A method to detect nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the air has been developed using gas chromatography with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation source, coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-APCI-MS/MS). An attempt to create a GC method using negative chemical ionisation (NCI) and a high-resolution mass spectrometer, Orbitrap, (GC-NCI-MS) was made as well without success. Nitro-PAHs are a group of widespread contaminants considered as possible mutagens and carcinogens. They are formed from incomplete combustion of organic matter as well as secondary reactions between PAHs and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the air. Three air samples (outdoor, in an air vent and indoor), both particulate and gaseous phase, collected in central Örebro during the spring were extracted and analysed for nitro-PAHs on GC-APCI-MS/MS and for PAHs on GC-MS in EI (electron ionisation) mode. Several studies have reported lower amounts of nitro-PAHs than PAHs in the air, which can be seen in this report as well. The levels of detected nitro-PAHs (1-nitronaphalene and 9-nitroanthracene) and PAHs (naphthalene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene) in the different samples were 10.2-119 pg/m3 and 291-77700 pg/m3, respectively. Neither group of analytes were found in the particulate phase. The highest concentrations of both nitro-PAHs and PAHs were found indoors, suggesting that other sources than emissions from traffic are responsible.

<p> The profiles of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) were compared in three separate studies involving air samples collected in urban and rural locations across Canada. In the Freelton/Pier 25 study (conducted near Hamilton, Ontario) a total of 32 NPAH were analyzed for in 12 composite air particulate samples from Freelton (a rural site) and Pier 25 (an urban site) using negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</p> <p> The NPAH levels at the two sites were found to be similar except for the two samples at Pier 25. These results were consistent with the PAH levels determined previously which showed significantly increased levels at Pier 25 under the same condition when the sampling site was downwind of the urban/industrial core. NPAH may be significant contributors to mutation induction due to exposures to ambient air since the offspring of male mice from the Pier 25 site exposed to ambient air showed inherited mutation rates about 2 times greater than offspring of mice exposed at the Freelton site. NPAH are highly mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds that act via reductive metabolism and can be readily metabolized to potent reactive intermediates within all cells.</p> <p> Concentration data for a set of polycyclic aromatic compounds were obtained for samples collected during the day and night during a study in Simcoe (rural) and Toronto (urban) as well as at three sites in British Columbia as part of the Pacific 2001 study (Slocan (urban), Langley (suburban/rural) and Sumas (rural)). The conversion of these concentration data into particulate loadings data (using elemental carbon data) enabled us to perform a number of unique interpretations and analyses of the data sets. Since particulate loadings values are not affected by air dispersion it was possible to compare samples and individual PAC across a range of samples.</p> <p> Principal components analysis of the loadings data showed dramatic differences between the urban and rural sites from each study. Day-night samples at the rural sites also showed dramatic profile differences. The urban sites showed significantly less differences in profiles, consistent with lesser degree of air transformation and closer proximities to sources.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants in a number of common household and commercial products around the world. PBDEs enter the environment in a variety of ways, such as through emissions, leaching from end-of-life electronics in landfills, and incineration. While many countries have phased out the manufacturing of penta-, octa-, and deca-PBDEs or have banned the manufacture and use of these congeners altogether, these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) continue to be detected in humans and the environment. This study investigates spatial and temporal variations of selected PBDEs in the air of the Nandamojo watershed area in Costa Rica by comparing air concentrations of PBDEs in the dry winter vs. wet summer seasons and rural vs. urban areas and also investigates the impact of anthropogenic activities on air concentration of PBDEs. This study is significant to the field, because there are no baseline studies nor are there currently any monitoring programs to assess the environmental levels of PBDEs or other POPs for this region of the Guanacaste province. Baseline information is needed to track spatial and temporal trends as well as evaluate the effectiveness of control measures employed nationally and internationally. Samples obtained from passive air sampling devices were analyzed via GC/MS for a number of congeners. PBDE-47 and -99 were found to be the congeners present in greatest concentration in air samples from the Nandamojo watershed area. Air concentrations were estimated assuming an average sampler uptake rate of 3.5 m3/day and ranged as follows: ΣPBDE5 35.20-1549.25 pg/m3 over the entire study. The presence of PBDEs in remote and pristine environments indicates that PBDEs are now a global concern. This study suggests that the spatial and temporal distribution patterns observed are strongly related to anthropogenic activities and presence of a population similar to that observed in other studies. The presence of PBDEs has become a global issue and, as such, these results provide background information on air concentrations of PBDEs for use in a global-scale multimedia model. In order to monitor PBDEs globally, it is imperative to implement and/or expand surveillance programs internationally.

The extent of devastation caused by a biological warfare attack is highly correlated to the time from release to detection. As a step towards lowering the detection time the international project TWOBIAS was launched. Here, the main goal is to develop an automated, specific and sensitive combined detection and identification instrument capable of identifying a biological threat within an hour. The identification unit is comprised of a sample preparation module, an amplification module and a detection module and utilizes a proximity ligation assay in combination with circle-to-circle amplification in order to detect a biological threat. This thesis describes the automation of the sample preparation steps of the assay and the integration with the downstream units. The functionality of the sample preparation module was verified by subjecting it to biological samples in a laboratory and at a real-life location. The results showed that the sample preparation module was capable of preparing a sample collected in a complex environment with the same results as a sample prepared in a laboratory.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-12-22T09:18:25Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-22T09:18:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Depois dos hidrocarbonetos, os aldeídos de baixa massa molar são os mais abundantes dos gases orgânicos encontrados na atmosfera. Os aldeídos provêm de diversas fontes como as atividades industriais, incompleta combustão de combustível fóssil e biomassa e como resultado de reações fotoquímicas na atmosfera. Os aldeídos são potentes precursores de importantes oxidantes como o nitrato de peroxiacetila (PAN) e ozônio. Eles são reconhecidamente irritante dos olhos e trato respiratório, além de possuir características mutagênicas e carcinogênicas em animais. Considerando o impacto toxicológico e ambiental destes compostos, a prevenção e controle dos aldeídos requerem o uso de novas e versáteis metodologias analíticas. Neste sentido, a eletroforese capilar tem mostrado ser uma técnica alternativa para a análise de aldeídos em amostras ambientais. Este trabalho descreve diferentes metodologias desenvolvidas, em eletroforese capilar, para a separação e análise de aldeídos em amostras de ar (indoor, outdoor) e emissão veicular. As metodologias incluem a separação dos adutos aniônicos bissulfito-aldeído e das hidrazonas aniônicas formadas a partir da reação dos aldeídos com dansilhidrazina (DNSH) e ácido 4-hidrazino benzóico (HBA) por eletroforese capilar em solução livre (free solution capillary electrophoresis, FSCE), bem como a separação das hidrazonas formadas a partir da reação dos aldeídos com 2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazina (DNFH) e 3-metil-2-benzotiazolinona hidrazona (MBTH), utilizando a cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (micellar electrokinetic chromatography, MEKC) . As metodologias foram comparadas em termos de sensibilidade, limite de detecção, procedimento de amostragem, necessidade de purificação dos reagentes derivatizantes e aplicação em amostras de ar. O método do bissulfito apresentou algumas vantagens sobre os métodos estabelecidos na literatura como boa sensibilidade (limite de detecção de 3,4 - 36,9 ng mL-1), rapidez, facilidade de aplicação e pequena manipulação da amostra. A desvantagem é que requer longos tempos de amostragem para a análise de traços (ng mL-1). A metodologia com DNFH apresentou baixa sensibilidade (limite de detecção 0,14 - 2,59 &#181;g mL-1) , necessidade de purificação dos reagentes e solventes. No entanto, o sistema de pré-concentração, na coleta, tornou possível a aplicação do método a amostras de ar indoor. Usando MBTH como agente derivatizante foi possível obter limites de detecção na faixa de 3,1 - 21,1 ng mL-1, análise rápida e pouca manipulação da amostra. O reagente não requer purificação. O principal problema do método é o decréscimo do sinal analítico em função do aumento da cadeia carbônica. O método da DNSH mostrou boa sensibilidade com limites de detecção na faixa de 2,1 - 14,1 ng mL-1 para a detecção UVe 0,96 - 2,6 ng mL-1 para a detecção LIF. O reagente sofre oxidação quando as amostras não são preparadas em acetonitrila ou em outro solvente orgânico. A purificação dos solventes é necessária. O método do HBA mostrou boa sensibilidade com limites de detecção na faixa de 2,7 - 8,8 ng mL-1, rapidez e simplicidade. O solvente deve ser purificado. As hidrazonas sofrem degradação na presença de água e luz. As metodologias estudadas foram aplicadas a amostras reais de emissão veicular, ar indoor e outdoor. Foram verificadas as presenças de formaldeído, acetaldeído e acetona para amostras de ar indoor e outdoor, em concentrações na faixa de ppbv e em amostras veiculares foram encontradas formaldeído e acetaldeído em concentrações na faixa de ppmv. / After the hydrocarbons, the low molecular-weight aldehydes are the most abundant of the organic gases of the atmosphere. The aldehydes are produced from many sources such as industrial activities, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass or as result of photochemical reactions. Aldehydes are important precursor compounds of photochemical smog and their chemistry has been associated to the generation of harmful oxidants, peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) and ozone. Aldehydes are recognized irritants of the eyes and respiratory tracts of animais and humans and often carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics are attributed to them. Because of the toxicological and environmental importance of these compounds, prevention and control of aldehydes have demanded new and versatile analytical methodologies. In this context, capillary electrophoresis has become an interesting alternative technique for environmental analysis. This work describes different CE methodologies developed for the separation and analysis of aldehydes in environmental samples of air (indoors and outdoors) and vehicle exhaust. The methodologies comprise the free solution capillary electrophoresis separation of anionic bissulfite-aldehyde adducts, anionic aldehyde-DNSH derivatives and anionic aldehyde-HBA derivatives as well as the micellar chromatographic separation of aldehyde-DNPH derivatives and aldehyde-MBTH derivatives. These methodologies were contrasted in terms of sensitivity, Iimit of detection, sampling procedure, need for reagent purification and application to air samples. The bissulfite methodology is a novel approach with several advantages over established methods in the literature, such as good sensitivity (range from 3.4 to 36.9 ng mL-1), very easy to implement, speed of analysis and lack of sample manipulation, but it requires long collection volume of air to achieve ng mL-1 detection level. The aldehyde-DNFH derivatives methodology presented poor sensitivity (range from 0.14 to 2.59 &#181;g mL-1). The reagents and solvents must be purified to avoid contamination which will completely interfere with the sample components during analysis. However, the preconcentration achieved during sampling allowed to evaluate aldehyde levels in air samples. Using the MBTH methodology it was possible to obtain a limit of detection range from 3.1 to 21.1 ng mL-1, fast analysis and very little sample manipulation. There is not need for purification of the reagent since it is obtained in grade purity. The main problem with this reaction is that as the length of the aldehyde chain increases, the sensitivity decreases. The aldehyde-DNSH derivatives method presented good sensitivity with a limit of detection range from 2.1 to 14.1 ng mL-1 (UV detection) and 0.96 to 2.6 ng mL-1 (LIF detection). The reagent shows substantial oxidation when the sample is not prepared in acetonitrile or other organic solvent. The aldehyde-HBA derivatives method showed good sensitivity with a limit of detection range from 2.7 to 8.8 ng mL-1, it is fast and simple. However, the solvents must be purified and the derivatives shows substantial degradation in presence of water and light. The developed methodologies were then applied to real samples of indoor, outdoor and automobile emissions. The presence of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone in indoor and outdoor samples was verified at the low ppbv level and the presence of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, in automobile samples, was at the ppmv level.

Depois dos hidrocarbonetos, os aldeídos de baixa massa molar são os mais abundantes dos gases orgânicos encontrados na atmosfera. Os aldeídos provêm de diversas fontes como as atividades industriais, incompleta combustão de combustível fóssil e biomassa e como resultado de reações fotoquímicas na atmosfera. Os aldeídos são potentes precursores de importantes oxidantes como o nitrato de peroxiacetila (PAN) e ozônio. Eles são reconhecidamente irritante dos olhos e trato respiratório, além de possuir características mutagênicas e carcinogênicas em animais. Considerando o impacto toxicológico e ambiental destes compostos, a prevenção e controle dos aldeídos requerem o uso de novas e versáteis metodologias analíticas. Neste sentido, a eletroforese capilar tem mostrado ser uma técnica alternativa para a análise de aldeídos em amostras ambientais. Este trabalho descreve diferentes metodologias desenvolvidas, em eletroforese capilar, para a separação e análise de aldeídos em amostras de ar (indoor, outdoor) e emissão veicular. As metodologias incluem a separação dos adutos aniônicos bissulfito-aldeído e das hidrazonas aniônicas formadas a partir da reação dos aldeídos com dansilhidrazina (DNSH) e ácido 4-hidrazino benzóico (HBA) por eletroforese capilar em solução livre (free solution capillary electrophoresis, FSCE), bem como a separação das hidrazonas formadas a partir da reação dos aldeídos com 2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazina (DNFH) e 3-metil-2-benzotiazolinona hidrazona (MBTH), utilizando a cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (micellar electrokinetic chromatography, MEKC) . As metodologias foram comparadas em termos de sensibilidade, limite de detecção, procedimento de amostragem, necessidade de purificação dos reagentes derivatizantes e aplicação em amostras de ar. O método do bissulfito apresentou algumas vantagens sobre os métodos estabelecidos na literatura como boa sensibilidade (limite de detecção de 3,4 - 36,9 ng mL-1), rapidez, facilidade de aplicação e pequena manipulação da amostra. A desvantagem é que requer longos tempos de amostragem para a análise de traços (ng mL-1). A metodologia com DNFH apresentou baixa sensibilidade (limite de detecção 0,14 - 2,59 &#181;g mL-1) , necessidade de purificação dos reagentes e solventes. No entanto, o sistema de pré-concentração, na coleta, tornou possível a aplicação do método a amostras de ar indoor. Usando MBTH como agente derivatizante foi possível obter limites de detecção na faixa de 3,1 - 21,1 ng mL-1, análise rápida e pouca manipulação da amostra. O reagente não requer purificação. O principal problema do método é o decréscimo do sinal analítico em função do aumento da cadeia carbônica. O método da DNSH mostrou boa sensibilidade com limites de detecção na faixa de 2,1 - 14,1 ng mL-1 para a detecção UVe 0,96 - 2,6 ng mL-1 para a detecção LIF. O reagente sofre oxidação quando as amostras não são preparadas em acetonitrila ou em outro solvente orgânico. A purificação dos solventes é necessária. O método do HBA mostrou boa sensibilidade com limites de detecção na faixa de 2,7 - 8,8 ng mL-1, rapidez e simplicidade. O solvente deve ser purificado. As hidrazonas sofrem degradação na presença de água e luz. As metodologias estudadas foram aplicadas a amostras reais de emissão veicular, ar indoor e outdoor. Foram verificadas as presenças de formaldeído, acetaldeído e acetona para amostras de ar indoor e outdoor, em concentrações na faixa de ppbv e em amostras veiculares foram encontradas formaldeído e acetaldeído em concentrações na faixa de ppmv. / After the hydrocarbons, the low molecular-weight aldehydes are the most abundant of the organic gases of the atmosphere. The aldehydes are produced from many sources such as industrial activities, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass or as result of photochemical reactions. Aldehydes are important precursor compounds of photochemical smog and their chemistry has been associated to the generation of harmful oxidants, peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) and ozone. Aldehydes are recognized irritants of the eyes and respiratory tracts of animais and humans and often carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics are attributed to them. Because of the toxicological and environmental importance of these compounds, prevention and control of aldehydes have demanded new and versatile analytical methodologies. In this context, capillary electrophoresis has become an interesting alternative technique for environmental analysis. This work describes different CE methodologies developed for the separation and analysis of aldehydes in environmental samples of air (indoors and outdoors) and vehicle exhaust. The methodologies comprise the free solution capillary electrophoresis separation of anionic bissulfite-aldehyde adducts, anionic aldehyde-DNSH derivatives and anionic aldehyde-HBA derivatives as well as the micellar chromatographic separation of aldehyde-DNPH derivatives and aldehyde-MBTH derivatives. These methodologies were contrasted in terms of sensitivity, Iimit of detection, sampling procedure, need for reagent purification and application to air samples. The bissulfite methodology is a novel approach with several advantages over established methods in the literature, such as good sensitivity (range from 3.4 to 36.9 ng mL-1), very easy to implement, speed of analysis and lack of sample manipulation, but it requires long collection volume of air to achieve ng mL-1 detection level. The aldehyde-DNFH derivatives methodology presented poor sensitivity (range from 0.14 to 2.59 &#181;g mL-1). The reagents and solvents must be purified to avoid contamination which will completely interfere with the sample components during analysis. However, the preconcentration achieved during sampling allowed to evaluate aldehyde levels in air samples. Using the MBTH methodology it was possible to obtain a limit of detection range from 3.1 to 21.1 ng mL-1, fast analysis and very little sample manipulation. There is not need for purification of the reagent since it is obtained in grade purity. The main problem with this reaction is that as the length of the aldehyde chain increases, the sensitivity decreases. The aldehyde-DNSH derivatives method presented good sensitivity with a limit of detection range from 2.1 to 14.1 ng mL-1 (UV detection) and 0.96 to 2.6 ng mL-1 (LIF detection). The reagent shows substantial oxidation when the sample is not prepared in acetonitrile or other organic solvent. The aldehyde-HBA derivatives method showed good sensitivity with a limit of detection range from 2.7 to 8.8 ng mL-1, it is fast and simple. However, the solvents must be purified and the derivatives shows substantial degradation in presence of water and light. The developed methodologies were then applied to real samples of indoor, outdoor and automobile emissions. The presence of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone in indoor and outdoor samples was verified at the low ppbv level and the presence of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, in automobile samples, was at the ppmv level.