<p>The mass transfer of ethanol and toluene from air stream to liquid phase, and bioremediation of contaminated air streams containing either ethanol or toluene have been investigated using a stirred tank bioreactor. This investigation was conducted in six phases: </p> 1) mass transfer experiments involving the transport of toluene and ethanol from contaminated air streams into the liquid phase,</p> 2) study of air stripping effects of ethanol and toluene out of the liquid phase,</p> 3) batch growth experiments to determine growth kinetic models and model parameters,</p> 4) bioremediation of ethanol or toluene as the sole substrate to determine the capacity of Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) (ATCC 23973) growth on these substrates,</p> 5) toluene removal from contaminated air streams using ethanol and benzyl alcohol as co-substrates, and</p> 6) modelling the above studies using metabolic pathways to better understand the bioremediation process.</p> <p>Preliminary oxygen mass transfer studies showed that the presence of ethanol in the liquid phase enhances the overall oxygen mass transfer coefficients. Increasing the ethanol concentration from 0 to 8 g/L caused the oxygen mass transfer coefficients to increase from 0.015 to 0.049 s-1, and from 0.017 to 0.076 s-1, for impeller speeds of 450 and 600 rpm, respectively. Mass transfer studies using ethanol vapor in the air stream demonstrated complete absorption into the aqueous phase of the bioreactor at all operating conditions investigated (air flowrates up to 2.0 L/min and inlet concentrations up to 95.0 mg/L) and therefore mass transfer coefficients for ethanol absorption could not be determined. On the other hand, toluene mass transfer coefficients could be measured and were found to be 8.3x10-4, 8.8x10-4 and 1.0x10-3 s-1 at agitation speeds of 300, 450 and 600 rpm, respectively. The ethanol air stripping parameters (b values) were determined (at initial ethanol liquid concentration of 8.6 g/L) to be 0.002 and 0.007 h-1 for air flow rates of 0.4 L/min (0.3 vvm) and 1.4 L/min (1 vvm), respectively. The toluene air stripping rates, at initial liquid toluene concentration of 440 mg/L, were found to be 1.9, 5.3, 10.4, and 12.6 h-1 for air flow rates of 0.4, 0.9, 1.4, 2.1 L/min, respectively, which is much higher than those of ethanol at the same air flow rates and stirring speed of 450 rpm. It was also observed that benzyl alcohol was not stripped to any detectable level at any of the operating conditions used in this study.</p> <p>The growth of <i>P. putida</i> using toluene as sole substrate was carried out at several operating conditions by varying the dilution rates (D) from 0.01 to 0.1 h-1, the toluene air inlet concentration from 4.5 to 23.0 mg/L and air flow rates of 0.25 to 0.37 L/min (resulting in inlet toluene loadings from 70 to 386 mg/L-h). Steady state operation could not be achieved with toluene as the sole substrate. Ethanol and benzyl alcohol were therefore used as co-substrates for the toluene removal process. In order to understand the kinetics of P. putida growing on ethanol or benzyl alcohol, batch growth experiments were carried out at different initial substrate concentrations. The specific growth rates determined from the batch runs showed that ethanol had no inhibition effect on the growth of P. putida. The growth on ethanol followed the Monod equation with the maximum growth rate of 0.56 h-1 and yield of 0.59. The results from the batch growth experiments on benzyl alcohol showed that benzyl alcohol inhibits the growth of P. putida when the initial concentration of benzyl alcohol in the growth media is increased. The maximum growth rate was 0.42 h-1 in the inhibition model and the yield value was 0.45. </p><p>By operating the bioreactor in continuous mode using a pure strain of <i>P. putida</i>, it was possible to continuously convert ethanol into biomass without any losses to the gas phase or accumulation in the bioreactor at inlet ethanol concentrations of 15.9 and 19.5 mg/L. With ethanol as a co-substrate, toluene was efficiently captured in the bioreactor and readily degraded by the same strain of P. putida. A toluene removal efficiency of 89% was achieved with an ethanol inlet concentration of 15.9 mg/L and a toluene inlet concentration of 4.5 mg/L. With the introduction of benzyl alcohol as co-substrate at a feed rate of 0.12 g/h, the toluene removal efficiency reached 97% at toluene inlet concentrations up to 5.7 mg/L. All the experimental results at steady state were obtained when the bioreactor operated in a continuous mode at a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1, an air flowrate of 0.4 L/min, an agitation speed of 450 rpm and a reactor temperature of 25.0oC. The results of this study indicate that the well-mixed bioreactor is a suitable technology for the removal of VOCs with both high and low water solubility from polluted air streams. The results were achieved at higher inlet pollutant concentrations compared to existing biofilter treatments.</p><p>A metabolic model has been developed to simulate the bioremediation of ethanol, benzyl alcohol and toluene. For continuous steady state operations, ethanol as a sole substrate required less maintenance for biomass growth (0.010 C-mol/C-mol-h) than bioremediations in the presence of toluene, as seen with the ethanol/toluene mixture (0.027 C-mol/C-mol-h), and the benzyl alcohol/toluene mixture (0.069 C-mol/C-mol-h).</p>

<p>The mass transfer of ethanol and toluene from air stream to liquid phase, and bioremediation of contaminated air streams containing either ethanol or toluene have been investigated using a stirred tank bioreactor. This investigation was conducted in six phases: </p> 1) mass transfer experiments involving the transport of toluene and ethanol from contaminated air streams into the liquid phase,</p> 2) study of air stripping effects of ethanol and toluene out of the liquid phase,</p> 3) batch growth experiments to determine growth kinetic models and model parameters,</p> 4) bioremediation of ethanol or toluene as the sole substrate to determine the capacity of Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) (ATCC 23973) growth on these substrates,</p> 5) toluene removal from contaminated air streams using ethanol and benzyl alcohol as co-substrates, and</p> 6) modelling the above studies using metabolic pathways to better understand the bioremediation process.</p> <p>Preliminary oxygen mass transfer studies showed that the presence of ethanol in the liquid phase enhances the overall oxygen mass transfer coefficients. Increasing the ethanol concentration from 0 to 8 g/L caused the oxygen mass transfer coefficients to increase from 0.015 to 0.049 s-1, and from 0.017 to 0.076 s-1, for impeller speeds of 450 and 600 rpm, respectively. Mass transfer studies using ethanol vapor in the air stream demonstrated complete absorption into the aqueous phase of the bioreactor at all operating conditions investigated (air flowrates up to 2.0 L/min and inlet concentrations up to 95.0 mg/L) and therefore mass transfer coefficients for ethanol absorption could not be determined. On the other hand, toluene mass transfer coefficients could be measured and were found to be 8.3x10-4, 8.8x10-4 and 1.0x10-3 s-1 at agitation speeds of 300, 450 and 600 rpm, respectively. The ethanol air stripping parameters (b values) were determined (at initial ethanol liquid concentration of 8.6 g/L) to be 0.002 and 0.007 h-1 for air flow rates of 0.4 L/min (0.3 vvm) and 1.4 L/min (1 vvm), respectively. The toluene air stripping rates, at initial liquid toluene concentration of 440 mg/L, were found to be 1.9, 5.3, 10.4, and 12.6 h-1 for air flow rates of 0.4, 0.9, 1.4, 2.1 L/min, respectively, which is much higher than those of ethanol at the same air flow rates and stirring speed of 450 rpm. It was also observed that benzyl alcohol was not stripped to any detectable level at any of the operating conditions used in this study.</p> <p>The growth of <i>P. putida</i> using toluene as sole substrate was carried out at several operating conditions by varying the dilution rates (D) from 0.01 to 0.1 h-1, the toluene air inlet concentration from 4.5 to 23.0 mg/L and air flow rates of 0.25 to 0.37 L/min (resulting in inlet toluene loadings from 70 to 386 mg/L-h). Steady state operation could not be achieved with toluene as the sole substrate. Ethanol and benzyl alcohol were therefore used as co-substrates for the toluene removal process. In order to understand the kinetics of P. putida growing on ethanol or benzyl alcohol, batch growth experiments were carried out at different initial substrate concentrations. The specific growth rates determined from the batch runs showed that ethanol had no inhibition effect on the growth of P. putida. The growth on ethanol followed the Monod equation with the maximum growth rate of 0.56 h-1 and yield of 0.59. The results from the batch growth experiments on benzyl alcohol showed that benzyl alcohol inhibits the growth of P. putida when the initial concentration of benzyl alcohol in the growth media is increased. The maximum growth rate was 0.42 h-1 in the inhibition model and the yield value was 0.45. </p><p>By operating the bioreactor in continuous mode using a pure strain of <i>P. putida</i>, it was possible to continuously convert ethanol into biomass without any losses to the gas phase or accumulation in the bioreactor at inlet ethanol concentrations of 15.9 and 19.5 mg/L. With ethanol as a co-substrate, toluene was efficiently captured in the bioreactor and readily degraded by the same strain of P. putida. A toluene removal efficiency of 89% was achieved with an ethanol inlet concentration of 15.9 mg/L and a toluene inlet concentration of 4.5 mg/L. With the introduction of benzyl alcohol as co-substrate at a feed rate of 0.12 g/h, the toluene removal efficiency reached 97% at toluene inlet concentrations up to 5.7 mg/L. All the experimental results at steady state were obtained when the bioreactor operated in a continuous mode at a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1, an air flowrate of 0.4 L/min, an agitation speed of 450 rpm and a reactor temperature of 25.0oC. The results of this study indicate that the well-mixed bioreactor is a suitable technology for the removal of VOCs with both high and low water solubility from polluted air streams. The results were achieved at higher inlet pollutant concentrations compared to existing biofilter treatments.</p><p>A metabolic model has been developed to simulate the bioremediation of ethanol, benzyl alcohol and toluene. For continuous steady state operations, ethanol as a sole substrate required less maintenance for biomass growth (0.010 C-mol/C-mol-h) than bioremediations in the presence of toluene, as seen with the ethanol/toluene mixture (0.027 C-mol/C-mol-h), and the benzyl alcohol/toluene mixture (0.069 C-mol/C-mol-h).</p>

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Dans le contexte du développement d’une agriculture durable, il est nécessaire d’optimiser le coût énergétique des opérations agricoles tout en garantissant des temps de travaux courts ainsi que la qualité des opérations réalisées. Cette question concerne en particulier l’opération du semis qui est déterminante pour la qualité de la future récolte. Les semoirs de grande capacité et à haute productivité conçus aujourd’hui se doivent d’être compatibles avec cet ensemble de contraintes. L’enjeu essentiel de cette thèse est donc d’élaborer une méthodologie innovante et utilisant des outils de modélisation dans le but de réduire la consommation énergétique des matériels de semis. En suivant cette logique, nous avons étudié quatre aspects clef de la conception des semoirs pneumatiques : la manœuvrabilité des semoirs poly-articulés, l’établissement des conditions du transport pneumatique des semences et des engrais, l’optimisation des systèmes de répartition des semences ou des engrais, et enfin les aspects énergétiques du mode d’introduction des semences dans le circuit pneumatique. Chaque modélisation a été précédée par une phase expérimentale de détermination des phénomènes majoritaires influençant le processus étudié. Ensuite une modélisation du processus étudié, basée sur la simulation des effets du phénomène majoritaire identifié a pu être mise en œuvre et des conclusions, appuyées par des essais expérimentaux, proposées quant à la conception des semoirs pneumatiques. L’étude de la manœuvrabilité des ensembles poly articulés a démontré qu’il était possible de proposer et de tester un modèle explicatif de prédiction de trajectoires adapté aux engins agricoles. Cette approche ouvre la voie à l’optimisation et à de nouvelles méthodes d’automatisation de manœuvres complexes, notamment des demi-tours en bout de champ. Il est par ailleurs possible de démontrer qu’une trémie en position arrière permet de réaligner plus rapidement la barre de semis après une manœuvre. L’étude des conditions du transport pneumatique a montré notamment que l’établissement de conditions de transport correctes au niveau des sorties de la tête de distribution conditionne l’ensemble de la conception du circuit de distribution de la matière. L’étude des systèmes de répartition des semences a permis d’expliquer l’origine des principaux défauts de répartition observés et notamment l’importance de l’adéquation entre le coude et la conduite verticale qui précède la tête de répartition des semences. Ces résultats ont ouvert la voie à l’étude de la mise en place de systèmes d’anticipation et de correction de ces défauts. Enfin l’étude comparée de deux systèmes d’introduction de la matière dans un circuit pneumatique a montré que du point de vue énergétique les systèmes pressurisés sont plus intéressants que les systèmes injecteurs. / In the context of sustainable farming, the optimization of the energy costs of agricultural operations allows shorter working times and high quality of the agricultural operations. This question relates particularly to the seeding. This operation one is decisive for the quality of the future harvest. The modern high capacity seed drills must be compatible with all the constraints. The main goal of this PhD thesis is thus to develop an innovative methodology, integrating the modeling tools, in order to reduce the energy consumption of the heavy seeding equipment. Thus, we explored four key aspects concerning air seed drill design: maneuverability of poly-articulated seed drills; establishment of the pneumatic conveying conditions of seeds and fertilizers; seed distribution accuracy optimization, and finally the energy aspects of the air stream loading systems. Each modeling was preceded by a preliminary experimental phase, defying the majority phenomena influencing the studied process. The modeling of the studied process and the conclusions (supported by experimental trials) have been proposed for the design of air seed drills. The study of maneuverability of poly-articulated agricultural machines showed that it was possible to get and test an explanatory model of trajectory prediction adapted for agricultural machines. This approach opens the way for optimization and automation of complex operations, including U-turns on headlands. We showed that a towed behind storage hopper (air-cart) allows faster realignment of the coulter bar after maneuvers. The study of pneumatic conveying conditions showed that the establishment of the correct conveying conditions in the outlets after the dispensing head defines the entire design of the distribution system. The study of seed distribution systems explains that the origin of the low distribution accuracy is caused in particular by the elbow and the vertical pipe before the dispensing head. These results open the way for the development of anticipation systems and correction of these defects. Finally the comparative study of two air-stream loading systems has showed that from the energy point of view the pressurized systems are more interesting than the injectors systems. / В рамках концепции устойчивого развития, необходимо учитывать энергетический аспект, сохраняя при этом эффективность использования рабочего времени и качества выполнения сельскохозяйственных операций. Особенно, это касается операции посева, определяющей в наибольшей степени будущий урожай. Современные широкозахватные зерновые сеялки и посевные комплексы вписываются в рамки устойчивого сельского хозяйства. Главной целью данной диссертации является разработка действенной методики проектирования пневматических сеялок, применяя методы моделирования и оптимизации, с целью уменьшения энергопотребления. Таким образом, мы использовали причинно-следственный подход для энергетической оптимизации четырех определяющих параметров: маневренность многозвеньевых посевных машин, обоснования необходимых условий пневмотранспорта, оптимизация распределения посевного материала, и ввода материала в магистральный трубопровод. В дополнение, снижение энергопотребления не должно сказываться на качестве выполнения технологического процесса посева. Моделирование каждого процесса, является следствием длительной экспериментальной фазы, посвященной определению наиболее значимых факторов, для каждого отдельного явления. В результате моделирований, симуляций и анализа, были составлены практические рекомендации, для конструкторов пневматических сеялок. Изучение маневренных характеристик многозвеньевых агрегатов позволило предложить и испытать физическую модель, позволяющую предопределить траекторию движение каждого звена машинно-тракторного агрегата. Такой подход позволяет автоматизировать выполнение наиболее сложных маневров (например, разворотов в конце гона). Кроме всего было показано, что заднеприцепные бункера позволяют более быстрое выравнивание агрегата после разворота. Изучение условий пневмотранспорта, позволило установить оптимальные, с точки зрения энергосбережения, параметры пневмотранспорта на выходе из распределительной головки, что послужило исходными данными для расчета характеристик пневмотранспорта в целом. Исследование процесса распределения семян в распределительной головке вертикального типа, позволило определить причины неравномерного распределения семян между выходными трубопроводами, в частности влияние отвода и вертикального трубопровода. На основании полученных данных, было предложена система устройств, позволяющих избежать возникновения завалов в системе, при минимальных энергопотерях. Сравнительные исследования двух систем ввода материала в магистральный трубопровод, позволили заключить, что питатели с наддувом являются менее энергоемкими по сравнению с питателями эжекторного типа.