 vs 9,98), em mucosa bucal, e em linfÃcitos com Ãndice de Dano (33,27 vs 10,12) e FrequÃncia de Dano (21,44 vs 9,38), avaliados pelo teste do cometa. A avaliaÃÃo mutagÃnica pelo aumento do nÃmero (4,95  2,81 vs 0,72  1,20) e frequÃncia (0,24  0,14 vs 0,03  0,06) de MN em mucosa bucal foi estatisticamente significante (p< 0,001) nos expostos em relaÃÃo aos nÃo expostos. A mutagenicidade em linfÃcitos avaliados com o teste de MicronÃcleo (MN) com bloqueio de citocinese foi significante (p< 0,01) nos agricultores expostos (9,38 Â1,05), em relaÃÃo ao nÃo exposto (5,50  0,84). Aumento significante (p<0,001) do percentual de aberraÃÃes cromossÃmicas dos expostos em relaÃÃo aos nÃo expostos 3,24  0,44 vs. 0,40  0,07) foram observados, com significÃncia (p<0,001) para os tipos de AC: cromossomos dicÃntricos, anÃis, tricÃntricos, anel acÃntrico, deleÃÃo terminal, deleÃÃo intersticial. Indicativo significante (p<0,001) para apoptose foi encontrado em cÃlulas de mucosa bucal e em linfÃcito, com bloqueio de citocinese. CorrelaÃÃes positivas significantes (p<0,01; p<0,05) de danos ao DNA, em cÃlulas de mucosa bucal foram evidenciadas para idade, tabagismo, etilismo e tempo de trabalho, no entanto, essas correlaÃÃes nÃo foram observadas para a os micronÃcleos. Em cÃlulas de mucosa bucal a apoptose e cÃlulas binucleadas foram significantemente (p<0,01) correlacionadas com a idade do trabalhador. Em relaÃÃo aos MN em linfÃcitos, percentual de AC e apoptose foram observadas correlaÃÃes positivas com o etilismo (p<0,01). MN em linfÃcitos foi correlacionado de maneira significativa (p<0,05) com o baixo consumo de micronutrientes e com o uso de EPI. Os parÃmetros de genotoxicidade e de mutagenicidade foram indicativos de instabilidade genÃtica, que podem sugerir riscos de neoplasias. Assim, se faz necessÃrio o biomonitoramento desses agricultores, como uma estratÃgia de vigilÃncia em saÃde, com prevenÃÃo e promoÃÃo da saÃde ocupacional no Estado do PiauÃ. / Exposure to pesticides represents a potential risk to human health. In addition to poisoning, these compounds may interact with DNA, causing degenerative diseases, including cancer. The risk assessment for pesticides was conducted in the municipalities of Picos, Piripiri, Barras and Josà de Freitas with farm workers (exposed group) and 55 administrative officers from Teresina (Capital) as unexposed group. It was as a proposal for the continuation of studies previously performed in other cities of Piauà (Baixa Grande do Ribeiro, Ribeiro GonÃalves and UruÃuÃ). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and genotoxicity/mutagenicity effects of occupational exposure to complex mixtures of pesticides by using hematologic, enzymatic and genotoxic/mutagenic biomarkers. Initially, a questionnaire recommended by the International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens-ICPEMC was applied, then biological material was collected for the hematological, biochemical, genotoxic and mutagenic analysis.The population exposed to pesticides (n = 97) had a mean age of 40.37 years and a mean working time of 19.32 years, with a schedule of 41.38 hours per week. 50.5% of the farmers use personal protective equipment (PPE). About their lifestyle, 33% were smokers; 59.8% consume alcohol; 34% use prescription drugs; 54.6% were vaccinated in the last 6 months; 68% do not consume vegetables, and 96.9% eat meat. They use 13 different types of active ingredients, 53.5% are herbicides. As for hematological parameters of the 97 workers exposed, only 39% presented leucopenia, and only 10% presented low red blood cell count. The biochemical variables: urea, total proteins and fractions, Gamma GT, there were no significant changes. However, the dosages of creatinine, AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase, showed significant changes (p <0.05) compared to the control group. It was also observed that butilcolinesterase inhibition was a non-significant data. Genotoxicity was observed on the exposed farmers (p <0.001), as seen in the damage index (45.85 vs 12.51) and the damage frequency (29.41 vs. 9.98) in exfoliated cells. We found a high damage index (33.27 vs. 10.12) and frequency of damage (21.44 vs. 9.38) in the lymphocytes of the exposed farmers, when assessed by the comet test. The mutagenic evaluation by the increase of micronuclei (MN) in oral mucosa was also statistically significant (p <0.001) in the exposed farmers (4.95  2.81) compared to those not exposed (0.72  1.20), as well as the increase in the frequency of MN (0.24  0.14 vs. 0.03  0.06). Similarly, mutagenicity in the lymphocytes evaluated by the MN test with cytokinesis block was observed (p <0.01) in the farmers (p <0.001) when compared to the unexposed group (9.38  1.05 vs. 5.50  0.84). Significant increase (p <0.001) in the percentage of chromosomal aberrations (CA) in exposed workers compared to the unexposed (3.24  0.44. vs. 0.40  0.07) were observed, with significance (p <0.001) for the types of AC: dicentric chromosomes, rings, tricentrics, acentric ring, terminal deletion and interstitial deletion. Significant evidence (p <0.001) for apoptosis was found in oral mucosa cells and lymphocytes, with cytokinesis blocking. Positive correlations (p <0.01, p <0.05) of DNA damage in oral mucosa cells were found for age, smoking, drinking and working time. However, these correlations were not observed for the micronuclei. In oral mucosa cells, apoptosis and binucleated cells were significantly (p <0.01) correlated with the age of the worker. Regarding the MN in lymphocytes, the percentage of AC and apoptosis, positive correlations with the alcohol consumption (p <0.01) was observed. MN in lymphocytes was also significantly correlated (p <0.05) with the low intake of micronutrients and the use of PPE. The parameters of genotoxicity and mutagenicity were indicative of genetic instability, which may suggest the risk of cancer. Thus, the biomonitoring of these farmers is necessary as a strategy for health surveillance, prevention and promotion of occupational health in the state of Piaui.

The following article begins with the old and close relationship between labor rights and international trade, a relationship that has become more important given the creation of new instruments, mechanisms and sanctions. The labor chapter of the Peru-US Trade Promotion Agreement and its application can be analyzed from different perspectives. The following article sets its focus on three distinct facets: the principle of progressivity of social rights; the legal nature of free trade agreements; and two of the current promotional labor regimes in Peruvian legislation. The article references two complaints of non-compliance with the labor chapter presented by Peruvian unions during the period since the Free Trade Agreement entered into force. Finally, the report presents conclusions that aim to contribute to the debate on this subject. / El siguiente artículo parte de antigua y cercana vinculación entre Derecho del Trabajo y el comercio internacional, relación que en los últimos años ha recobrado importancia debido a la aparición de nuevos instrumentos, mecanismos y sanciones. El contenido laboral del TLC con los Estados Unidos y su aplicación se pueden analizar desde distintos ángulos, en el siguiente trabajo nos limitaremos a estudiarlo a la luz de tres elementos: el Principio de Progresividad de los derechos sociales, la naturaleza jurídica del TLC y dos de los regímenes laborales promocionales vigentes en la legislación peruana. Los incumplimientos a los que haremos referencia son los referidos a las dos quejas presentadas por organizaciones sindicales peruanas en el marco de los mecanismos de cumplimiento del TLC. Finalmente, se presentan algunas conclusiones que pretenden contribuir al debate sobre la materia.