No / Aliphatic aldehydes have a high affinity toward aldehyde dehydrogenase activity but are relatively poor substrates of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase. In addition, the oxidation of xenobiotic-derived aromatic aldehydes by the latter enzymes has not been studied to any great extent. The present investigation compares the relative contribution of aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, and xanthine oxidase activities in the oxidation of substituted benzaldehydes in separate preparations. The incubation of vanillin, isovanillin, and protocatechuic aldehyde with either guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase, bovine milk xanthine oxidase, or guinea pig liver aldehyde dehydrogenase demonstrated that the three aldehyde oxidizing enzymes had a complementary substrate specificity. Incubations were also performed with specific inhibitors of each enzyme (isovanillin for aldehyde oxidase, allopurinol for xanthine oxidase, and disulfiram for aldehyde dehydrogenase) to determine the relative contribution of each enzyme in the oxidation of these aldehydes. Under these conditions, vanillin was rapidly oxidized by aldehyde oxidase, isovanillin was predominantly metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, and protocatechuic aldehyde was slowly oxidized, possibly by all three enzymes. Thus, aldehyde oxidase activity may be a significant factor in the oxidation of aromatic aldehydes generated from amines and alkyl benzenes during drug metabolism. In addition, this enzyme may also have a role in the catabolism of biogenic amines such as dopamine and noradrenaline where 3-methoxyphenylacetic acids are major metabolites.

The first half of this dissertation describes the synthesis and biological activities of a series of amino aldehydes; which were derivatives of the basic amino acids, arginine, lysine and ornithine. The synthesis of the amino aldehydes was complicated by the difficulty of producing an intermediate oxidation state (the aldehyde) in the presence of two other functional groups (the α-amino, and the side chain functionality). The amino aldehydes were of biological interest due to the fact that they were inhibitors of the proteolytic enzymes called kallikreins. The kallikreins are known to be involved with the renin-angiotensin system, arginine vasopressin, and the prostaglandins, in the regulation of blood pressure. The aldehydes were assayed for their ability to inhibit the kallikrein-mediated production of kinins, and by the inhibition of the cleavage of Nᵅ-tosyl arginine methyl ester (TAME) to the carboxylic acid. Two of the amino aldehydes (Nᵅ-t-Boc-Nᴳ-nitro-L-argininal and Nᵅ-t-Boc-Nᴳ-tosyl-L-argininal) were effective inhibitors in both bioassays at micromolar concentrations. The second part of the dissertation details the development of two syntheses of β-substituted analogues of cysteine. The first method was based on sulfenylation of Nᵅ-formyl-α, β-dehydro amino acid esters, followed by protection of the sulfhydryl group as the benzyl or para-methylbenzyl thioether. The Nᵅ-formyl and ester groups were cleaved by acidic hydrolysis, and the amino group was then blocked as the t-butyloxycarbonyl derivative. This procedure gave cysteine analogues which were suitable for direct use in solid phase peptide synthesis. A second, more efficient preparation of the cysteine analogues was based on the conjugate addition of lithium benzylthiolate (or lithium para-methylbenzylthiolate) to the Nᵅ-formyl-α, β-dehydroamino acid esters. This synthesis was more efficient since the cysteine analogues were generated directly in S-protected form. The fully protected intermediates were deprotected at the amino and carboxyl groups, followed by treatment with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate. The Nᵅ- t-Boc-β-S-benzyl cysteine analogues (or Nᵅ -t-Boc-β-S-para-methylbenzyl) also were suitable for direct use in solid phase peptide synthesis.

O ouro tem recebido cada vez mais atenção dentro da catálise, especialmente quando em sua forma nanoparticulada. O trabalho descrito nesta dissertação compreende o desenvolvimento de um catalisador de ouro nanoparticulado que, quando auxiliado por ligantes nitrogenados, realiza a hidrogenação de aldeídos. O catalisador Au/SiO2 foi estudado na ausência e presença de aminas durante a hidrogenação do benzaldeído utilizando H2 como agente redutor. A colidina foi a amina que apresentou a maior contribuição na atividade catalítica do ouro, sendo ela utilizada nos testes de otimização das condições reacionais e no estudo da influência da concentração da amina. Foram determinadas como condições reacionais ideais, a temperatura de 80 °C, 6 bar de H2, i-PrOH como solvente e uma relação colidina/ouro de 5 equivalentes. Nestas condições, foi realizado um teste de filtração a quente em que foi concluído que não há espécies homogêneas ativas na reação. O escopo reacional foi expandido para a hidrogenação de outros aldeídos com altas taxas de conversão e seletividade. Um dos aldeídos estudados foi o cinamaldeído, um aldeído α,β-insaturado cuja hidrogenação seletiva levou ao álcool alílico correspondente, sendo preservada a ligação dupla carbono-carbono. Aldeídos oriundos de fontes renováveis, como o 5-HMF e furfural, foram hidrogenados aos álcoois correspondentes, sendo preservado o anel furano. Os resultados experimentais aqui apresentados e os cálculos teóricos presentes na literatura tornaram possível propor que a hidrogenação do grupo aldeído se dá por meio da quebra heterolítica do H2 levando à formação do par H-/H+. Esse par é transferido para a redução da carbonila, sem afetar outros grupos funcionais presentes na molécula, como alquenos, sem causar a dealogenação ou redução do anel aromático, entre outras vantagens que são inerentes ao uso de ouro como catalisador / Gold has received increasing attention within catalysis, especially as metal nanoparticles. The results described in this dissertation include the development of a nanoparticulate gold catalyst that, when aided by nitrogen-containing ligands, performs the hydrogenation of aldehydes. The Au/SiO2 catalyst was studied in the absence and presence of amines during the hydrogenation of the benzaldehyde using H2 as the reducing agent. Collidine presented the greatest contribution, among other amines, in the catalytic activity of gold, being used in optimization tests for the reaction conditions and to study the influence of the amine concentration. The ideal reaction conditions were determined as 80°C, 6 bar H2, i-PrOH as solvent and a 5 equivalents collidine-togold. Under these conditions, a hot filtration test was performed to concluded that there are no homogeneous species active in the reaction. The reaction scope was expanded to the hydrogenation of other aldehydes with high conversion rates and selectivity. One of the aldehydes studied was cinnamaldehyde, an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde whose selective hydrogenation led to the corresponding allylic alcohol with the carbon-carbon double bond being preserved. Aldehydes from renewable resources, such as 5-HMF and furfural, were hydrogenated to the corresponding alcohols and the furan ring was preserved. The experimental results presented here and the theoretical calculations from the literature allowed us to propose that the hydrogenation of the aldehyde group occurs by means of the heterolytic cleavage of H2 leading to the formation of the H-/H+ pair. This pair is transferred, leading to carbonyl reduction, without affecting other functional groups present in the molecule, such as alkenes, without causing dehalogenation or reduction of the aromatic ring, among other advantages that are inherent to the use of gold as a catalyst.

O crescimento excessivo da frota veicular mundial tem feito com que milhares de toneladas de poluentes sejam lançadas na atmosfera diariamente em todo o globo, no Brasil a frota de veículos atingiu aproximadamente 54 milhões de unidades, e tem aumentado significativamente em vários estados, segundo o DETRAN (Departamento Estadual de Transito de São Paulo) o estado conta hoje com aproximadamente 19,5 milhões de veículos, 6,5 milhões só na capital, onde são emplacados aproximadamente mil veículos por dia, este crescimento tem causado episódios críticos de poluição do ar nos centros urbanos. Dentre os poluentes lançados na atmosfera de origem veicular, encontram-se os aldeídos e os ácidos carboxílicos, (objetos de estudo deste trabalho), essas substâncias são de suma importância para saúde humana, e participam nas reações fotoquímicas de formação de ozônio na baixa troposfera. Desde a implantação do PROCONVE (Programa de Controle de Poluição do Ar por Veículos Automotores) em 1988, medidas como a redução dos limites de emissão, novas tecnologias na fabricação de veículos automotores, redução da porcentagem de enxofre no diesel, combustíveis renováveis, entre outras, e programas como a Inspeção veicular na cidade de São Paulo criada a partir de 2009, tem sido tomadas visando à constante melhoria na qualidade do ar. Dentre os combustíveis renováveis atualmente utilizados, o biodiesel tem se destacado, tendo em vista o grande consumo de diesel utilizado como fonte de energia no Brasil. Atualmente foram incorporados 2% de biodiesel ao diesel comercial, e antecipando a meta para 2013, possivelmente já no ano de 2010 a porcentagem será de 5%. O objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização preliminar de aldeídos e ácidos carboxílicos na emissão de veículos do ciclo Otto e do ciclo diesel, utilizando combustíveis fósseis e renováveis. Para a realização deste trabalho foram utilizados três veículos, sendo dois do ciclo Otto e um do ciclo diesel. Os testes foram realizados em dinamômetro de chassis conforme norma ABNT NBR 6601 e ABNT NBR 12026, o método para amostragem dos ácidos carboxílicos foi validado e estabelecido conforme item 6.2 deste trabalho. Nos veículos do ciclo Otto, foram utilizados como combustíveis, a gasolina pura, gasolina com 22% de AEAC (Álcool etílico anidro combustível) e AEHC (álcool etílico hidratado combustível). No veículo do ciclo diesel foram utilizados como combustíveis o diesel comercial com 2% de biodiesel e biodiesel puro de soja. Os resultados obtidos indicaram uma emissão de ácidos carboxílicos 2,5 vezes maior para os testes realizados com os veículos do ciclo Otto, e 5,5 vezes superior para os aldeídos nos resultados dos testes realizados com o veículo do ciclo diesel. A média de todos os resultados obtidos na realização deste trabalho com os veículos do ciclo Otto e do ciclo diesel, utilizando combustíveis fósseis e renováveis, indicaram emissão 3,2 vezes superior dos poluentes pesquisados na utilização de combustíveis renováveis. Estudos com maior número de amostras, e diversificações nas categorias dos veículos devem ser realizados a fim de se detalhar o perfil destes poluentes na emissão veicular com o uso de combustíveis fósseis e renováveis. / The global automotive fleet is emitting thousands of tons of air pollutants daily all over the planet; in Brazil, the domestic fleet reached 54 million vehicles. According to DETRAN (São Paulo state traffic department), the state of São Paulo has 19,5 million vehicles and 6,5 million in São Paulo city, where a thousand new vehicles daily are registered. This fleet growing up is causing critical air pollution situations in metropolitan areas. Among the major automotive air pollutants are aldehydes and carboxylic acids, both are the subject of this study. These substances play an important role for human health and they take place at photochemical reactions generating ozone in low troposphere. Since the beginning of PROCONVE (National Automotive Pollution Control Regulation) in 1988, measures has been taken like emission regulation, development of new automotive technologies, reduction of sulfur content in diesel fuel, renewable fuels and inspection of in use vehicles. Among the fuels from renewable sources currently in use, the biodiesel plays an important role, because diesel is the most used energy source. Currently, with the enforcement of the law number 11097, from January 13rd of 2005, 2% of biodiesel must be added in the commercial diesel and until 2013 this addition will rise to 5%. The subject of this study is the determination of emission profile of aldehydes and carboxylic acids in vehicles powered by Otto and diesel engines using fossil and renewable fuels. In this study were used three vehicles, two of them powered by Otto engines and one sample with diesel engine. The tests were performed in vehicle chassis dynamometer in accordance of the standards ABNT NBR 6601 and ABNT NBR 12026. The method for sampling and evaluation of carboxylic acids was validated and established in article 6.2 of this study. Otto vehicles were tested with 100% gasoline, gasoline plus 22% of anhydrous ethanol and 100% Ethanol. Diesel vehicle were tested with commercial diesel plus 2% biodiesel and 100% soy biodiesel. The results indicates an average 3,2 times higher emission of aldehydes and carboxylic acids when the samples were tested with renewable fuels. Tests with a higher number of samples and variation in vehicle types should be performed in order to provide a more precise profile of these pollutants emission using fossil and renewable fuels.

by Ching-hung Wong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-78). / Chapter i --- Biography / Chapter ii --- Abstract / Chapter iii --- Acknowledgments / Chapter iv --- Abberivations / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Review on the published syntheses of Zoapatanol --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Review on the construction of the oxepane ring --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Review on the intramolecular nitrone and nitrile oxide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition" --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.a. --- Nitrone-olefin cycloaddition --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.b. --- Nitrile-oxide-olefin cycloaddition --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4 --- Isoxazoline Transformation --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 2.1 --- General Aspect --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- "Entries to 6 and 7-membered O-heterocycles via 1,3-dipolar nitrone cycloaddition" --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Entries to 6 and 7-membered O-heterocycles via l,，3-diploar nitrile oxide cycloaddition" --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion --- p.47 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Experimental / General --- p.49 / Experimental --- p.51 / References --- p.75

O ouro tem recebido cada vez mais atenção dentro da catálise, especialmente quando em sua forma nanoparticulada. O trabalho descrito nesta dissertação compreende o desenvolvimento de um catalisador de ouro nanoparticulado que, quando auxiliado por ligantes nitrogenados, realiza a hidrogenação de aldeídos. O catalisador Au/SiO2 foi estudado na ausência e presença de aminas durante a hidrogenação do benzaldeído utilizando H2 como agente redutor. A colidina foi a amina que apresentou a maior contribuição na atividade catalítica do ouro, sendo ela utilizada nos testes de otimização das condições reacionais e no estudo da influência da concentração da amina. Foram determinadas como condições reacionais ideais, a temperatura de 80 °C, 6 bar de H2, i-PrOH como solvente e uma relação colidina/ouro de 5 equivalentes. Nestas condições, foi realizado um teste de filtração a quente em que foi concluído que não há espécies homogêneas ativas na reação. O escopo reacional foi expandido para a hidrogenação de outros aldeídos com altas taxas de conversão e seletividade. Um dos aldeídos estudados foi o cinamaldeído, um aldeído α,β-insaturado cuja hidrogenação seletiva levou ao álcool alílico correspondente, sendo preservada a ligação dupla carbono-carbono. Aldeídos oriundos de fontes renováveis, como o 5-HMF e furfural, foram hidrogenados aos álcoois correspondentes, sendo preservado o anel furano. Os resultados experimentais aqui apresentados e os cálculos teóricos presentes na literatura tornaram possível propor que a hidrogenação do grupo aldeído se dá por meio da quebra heterolítica do H2 levando à formação do par H-/H+. Esse par é transferido para a redução da carbonila, sem afetar outros grupos funcionais presentes na molécula, como alquenos, sem causar a dealogenação ou redução do anel aromático, entre outras vantagens que são inerentes ao uso de ouro como catalisador / Gold has received increasing attention within catalysis, especially as metal nanoparticles. The results described in this dissertation include the development of a nanoparticulate gold catalyst that, when aided by nitrogen-containing ligands, performs the hydrogenation of aldehydes. The Au/SiO2 catalyst was studied in the absence and presence of amines during the hydrogenation of the benzaldehyde using H2 as the reducing agent. Collidine presented the greatest contribution, among other amines, in the catalytic activity of gold, being used in optimization tests for the reaction conditions and to study the influence of the amine concentration. The ideal reaction conditions were determined as 80°C, 6 bar H2, i-PrOH as solvent and a 5 equivalents collidine-togold. Under these conditions, a hot filtration test was performed to concluded that there are no homogeneous species active in the reaction. The reaction scope was expanded to the hydrogenation of other aldehydes with high conversion rates and selectivity. One of the aldehydes studied was cinnamaldehyde, an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde whose selective hydrogenation led to the corresponding allylic alcohol with the carbon-carbon double bond being preserved. Aldehydes from renewable resources, such as 5-HMF and furfural, were hydrogenated to the corresponding alcohols and the furan ring was preserved. The experimental results presented here and the theoretical calculations from the literature allowed us to propose that the hydrogenation of the aldehyde group occurs by means of the heterolytic cleavage of H2 leading to the formation of the H-/H+ pair. This pair is transferred, leading to carbonyl reduction, without affecting other functional groups present in the molecule, such as alkenes, without causing dehalogenation or reduction of the aromatic ring, among other advantages that are inherent to the use of gold as a catalyst.

Lau Cheuk Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-98). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Table of Contents --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Abbreviations --- p.iv / Structural Abbreviations for Porphyrin Complexes --- p.v / Abstract --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Activation of Carbon-Hydrogen Bond (CHA) by Transition Metal --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Application of CHA by Transition Metals --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Thermodynamic in CHA by Transition Metals --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Types of Carbon-Hydrogen Activations --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Carbon-Hydrogen Bond Activation of Aldehydes --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Catalytic Application of CHA of Aldehydes by Transition Metals --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Stability of Intermediate M(COR) --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Issue in Selectivity --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- Structural Features of Rhodium Porphyrins --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objective of the work --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Carbon-Hydrogen Activation of Aldehydes by Rh(ttp)Cl and Rh(ttp)Me / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2 --- CHA of Aldehydes by Rh(ttp)Cl --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of Rh(ttp)Cl --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Solvents Screening --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- CHA of Aldehydes by Rh(ttp)Me --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Preparation of Rh(ttp)Me --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- Mechanistic Studies --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- CHA of Aldehydes by Rh(ttp)Cl --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- CHA of Aldehydes by Rh(ttp)R --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5 --- Comparison of the u(C=0) --- p.48 / Chapter 2.6 --- X-ray Data --- p.49 / Chapter 2.7 --- Summary --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- CHA of Aldehydes by Rh(ttp)CH2CH2OH and Rh(ttp)+X- / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- CHA of Aldehydes by Rh(ttp)CH2CH2OH --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Results and Discussion --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Mechanistic Studies --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3 --- CHA of Aldehydes by Rh(ttp)+X- --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.67 / Conclusion --- p.68 / Experimental --- p.69 / Reference --- p.93 / Appendix I Crystal Data and Processing Parameters --- p.99 / List of Spectra --- p.141 / Spectra --- p.143

Many objective chemical tests have attempted to correlate with organoleptic evaluation of oxidative rancidity. Major chemical tests used to detect oxidative rancidity of lipids measure nonvolatile high molecular weight carbonylic substances which make no considerable contribution to rancid flavors. High molecular weight carbonyls are present at much greater concentrations than volatile low molecular weight carbonyls. Peroxides and other unknown substances also react in these chemical tests to give at best an empirical evaluation. A 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone chemical test is proposed which corrected some deficiencies of earlier procedures, and was correlated with organoleptic evaluation of rancid turkey samples. The proposed test measures oxidative rancidity in terms of milligrams of acetaldehyde per kilogram of sample. A comparison of the 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone method with a widely used chemical test was conducted. The thiobarbituric acid test was selected because it is used most often as an indicator of rancidity. The thiobarbituric acid test values increased followed by a definite leveling off as formation of malonaldehyde reached a maximum even though rancid flavor continued to increase. The 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone test measured a continuing increase of volatile aliphatic aldehydes as rancid flavor increased .

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007. / Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed December 5, 2007) Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-60).

<p>Using a conditioning paradigm and an automated olfactometer, I investigated the olfactory sensitivity of five CD-1 mice for seven aromatic aldehydes. With two of the stimuli (3-phenylpropanal and canthoxal), the animals discriminated concentrations as low as 10 ppb (parts per billion) from the odorless solvent and with four of the stimuli (helional, cyclamal, lilial and lyral) they discriminated concentrations as low as 1 ppb, with single individuals even scoring better. All five animals yielded the by far lowest threshold value with bourgeonal and discriminated a concentration of 0.1 ppq (parts per quadrillion) from the odorless solvent. The detection threshold values for aromatic aldehydes were found to be affected by the type of functional groups and oxygen moiety attached to the benzene ring. A comparison of the present data with those obtained in other species found no clear correlation between olfactory sensitivity and the size of the olfactory receptor repertoire.</p>