abstract Recognizing the importance of the Food, Energy and Water -nexus sustainable approaches and develop according to their framework, would help to achieve global goals such as water security, energy security and food security. And because of the increasing number of human beings, energy demand, food demand, massive amount of land must be used in order to meet these demands. Agrivoltaic system shows promising potential in helping these areas to thrive, the system combines farm activities with PV energy system on the same piece of land, thus, its fits the requirements of Food, Energy and Water -nexus as a valid solution in optimizing the usage in land along with irrigation. However, understanding of the microclimatic conditions in an Agrivoltaic system is essential for adequate crop management because it represents the physical conditions experienced by organisms, in turn these conditions constrain the crop yield. The issue is that this topic is not fully understood, hence, this research studies the important factors affecting microclimatic conditions. After surveying relative literature review regarding Agrivoltaic system and the surrounding microclimate, a model of the reference plant at KärrboPrästgård in Sweden was developed in the simulation software ‘’Solidworks’’. This was done in order to properly analyze the influence between microclimate versus PV system. The model was then validated with measurements taken from the reference plant such as, temperature and solar intensity absorbed by the panels. And had relatively similar trendlines, which confirmed that the model was in order however, there was a slight difference in both of temperature and solar intensity diagrams. Regarding the result obtained from the CFD simulation showed that the implantation of PV panels could potentially conduct unwanted heat if the air could not travel always to the source of heat and exchange with cooler air. The result also showed the direction of the air showed important value, because when the direction of the air was heading against the front side of the panels, less velocity in air reached the next rows of panels.     Preface This degree project was carried out in the School of Business, Society and Engineering (EST) at Mälardalen University within the framework of Future Energy Center. It aims to develop a detailed CFD model of a vertically mounted agrivoltaic system within the Swedish Energy Agency project “Evaluation of the first agrivoltaic system in Sweden”. We want to thank Pietro Campana for arranging the project along with our main supervisor, Sebastian Zainali, who has guided and assisted us throughout the project.

The world is progressing towards a more sustainable society, where renewable energy sources, including solar energy, play a crucial role. This study aims to address the conflict between agriculture and energy production by exploring the installation of solar panels on farmland. Four scenarios are considered, with varying parameters such as latitude, azimuth, slope, and row distance between photovoltaic (PV) modules. The study focuses on two different crops, lettuce and potato, which have varying tolerances to shading. The objective is to understand how the shadows cast by solar panels affect the growth of these crops. To analyze the impact of shading, the PVsyst software program is utilized to obtain PAR values for each scenario. The calculations are performed using Excel equations. The literature review encompasses scientific sources that provide insights into both PV technology and agriculture, bolstering the research findings. To ensure realism and manage simulation time, certain delimitations were made. These include limiting the study to two cities in Sweden, comparing only two crops, and conducting simulations during the summer period. The results reveal a significant potential for growing potatoes under PV modules. However, lettuce faces difficulties due to its high requirement for solar intensity (PAR), making it less adaptable to shade. The findings of this study indicate that crops like potatoes, which have a lower requirement for PAR, can be successfully cultivated in conjunction with photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, it is not advisable to implement AV systems in areas where sensitive crops like lettuce, which necessitate a significant number of sun hours with high solar intensity.