Les aldose réductases (AKR1B) sont des oxydoréductases dépendantes du NADPH initialement décrites pour leurs fonctions de détoxication cellulaire et de réduction du glucose. La découverte de l’expression d’Akr1b7 dans le tissu adipeux murin ainsi que l’activité prostaglandine F2α synthase (PGFS) spécifique de certaines isoformes suggèrent des rôles biologiques inédits pour ces enzymes. La prostaglandine F2α (PGF2α) inhibant l’adipogenèse, cette fonction PGFS met en avant l’implication des AKR1B dans la physiologie du tissu adipeux blanc (TAB). L’objectif de ces travaux était de caractériser l’expression de l’ensemble des AKR1B au sein des TAB murins et humains et de comprendre leur impact sur l’homéostasie du tissu adipeux et en particulier sur l’adipogenèse et la lipolyse. Nous avons montré que l’ensemble des AKR1B était exprimé dans le TAB murin. Akr1b3, Akr1b8 et Akr1b16 sont exprimées à la fois dans les fractions stroma‑vasculaires (contenant des cellules immunitaires, vasculaires, progénitrices…) et adipocytaires. A l’inverse, Akr1b7 n’est pas exprimé par les adipocytes. Les analyses réalisées in vitro indiquent qu’à l’exception d’Akr1b16, les isoformes murines des AKR1B voient leur expression augmenter précocement et transitoirement au cours de l’adipogenèse. Chez l’homme, l’isoforme AKR1B1 est exprimée dans le TAB sous‑cutané de patients obèses alors qu’AKR1B10 est difficilement détectable (western blot, RT‑qPCR). In vitro, l’expression d’AKR1B1 augmente tout au long de la différenciation adipocytaire contrairement à AKR1B10 qui est préférentiellement exprimé dans les cellules indifférenciées. L’utilisation d’un inhibiteur spécifique des AKR1B montre que l’activité PGFS d’AKR1B1 constitue un frein à l’adipogenèse. Nous montrons aussi que les mécanismes régulant l’action de la PGF2α diffèrent en fonction des espèces. Chez l’homme, l’expression du récepteur FP est régulée dans le temps alors que dans les cellules murines, c’est l’expression des PGFS et donc la synthèse de PGF2α qui définit, au cours de l’adipogenèse, la fenêtre d’action de cette prostaglandine. Les souris invalidées pour la PGFS Akr1b7 présentent une diminution des quantités intra‑tissulaires en PGF2α associée à une expansion accrue de leurs tissus adipeux due à une augmentation de l’adipogenèse et à une hypertrophie adipocytaire sans modification de l’expression des enzymes impliquées dans la lipogenèse (Volat et al., 2012). Ces données en accord avec le rôle anti‑adipogénique de la PGF2α suggèrent aussi une action sur la lipolyse. Nous démontrons ici que la perte d’Akr1b7 entraîne une diminution de l’activité lipolytique du TAB. L’utilisation de cellules murines (3T3‑L1) et humaines (hMADS) différenciées en adipocytes, nous a permis de montrer que la stimulation de l’activité lipolytique suite à l’activation du récepteur FP résultait en partie d’une augmentation de la phosphorylation de HSL (forme active) et de l’accumulation de la lipase ATGL. Le troisième volet de ce travail de thèse a consisté à caractériser un modèle de souris transgénique surexprimant AKR1B1 dans le TAB (souris aP2‑AKR1B1) afin d’étudier le rôle biologique de cette isoforme humaine. / Aldose reductases are NADPH-dependent oxydoreductases described for their involvement in cellular detoxification and glucose reduction. The discovery of Akr1b7 expression in murine adipose tissue together with the prostaglandin F2α Synthase (PGFS) activity of some isoforms suggest unreleased biological roles for these enzymes. Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) inhibiting adipogenesis, this PGFS function highlights AKR1B potential involvement in white adipose tissue (WAT) physiology. This work aimed at characterising the expression of all AKR1B in both murine and human WAT and understanding their impact on adipose tissue homeostasis and especially on adipogenesis and lipolysis. We showed that all AKR1B were expressed in murine WAT. Akr1b3, Akr1b8 and Akr1b16 were both expressed in the stromal vascular fraction (containing immune cells, vascular cells, progenitors…) and in the adipose fraction. In contrast, Akr1b7 was not expressed in adipocytes. In vitro analyses indicated that, except for Akr1b16, murine AKR1B isoform expression increased early and transiently during adipogenesis. In human, AKR1B1 was expressed in human subcutaneous WAT from obese patients whereas AKR1B10 was hardly detectable (western blot, RT‑qPCR). In vitro, AKR1B1 expression increased throughout adipocyte differentiation unlike AKR1B10, which was preferentially expressed in undifferentiated cells. Using an AKR1B specific inhibitor, we demonstrated that AKR1B1 PGFS activity was a dampen to adipogenesis. We also showed that mechanisms regulating PGF2α action differed according to the species. In human cells, the expression of FP receptor was time-regulated whereas, in murine cells, PGFS expression and thus, PGF2α synthesis, limited PGF2α activity during adipogenesis. Akr1b7 knockout mice have decreased PGF2α intratissular levels associated with an expansion of adipose tissue resulting from an increase of adipogenesis and an adipocyte hypertrophia without any modification of lipogenic enzymes expression (Volat et al., 2012). These data, in agreement with PGF2α anti-adipogenic action, suggest an impact on lipolysis. We demonstrated that loss of Akr1b7 led to a decrease of WAT lipolytic activity. The use of murine (3T3‑L1) and human (hMADS) differentiated cells allowed us to show that the stimulation of lipolysis in response to FP activation was, in part, due to an increase of HSL phosphorylation (active form) and an increase of ATGL accumulation. The third part of this work consisted in characterizing the phenotype of transgenic mice overexpressing AKR1B1 in WAT (aP2‑AKR1B1 mice) in order to study the biological role of this human isoform.

Orientador: Ricardo Aparicio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T20:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_MarceloLeitedos_D.pdf: 11878298 bytes, checksum: ee2390825183c2b5891dddf20f4e2509 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nesta tese são apresentados os resultados da caracterização estrutural, principalmente por Cristalografia e Espalhamento de Raios X a Baixos Ângulos (SAXS), de importantes proteínas de venenos de serpentes e de semente de milho. Modelos estruturais foram obtidos para diferentes fosfolipases A2 (PLA2) de venenos, destacando-se dois modelos cristalográficos para uma PLA2 de Bothrops jararacussu resolvidos nos grupos de espaço P3121 e P212121, numa resolução máxima de 1,83 Å e 1,98 Å, cujos valores finais de Rfactor iguais a 19,7 % e 17,3 % (Rfree = 26,5 % e 23,8 %) foram obtidos, respectivamente. Ambos modelos apresentaram um inesperado fator de agregação plaquetária em seu sítio ativo e um interessante padrão pentagonal de moléculas de água altamente organizadas na superfície externa do canal hidrofóbico. Também foram recuperados envelopes de SAXS para uma PLA2 de Crotalus durissus cascavella, antes e após seu tratamento com naringina, que apresentaram uma nova configuração dimérica para fosfolipases A2 em solução e permitiram identificar o provável sítio de interação deste flavonóide. As proteínas de semente estudadas são aldose redutases (AR), as quais parecem estar envolvidas no metabolismo de sorbitol no milho. Esta mesma enzima em humanos está diretamente relacionada com complicações diabéticas em situações de hiperglicemia ao catalisar a conversão da glicose em excesso a sorbitol, que por sua vez é extremamente tóxico às células. Ao todo, seis modelos cristalográficos (apoenzima, complexos com cofatores enzimáticos e complexos ternários) foram obtidos para ARs específicas do embrião e endosperma. Dois destes modelos tiveram seu refinamento estrutural finalizado. O primeiro, para a apoenzima AKR4C7 do endosperma, apresentou valores finais de Rfactor e Rfree iguais a 16,6 % e 20,0 % a uma resolução máxima de 1,45 Å. O segundo, para o complexo da AKR4C13 do embrião com o cofator enzimático NADPH, convergiu para valores de Rfactor e Rfree iguais a 15,4 % e 18,9 % também a uma resolução máxima de 1,45 Å. Análises preliminares dos modelos cristalográficos das ARs de milho foram realizadas com intuito de investigar as possíveis razões para a existência de atividade catalítica frente ao sorbitol, mas não para glicose. De modo geral, as principais características estruturais destas e de ARs de outros organismos são conservadas, incluindo os resíduos do sítio ativo e suas conformações. Assim, mais estudos ainda são necessários até que se possa compreender as razões para a predileção ao sorbitol, em detrimento da glicose, pelas ARs da semente de milho / Abstract: This PhD thesis presents the results of a structural characterization of important proteins from snake venoms and maize seed mainly through Crystallography and Small-Angle X Ray Scattering (SAXS). Structural models were obtained for different phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from snake venoms, remarkably two crystallographic models for a PLA2 from Bothrops jararacussu in whose active site it was found an unexpected platelet aggregation factor and an interesting pattern of water clusters showing a highly organized pentagonal distribution that was found on the outside of the models¿ hydrophobic channel. Refined crystal structures were obtained at 1.98 Å and 1.83 Å resolution for crystals belonging to the space groups P212121 and P3121, showing crystallographic (Rfactor) and Rfree values of 17.3 % and 23.8 % for the space group P212121 and 19.7 % and 26.5 % for the space group P3121. SAXS envelopes for a PLA2 from Crotalus durissus cascavella treated and non-treated with naringin which allowed to identify possible flavonoid binding sites were also recovered. In addition, it was observed that C. d. cascavella dimers present a new extended configuration never seen before for phospholipases A2 in solution. The seed proteins studied are aldose reductases (AR) that seems to be related with sorbitol metabolism in maize. In humans, aldose reductases are straightly related with diabetic complications in hyperglycemic situations where the conversion of excess glucose to sorbitol induces serious cellular damage, since this product is extremely toxic to cells. Altogether, six crystallographic models for apoenzyme, complexes with enzymatic cofactors and ternary complexes were obtained for specific ARs from embryo and endosperm. The structural refinement for two of these models was already finished. The first model was obtained for the apoenzyme AKR4C7 from maize endosperm that presented Rfactor and Rfree values of 16,6 % and 20,0 %, respectively, at a maximum resolution of 1,45 Å. The second corresponds to the AKR4C13 from maize embryo complexed with the enzymatic cofactor NADPH for which crystallographic Rfactor of 15,4 % and Rfree of 18,9 %, at a maximum resolution of 1,45 Å, were obtained. Maize AR models were analyzed aiming at evaluate possible reasons for the lack of catalytic activity for glucose. In general, the main structural features of these ARs and from other organisms are conserved, including the active site residues and their conformations. Thereby, additional studies are still necessary to understand the reasons for the sorbitol preference over glucose in the enzimatic activity of maize aldose reductases / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências