Les turbines à gaz doivent satisfaire des normes d'émission polluantes toujours en baisse. La formation de polluants est directement liée à la qualité du mélange d'air et de carburant en amont du front de flamme. Ainsi, leur réduction implique une meilleure prédiction de la formation du spray et de son interaction avec l'écoulement gazeux. La Simulation aux Grandes Échelles (SGE) semble un outil numérique approprié pour étudier ces mécanismes. Le but de cette thèse est de développer des modèles phénoménologiques décrivant la phase liquide notamment le film et son atomisation en bout de lèvre d'injecteur, dans un contexte SGE. Ces modèles sont validés ou calibrés sur l'expérience académique réalisée par l'Institut für Thermische Strömungsmaschinen (ITS) de l'université technologique de Karlsruhe (KIT), et appliqués dans une configuration réelle de moteur d'hélicoptère. Dans un premier temps, le film liquide mince est décrit par une approche Lagrangienne. Les particules de film représentent un volume élémentaire de liquide adhérent à la paroi. L'équation du mouvement est donnée par l'intégration des équations de Saint-Venant sur l'épaisseur du film. La dynamique du film est donnée par le gradient de pression longitudinal, le cisaillement interfacial du gaz et la gravité. Dans un second temps, l'atomisation du film est caractérisée par la distribution de taille de gouttes du spray généré. Celle-ci est décrite par une distribution de Rosin-Rammler dont les coefficients sont paramétrés par la vitesse du gaz, la tension superficielle du liquide et l'épaisseur de la lèvre de l'injecteur. Les constantes de ce modèle, baptisé PAMELA, sont calibrées sur l'expérience du KIT-ITS. La simulation de l'expérience KIT-ITS permet de valider le modèle de film, de vérifier la robustesse du modèle PAMELA, et de comparer qualitativement l'angle du spray généré. L'application de ces modèles dans une configuration réelle partiellement instrumentée permet de valider PAMELA sans modification de ses constantes, et d'étudier leur impact sur la structure de flamme, comparé aux méthodes traditionnelles d'injection liquide.

Coffee crop is an important agricultural and economic activity in Brazil. The country is the greatest coffee producer and exporter, and has in the state of Minas Gerais the major national producer. One of the biggest problems faced by coffee farmers is the susceptibility of the plants to several pests and diseases. Among these, the leaf-miner, considered a key pest of the crop, occurs in almost all producing regions. Pest management has been successful by employing chemical control; however, the crop presents many challenges for application technology, such as dense foliage development and variations in the canopy. This study evaluated spray deposition on leaves of coffee arabica (Coffea arabica L.), and its loss to soil resulting from the pulverization of two application volumes and two spray nozzle types. The work was conducted at Glória s farm, property of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG, in 11 years old coffee arabica cultivar Catuaí IAC 99, in september 2012. The experiment was a 2x2 factorial, with two nozzles, (ATR) hollow cone and (TVI) hollow cone with air induction, and two volumes, 200 L ha-1 and 500 L ha-1. Brilliant Blue coloring was added to the tank mixture, at a fixed concentration of 300 g ha-1. Leaves were collected from upper and lower halves of plant canopies and glass slides were positioned on the ground under the plant canopy to collect spray drippings. The concentration contained in the samples was determined by light absorption spectrophotometry. Also, a study of statistical process control (SPC) was conducted, allowing the evaluation of the behavior of the variables in their repetitions within treatments. The use of hollow cone tips with air induction together with greater spray volume (500 L ha-1) was a good option for spray deposition in coffee leaves. At the lower half of the canopy, spray deposition was similar using both 200 L ha-1 and 500 L ha-1, which demonstrates the feasibility of using the reduced spray volume. The hollow cone with air induction nozzle resulted in greater losses to the soil. The analysis of the control charts (SPC) related to treatments showed that no great variability among the sampling points was found, indicating good quality standard from the statistical point of view. / A cafeicultura é no Brasil uma importante atividade agrícola e econômica. O País é o maior produtor e exportador mundial, tendo o estado de Minas Gerais como o principal produtor nacional. Um dos grandes problemas enfrentados pelos cafeicultores é a suscetibilidade das plantas a várias pragas e doenças. Dentre estas, destaca-se o bicho-mineiro, considerado praga-chave da cultura, ocorrendo em praticamente todas as regiões produtoras. Para o manejo desta praga, tem sido empregado o controle químico, no entanto a cultura apresenta diversos desafios para a tecnologia de aplicação dos produtos fitossanitários; as plantas apresentam densa folhagem e variações nos aspectos da copa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a deposição de calda pulverizada em folhas de cafeeiro (Coffea arábica L.) e a perda para o solo proporcionada pela aplicação com dois volumes de calda e dois tipos de pontas de pulverização. O trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda do Glória, de propriedade da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, em Uberlândia-MG, em lavoura de café arábica cultivar Catuaí IAC 99 com 11 anos de idade, em setembro de 2012. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x2, com duas pontas de pulverização, jato cônico vazio (ATR) e jato cônico vazio com indução de ar (TVI), e dois volumes de calda, 200 e 500 L ha-1. Adicionou-se à calda o traçador Azul Brilhante, em dose fixa de 300 g ha-1. Foram coletadas folhas das metades superior e inferior da copa das plantas, bem como lâminas de vidro posicionadas no solo sob a copa das mesmas, das quais foi retirado e quantificado o traçador contido nas amostras por espectrofotometria de absorção de luz. Foi conduzido também um estudo de Controle Estatístico de Processo (CEP), que permitiu avaliar o comportamento das variáveis em suas repetições dentro dos tratamentos. O uso de pontas de jato cônico vazio com indução de ar mostrou-se viável quanto à deposição de calda no cafeeiro, principalmente junto com o uso do maior volume de calda (500 L ha-1). Na parte inferior da cultura, a deposição de calda foi semelhante empregando-se 200 L ha-1 ou 500 L ha-1, o que demonstra a viabilidade do uso do volume de calda reduzido. O uso da ponta de jato cônico vazio com indução de ar proporcionou maiores perdas para o solo. A análise das cartas de controle referentes aos tratamentos avaliados mostrou que não ocorreu grande variabilidade entre os pontos amostrais, indicando bom padrão de qualidade sob o ponto de vista estatístico. / Mestre em Agronomia

The phenomenon of spray in crossflow is of relevance in gas turbine combustor development. The current work focuses on spray in crossflow rather than liquid jet in crossflow from the standpoint of enhancing fuel dispersion and mixing. Specifically, the first part of the work involves study of spray structure, droplet sizing, and velocimetry for sprays of water and ethanol in a crossflow under ambient conditions. Laser-based diagnostic techniques such as Particle/Droplet Image Analysis (PDIA) and Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) are utilized. Using spray structure images, trajectory equations are derived by multi-variable regression. It is found that the spray trajectory depends only on the two-phase momentum ratio and is independent of other flow parameters. A generalized correlation for the spray trajectory is proposed incorporating the liquid surface tension, which is found to be effective for our data, with water and ethanol, as well as data on Jet-A from the literature for a wide variety of operating conditions. An interesting phenomenon of spatial bifurcation of the spray is observed at low Gas-to-Liquid ratios (GLRs). The reason for this phenomenon is attributed to the co-existence of large and highly deformed ligaments along with much smaller droplets at low GLR conditions. The smaller droplets lose their vertical momentum rapidly leading to lower penetration, whereas the larger ligaments/droplets penetrate much more due to their larger momentum leading to a spatial separation of the two streams. The second part of the study focuses on evaporating sprays in preheated crossflow. Experiments are conducted using ethanol, decane, Jet-A1 fuel, and a two-component surrogate for Jet-A1 fuel. The crossflow air is heated up to 418 K and the effect of evaporation is studied on spray trajectory and droplet sizes. Measured droplet sizes and velocities at two successive locations are used to estimate droplet evaporation lifetimes. Evaporation constant for the d2 law derived from the droplet lifetimes represents the first-ever data for the above-mentioned liquids under forced convective conditions. This data can be used to validate multi-component droplet evaporation models. The last part of the study focuses on Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of the spray in crossflow. The near-nozzle spray structure is investigated experimentally to obtain droplet size and velocity distributions that are used as inputs to the computational model. For the spray in crossflow under ambient conditions, trajectory and droplet sizes at different locations are compared with experimental results. While the predicted trajectory is found to be in good agreement with data, the predicted droplet sizes are larger than the measured values. This is attributed to the implicit assumption in the secondary breakup model that the droplets are spherical, whereas the experimental data in the near-nozzle region clearly shows presence of mostly ligaments and non-spherical droplets, especially for the low GLR cases. A modified breakup model is found to lead to improved agreement in droplet sizes between predictions and measurements. Overall, the experiments and computations have provided significant insight into spray in crossflow phenomenon, and have yielded useful results in terms of validated spray trajectory correlations, droplet evaporation lifetimes under forced convective conditions, and a methodology for simulation of airblast sprays.