No description available.

No description available.

Ligas de alumínio que contém lítio são conhecidas por serem materiais atraentes devido à sua baixa densidade, alta elasticidade, alta resistencia mecânica e boa resistência à corrosão. A degradação do material devido à fadiga e corrosão são os dois principais fatores que contribuem para o envelhecimento de uma aeronave, e a previsão de corrosão e fadiga sob corrosão são muito importantes para sua integridade estrutural. A ocorrencia de pites de corrosão pode reduzir significativamente a iniciação da trinca de fadiga e diminuir a variação da intensidade de tensão limite destas ligas em até 50%. Com o objetivo de analisar novas ligas Al que estão no mercado, este trabalho compara o comportamento mecânico, de fadiga de baixo ciclo e eletroquímico das ligas de aluminio 2525 T3 e 7050 T7451 utilizadas pela EMBRAER, com o das ligas T851 2198 e 7081 T73511. Assim, ensaios de nucleação de trinca por fadiga foram realizados ao ar e em espécimes pré-condicionadas por 15 dias em névoa salina 5%, para a obtenção de curvas S-N. Curvas de polarização potenciodinâmicas foram obtidas para a investigação eletroquímica do comportamento destas ligas em um ambiente corrosivo. Também foram feitos ensaios de resistência à tração e dureza. Os resultados obtidos da série 2XXX mostram que as ligas são menos susceptíveis à corrosão por pites por apresentarem valores de Epite mais positivos que as ligas da série 7XXX. Porém, seus valores de jcorr também são mais positivos, o que aumenta a velocidade de corrosão das ligas, uma vez iniciado o processo. Tal fato se deve à presença de precipitados e elementos de liga que agem de modo a elevar o potencial para valores mais altos. Análises metalográficas por microscopia ótica e de varredura foram realizadas para se determinar os precipitados presentes em cada uma das ligas estudadas. O comportamento em fadiga das ligas pré-condicionadas em ambiente salino foi inferior em relação ao comportamento das ligas mantidas ao ar. Os pites funcionaram como concentradores de tensão, aumentando a ocorrência de nucleação de trincas de fadiga. A resistência à fadiga ao ar das ligas estudadas foi ligeiramente inferior ao das ligas bases. Entretanto, as quatro curvas obtidas para os espécimes pré-condicionados apresentaram-se superpostas. Isso indica que a ação dos pites rege o mecanismo de nucleação das trincas, enquanto que em ar, adiciona-se a ação do acabamento superficial. / Lithium-containing aluminum alloys are known to be attractive materials because of their low densities, high elastic modulus, high strengths and good corrosion resistance. Material degradation due to fatigue and corrosion are two major factors that contribute to the aging of an aircraft, and the prediction of corrosion and corrosionfatigue are very important for the structural integrity of aircrafts. The presence of corrosion pits can significantly shorten the fatigue crack initiation life and decrease the threshold stress intensity of an alloy by as much as 50%. The purpose of this work was to compare mechanical, fatigue and electrochemical behavior of the new \'AL\' alloys, 2198 T851 and 7081 T73511 that are on the market, with those used by EMBRAER, named 2525 T3 and 7050 T7451. The comparisons also considered fatigue resistance in pre-corrosion confining in salt environment. Therefore, air and 15-day-confined 5% salt environment specimens were submitted to crack nucleation tests to obtain S-N curves. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were also plotted to study the electrochemical behavior of this alloys in a corrosion environment. Tensile and hardness tests were performed. The obtained results for the 2XXX series showed that these alloys are less susceptible to pitting corrosion due to more positives Epite compared to 7XXX series. However, their jcorr values are also more positive, increasing the corrosion speed once it has begun. This happens due to the presence of some precipitates and a few elements that react in a way to increase the potential to higher values. Optical and electronic microscopy analyses were performed to determine the nature of precipitates of each alloy. The fatigue behavior of the salty-pre-confined environment specimens was much inferior compared to air test specimens according to each corrosion environment. Pits work as tension concentration, increasing fatigue crack nucleation. Air fatigue resistance of the new alloys was slightly inferior than the base alloys, but when the tests under pre-confined environment were conducted, the four curves overlapped. This implies that the pit action governs crack nucleation mechanism, while in air, surface finishing is an additional factor.

The enactement of the Energy Policy and conservation Act of 1975, led to a paradigm shift in material selection and design in the automotive industry. The net effect was an increased focus by the automotive industry toward the use of light metals leading for the reduction of weight and hence, the dependence of imported oil. Increasing use of aluminum was a transition in that direction. However, raw aluminum on an average is 1.5 - 2 times as expensive as steel. Near net shape manufacturing processes (Die casting, Thixo-forging, etc) provided the much needed competitive advantage vis-à-vis steel / iron parts by permitting the manufacturing of Al components. Semi solid processing involves the net shape manufacturing of alloys in a two phase region (liquid + solid). The reduced turbulence (during casting), less entrapped gases and lower operating temperatures (processes below the liquidus) make semi solid processing ideal for the manufacturing of high integrity Al parts. Traditionally, semi solid processing involved the heating of billets to a two phase region (called Thixcasting). Rheocasting is a new semi solid processing technique wherein the alloy is cooled from a liquid state (a combination of controlled heat / nucleation and growth phenomena) to yield structures similar to the Thixocasting process. Rheocasting or Slurry-On-Demand is in its early stages of development (the first industrial prototype of rheocasting was invented in the late 1990's) and forms the central point of interest in this work. Much research is underway around the globe to understand the controlling mechanism as well as the structure - property relationships in rheocast parts, primarily limited to the hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys (less than 12.6% Si). This work is dedicated in the development of novel methods for the rheocasting of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys (greater than 12.6% Si) and Al based wrought alloys (alloys with Cu, Zn, Mg and Si as alloying elements). The thesis presents the problems associated with microstructure control of hypereutectic Al-Si (primary Si coarsening and accelerated growth) and Al based wrought alloys (dendritic structures and hot tearing) with currently available technologies. Novel processing techniques are presented for the casting of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys and Al based wrought alloys with a combination of industrial trials and a through analysis of the underlying mechanisms.

abstract: Al 7075 alloys are used in a variety of structural applications, such as aircraft wings, automotive components, fuselage, spacecraft, missiles, etc. The mechanical and corrosion behavior of these alloys are dependent on their microstructure and the environment. Therefore, a comprehensive study on microstructural characterization and stress-environment interaction is necessary. Traditionally, 2D techniques have been used to characterize microstructure, which are inaccurate and inadequate since the research has shown that the results obtained in the bulk are different from those obtained on the surface. There now exist several techniques in 3D, which can be used to characterize the microstructure. Al 7075 alloys contain second phase particles which can be classified as Fe-bearing inclusions, Si-bearing inclusions and precipitates. The variation in mechanical and corrosion properties of aluminum alloys has been attributed to the size, shape, distribution, corrosion properties and mechanical behavior of these precipitates and constituent particles. Therefore, in order to understand the performance of Al 7075 alloys, it is critical to investigate the size and distribution of inclusions and precipitates in the alloys along with their mechanical properties, such as Young's modulus, hardness and stress-strain behavior. X-ray tomography and FIB tomography were used to visualize and quantify the microstructure of constituent particles (inclusions) and precipitates, respectively. Microscale mechanical characterization techniques, such as nanoindentation and micropillar compression, were used to obtain mechanical properties of inclusions. Over the years, studies have used surface measurements to understand corrosion behavior of materials. More recently, in situ mechanical testing has become more attractive and advantageous, as it enables visualization and quantification of microstructural changes as a function of time (4D). In this study, in situ X-ray synchrotron tomography was used to study the SCC behavior of Al 7075 alloys in moisture and deionized water. Furthermore, experiments were performed in EXCO solution to study the effect of applied stress on exfoliation behavior in 3D. Contrary to 2D measurements made at the surface which suggest non-uniform crack growth rates, three dimensional measurements of the crack length led to a much more accurate measurement of crack growth rates. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2015

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the present work, we study the magnetic properties in the site diluted two-state Ising model on a body-centered cubic lattice. As an application of this study, we has been obtained the phase diagram for Fe-Al alloys and comparisons between theoretical model and experimental data are made by using the exchange interaction between Fe atoms in the alloy up to the third power dependence on concentration q of Al atoms. We have used the differential operator technique to expand the analytical expressions that arise from the diluted Ising model and describe such behavior by means of magnetic clusters with one and two spins. A good agreement between the theoretical model and experimental data is also obtained for both the magnetization and to the lattice parameter, r as a function of q. In this approach, it is shown as a good alternative to other analytical and computational techniques used for the study of diluted magnetic systems. The analytical results obtained for bcc lattice were compared with the Monte Carlo technique to determine the degree of applicability of the model and confirm the validity of the results obtained analytically. / Neste trabalho, aplicamos o modelo de Ising com diluição por sítios ao estudo das propriedades magnéticas de uma rede cúbica de corpo centrado (do inglês, body centered cubic, bcc), cujos sítios podem ser ocupados por spins. Como aplicação desse estudo, traçamos alguns diagramas de fase da liga Fe-Al, com comparações entre o modelo teórico utilizado e dados experimentais e propomos uma interação de troca entre os atomos de Fe, na liga, com dependência at´e terceira potência da concentração (q) de atomos de Al, possibilitando um melhor ajuste entre teoria e experimento para o diagrama T-q desta liga. Tomamos como base a t´ecnica do operador diferencial para expandir as express oes anal´ıticas que surgem do modelo de Ising dilu´ıdo e descrevemos tal comportamento magn´etico por meio de aglomerados com 1 e 2 spins. Um bom acordo entre o modelo te´orico proposto e dados experimentais tamb´em ´e obtido tanto para a magnetização como função de q quanto para o par ametro de rede, r, como função de q, sendo que esta abordagem mostra-se como uma boa alternativa a outras t´ecnicas anal´ıticas e computacionais utilizadas para o estudo de sistemas magn´eticos dilu´ıdos. Os resultados anal´ıticos obtidos para a rede bcc foram comparados com a t´ecnica de Monte Carlo para verificar o grau de aplicabilidade do modelo bem como confirmar a validade dos resultados encontrados analiticamente.

No description available.

No description available.

Ligas de alumínio que contém lítio são conhecidas por serem materiais atraentes devido à sua baixa densidade, alta elasticidade, alta resistencia mecânica e boa resistência à corrosão. A degradação do material devido à fadiga e corrosão são os dois principais fatores que contribuem para o envelhecimento de uma aeronave, e a previsão de corrosão e fadiga sob corrosão são muito importantes para sua integridade estrutural. A ocorrencia de pites de corrosão pode reduzir significativamente a iniciação da trinca de fadiga e diminuir a variação da intensidade de tensão limite destas ligas em até 50%. Com o objetivo de analisar novas ligas Al que estão no mercado, este trabalho compara o comportamento mecânico, de fadiga de baixo ciclo e eletroquímico das ligas de aluminio 2525 T3 e 7050 T7451 utilizadas pela EMBRAER, com o das ligas T851 2198 e 7081 T73511. Assim, ensaios de nucleação de trinca por fadiga foram realizados ao ar e em espécimes pré-condicionadas por 15 dias em névoa salina 5%, para a obtenção de curvas S-N. Curvas de polarização potenciodinâmicas foram obtidas para a investigação eletroquímica do comportamento destas ligas em um ambiente corrosivo. Também foram feitos ensaios de resistência à tração e dureza. Os resultados obtidos da série 2XXX mostram que as ligas são menos susceptíveis à corrosão por pites por apresentarem valores de Epite mais positivos que as ligas da série 7XXX. Porém, seus valores de jcorr também são mais positivos, o que aumenta a velocidade de corrosão das ligas, uma vez iniciado o processo. Tal fato se deve à presença de precipitados e elementos de liga que agem de modo a elevar o potencial para valores mais altos. Análises metalográficas por microscopia ótica e de varredura foram realizadas para se determinar os precipitados presentes em cada uma das ligas estudadas. O comportamento em fadiga das ligas pré-condicionadas em ambiente salino foi inferior em relação ao comportamento das ligas mantidas ao ar. Os pites funcionaram como concentradores de tensão, aumentando a ocorrência de nucleação de trincas de fadiga. A resistência à fadiga ao ar das ligas estudadas foi ligeiramente inferior ao das ligas bases. Entretanto, as quatro curvas obtidas para os espécimes pré-condicionados apresentaram-se superpostas. Isso indica que a ação dos pites rege o mecanismo de nucleação das trincas, enquanto que em ar, adiciona-se a ação do acabamento superficial. / Lithium-containing aluminum alloys are known to be attractive materials because of their low densities, high elastic modulus, high strengths and good corrosion resistance. Material degradation due to fatigue and corrosion are two major factors that contribute to the aging of an aircraft, and the prediction of corrosion and corrosionfatigue are very important for the structural integrity of aircrafts. The presence of corrosion pits can significantly shorten the fatigue crack initiation life and decrease the threshold stress intensity of an alloy by as much as 50%. The purpose of this work was to compare mechanical, fatigue and electrochemical behavior of the new \'AL\' alloys, 2198 T851 and 7081 T73511 that are on the market, with those used by EMBRAER, named 2525 T3 and 7050 T7451. The comparisons also considered fatigue resistance in pre-corrosion confining in salt environment. Therefore, air and 15-day-confined 5% salt environment specimens were submitted to crack nucleation tests to obtain S-N curves. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were also plotted to study the electrochemical behavior of this alloys in a corrosion environment. Tensile and hardness tests were performed. The obtained results for the 2XXX series showed that these alloys are less susceptible to pitting corrosion due to more positives Epite compared to 7XXX series. However, their jcorr values are also more positive, increasing the corrosion speed once it has begun. This happens due to the presence of some precipitates and a few elements that react in a way to increase the potential to higher values. Optical and electronic microscopy analyses were performed to determine the nature of precipitates of each alloy. The fatigue behavior of the salty-pre-confined environment specimens was much inferior compared to air test specimens according to each corrosion environment. Pits work as tension concentration, increasing fatigue crack nucleation. Air fatigue resistance of the new alloys was slightly inferior than the base alloys, but when the tests under pre-confined environment were conducted, the four curves overlapped. This implies that the pit action governs crack nucleation mechanism, while in air, surface finishing is an additional factor.

The correlation of vacancy concentration with microhardness of Fe-Al alloys was studied on samples quenched from 1000 řC and subsequently annealed at lower temperatures. Using X-ray diffraction the lattice parameter and crystal structure were determined for samples of Fe-Al alloys. By measurements of positron lifetime was revealed the high concentration of vacancies in quenched samples and subsequent annealing caused significant decrease in vacancy concentration while in samples with Al content above 39% also the decrease of microhardness was measured. Measurements of coincidence Doppler broadening of annihilation peak helped to distinguish the annihilations coming from positron trapped or delocalized annihilated by electrons of both atoms, Fe and Al. Comparison of measured results with theoretical quantum-mechanics calculations performed in this diploma thesis determined the most probable defect type as a vacancy on A-sublatice of B2 structure.