O objetivo do trabalho é a investigação da excitação de ondas no plasma com o uso de uma antena externa e fazer uma análise das ressonâncias de Alfvén encontradas. O sistema de antenas de Alfvén no tokamak TCABR foi desenhado para aquecimento do plasma por meio de ressonâncias. Al em do aquecimento, é possível usar a detecção de ondas excitadas com o uso da antena para objetivos de diagnóstico do plasma, encontrando o valor do perfil de segurança e massa efetiva dos íons. Por causa de uma falha nos diodos do campo toroidal usamos o regime de disparos de limpeza, com campo magnético toroidal mais fraco que de disparos tópicos do TCABR, para os testes do método de excitação e identificação de ressonâncias no plasma. Com o uso do circuito demodulador foram medidas ondas de helicon excitadas com a antena de Alfvén no plasma de limpeza usando as sondas magnéticas e de Langmuir. Com simulação foi possível idênticas as ondas medidas. Há disponível um gerador de frequência variável que foi utilizado junto desse experimento. Ambos os equipamentos se encontram preparados para uso, sendo a próxima etapa usar o plasma tópico de disparo do TCABR, que tem maior densidade que o plasma de limpeza. As medidas realizadas foram um teste para o circuito demodulador e gerador de frequência variável, que teve seu comportamento comparado com os dados de um osciloscópio de alta frequência de amostragem. Os equipamentos do TCABR usados nos experimentos, as antenas e sondas magnéticas, um gerador de baixa potência com frequência variável, um circuito demodulador, sonda de Langmuir e o reflectômetro, que tem alta taxa de amostragem (200MHz) e varredura de frequência na banda de 18 40GHz. São todos descritos na dissertação. Para modelagem das ressonâncias de Alfvén foi feito o cálculo do tensor dielétrico do plasma para o modelo cinético e para o limite magnetohidrodinâmico. Por meio de simulação computacional e cálculos considerando plasma como um fluido de 2 componentes, no caso prótons e elétrons, é possível determinar alguns tipos de onda que podem ser excitadas no plasma e sua relação de dispersão, foram calculadas a onda magnetossônica rápida e a onda global de Alfvén. Determinamos radialmente a posição dos campos eletromagnéticos no plasma. Usando o reactômetro foram medidas as ressonâncias das ondas de Alfvén na borda do plasma induzidas pelas antenas, com o plasma tópico do tokamak, com densidade mais alta e o gerador de alta potência com frequência fixa. O método para achar as ressonâncias nos dados do reflectômetro foi com o uso de sidebands que aparecem em torno da frequência da ressonância não sinal do reflectômetro, que é a frequência do gerador. As sidebands foram analisadas com um espectrograma dos dados. As ondas excitadas na borda do plasma puderam ser identificadas também nas simulações. Os resultados da análise mostram que foi possível medir as ondas no plasma que foram excitadas com o uso das antenas e tanto o circuito demodulador com o uso de sondas magnéticas como o reflectômetro são adequados para se achar ressonâncias no plasma. / The objective of this work is to investigate the excitation of waves in a plasma using an antenna and to analyse the Alfvén resonances found. The Alfvén antenna heating system of the TCABR tokamak was designed to heat the plasma due to resonances. As the diodes of the toroidal field had burned down we used cleaning discharges, with low toroidal magnetic field, to test the excitation method and the identification of plasma resonances. With the demodulator circuit we measured helicon waves excited with the Alfv en antenna in the cleaning plasma using Langmuir and magnetic probes. With computational simulation we found the measured waves. A generator of variable frequency was used in this experiment. Both equipments are prepared for future experiments with the typical plasma of the TCABR, which has higher density than the cleaning plasma. This work was aimed to test to the demodulator circuit and the variable frequency generator, the data obtained were compared to that of a high sampling frequency oscilloscope. It is presented the description of the TCABR equipments used, antenna, magnetic probe, variable frequency generator of low power, demodulator circuit, Langmuir probe and a reflectometer which has a high sampling frequency (200MHZ) and frequency scanning in the range 18 40GHz, and was built in Portugal. In order to have a model of Alfv en resonances we calculated the plasma dieletric tensor both in the kinetic and magnetohydrodynamic limits. With computational simulation and using a two uid model, protons and electrons, it is possible to find some of the excited waves in the plasma and its dispersion relation, we calculated the fast magnetosonic wave and the global Alfvén wave. We found the radial position of the electromagnetic fields in the plasma. With the re ectometer we measured resonances of Alfvén waves induced by the antenna at the plasma border in a typical TCABR tokamak plasma discharge, with higher density and a high power fixed frequency generator. We used sidebands as a method to find out the resonances in the reflectometer data. These sidebands are localized around the resonance frequency, which is the Alfvén wave generator frequency. The sidebands were analysed with spectrograms of the data. The waves excited at the plasma border were also found in the simulation. The analysis results show that we could detect the plasma waves excited with the antennas. The demodulator circuit along with magnetic probes and the reflectometer can be used to find plasma resonances.

Den här uppsatsens syfte är att visa hur Folkmusikkommissionens arbete och utgivning av Svenska låtar påverkade tonsättare i Sverige. Folkmusikkommissionen samlade in folkmusik i Sverige i början av 1900-talet, de hade som mål att nå ut till tonsättare som skulle använda materialet och därmed skulle det spridas än mer. Hugo Alfvéns Dalarapsodi och Hilding Rosenbergs Svit över svenska låtar tas upp som exempel på verk med melodier som tidigare sagts varit hämtade ur Svenska låtar. Dessa analyseras så vi ser hur de använt låtmaterialet på varsitt sett. Wilhelm Peterson-Berger fungerar som motvikt till dessa tonsättare. Han använde sig inte av Svenska låtar men har skrivit mycket om musik och kan ge oss en bild av hans uppfattning om folkmusik och Folkmusikkommissionen. Peterson-Berger kritiserade urvalet av låtar i Svenska låtar och det kan vara en anledning till att han inte använde sig av dem. Han använde sällan befintliga melodier, detta kan också vara en del av förklaringen till att inte använda Svenska låtar. Det visar sig också att hans definition av begreppet 'folkmusik' är olik andra. Alfvén skriver tydliga harmonier och kadenser i sin musik medan Rosenberg skriver en polyfon sats där ackorden inte följer funktionsanalytiska mönster och inte alltid ens går att urskilja. Trots sina olikheter är de två tonsättarna lika i att de låter melodierna introduceras oförändrade innan de bearbetas. Att de är olika har sannolikt ökat chansen till spridning av materialet från Svenska låtar, vilket var vad Folkmusikkommissionen önskade.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23709号 / 理博第4799号 / 新制||理||1687(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 田口 聡, 教授 松岡 彩子, 教授 榎本 剛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第23538号 / エネ博第429号 / 新制||エネ||81(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 門 信一郎, 教授 中村 祐司, 教授 長﨑 百伸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

QC 20100618

One of the most conspicuous problems in space physics for the last decades has been to theoretically describe how the large parallel electric fields on auroral field lines can be generated. There is strong observational evidence of such electric fields, and stationary theory supports the need for electric fields accelerating electrons to the ionosphere where they generate auroras. However, dynamic models have not been able to reproduce these electric fields. This thesis sheds some light on this incompatibility and shows that the missing ingredient in previous dynamic models is a correct description of the electron temperature. As the electrons accelerate towards the ionosphere, their velocity along the magnetic field line will increase. In the converging magnetic field lines, the mirror force will convert much of the parallel velocity into perpendicular velocity. The result of the acceleration and mirroring will be a velocity distribution with a significantly higher temperature in the auroral acceleration region than above. The enhanced temperature corresponds to strong electron pressure gradients that balance the parallel electric fields. Thus, in regions with electron acceleration along converging magnetic field lines, the electron temperature increase is a fundamental process and must be included in any model that aims to describe the build up of parallel electric fields. The development of such a model has been hampered by the difficulty to describe the temperature variation. This thesis shows that a local equation of state cannot be used, but the electron temperature variations must be descibed as a nonlocal response to the state of the auroral flux tube. The nonlocal response can be accomplished by the particle-fluid model presented in this thesis. This new dynamic model is a combination of a fluid model and a Particle-In-Cell (PIC) model and results in large parallel electric fields consistent with in-situ observations.

<p>One of the most conspicuous problems in space physics for the last decades has been to theoretically describe how the large parallel electric fields on auroral field lines can be generated. There is strong observational evidence of such electric fields, and stationary theory supports the need for electric fields accelerating electrons to the ionosphere where they generate auroras. However, dynamic models have not been able to reproduce these electric fields. This thesis sheds some light on this incompatibility and shows that the missing ingredient in previous dynamic models is a correct description of the electron temperature. As the electrons accelerate towards the ionosphere, their velocity along the magnetic field line will increase. In the converging magnetic field lines, the mirror force will convert much of the parallel velocity into perpendicular velocity. The result of the acceleration and mirroring will be a velocity distribution with a significantly higher temperature in the auroral acceleration region than above. The enhanced temperature corresponds to strong electron pressure gradients that balance the parallel electric fields. Thus, in regions with electron acceleration along converging magnetic field lines, the electron temperature increase is a fundamental process and must be included in any model that aims to describe the build up of parallel electric fields. The development of such a model has been hampered by the difficulty to describe the temperature variation. This thesis shows that a local equation of state cannot be used, but the electron temperature variations must be descibed as a nonlocal response to the state of the auroral flux tube. The nonlocal response can be accomplished by the particle-fluid model presented in this thesis. This new dynamic model is a combination of a fluid model and a Particle-In-Cell (PIC) model and results in large parallel electric fields consistent with in-situ observations.</p>

The future fusion power plants that are based on magnetic confinement will deal with plasmas that inevitably contain energetic (non-thermal) particles. These particles come, for instance, from fusion reactions or from external heating of the plasma. Ensembles of energetic ions can excite eigenmodes in the Alfvén frequency range to such an extent that the resulting wave fields redistribute the energetic ions, and potentially eject them from the plasma. The redistribution of ions may cause a substantial reduction of heating efficiency. Understanding the dynamics of such instabilities is necessary to optimise the operation of fusion experiments and of future fusion power plants. Two models have been developed to simulate the interaction between energetic ions and Alfvén eigenmodes. One is a bump-on-tail model, of which two versions have been developed: one fully nonlinear and one quasilinear. The quasilinear version has a lower dimensionality of particle phase space than the nonlinear one. Unlike previous similar studies, the bump-on-tail model contains a decorrelation of the wave-particle phase in order to model stochasticity of the system. When the characteristic time scale for macroscopic phase decorrelation is similar to or shorter than the time scale of nonlinear wave-particle dynamics, the nonlinear and the quasilinear descriptions quantitatively agree. A finite phase decorrelation changes the growth rate and the saturation amplitude of the wave mode in systems with an inverted energy distribution around the wave-particle resonance. Analytical expressions for the correction of the growth rate and the saturation amplitude have been derived, which agree well with numerical simulations. A relatively weak phase decorrelation also diminishes frequency chirping events of the eigenmode. The second model is called FOXTAIL, and it has a wider regime of validity than the bump-on-tail model. FOXTAIL is able to simulate systems with multiple eigenmodes, and it includes effects of different individual particle orbits relative to the wave fields. Simulations with FOXTAIL and the nonlinear bump-on-tail model have been compared in order to determine the regimes of validity of the bump-on-tail model quantitatively. Studies of two-mode scenarios confirmed the expected consequences of a fulfillment of the Chirikov criterion for resonance overlap. The influence of ICRH on the eigenmode-energetic ion system has also been studied, showing qualitatively similar effects as seen by the presence of phase decorrelation. Another model, describing the efficiency of fast wave current drive, has been developed in order to study the influence of passive components close to the antenna, in which currents can be induced by the antenna generated wave field. It was found that the directivity of the launched wave, averaged over model parameters, was lowered by the presence of passive components in general, except for low values of the single pass damping of the wave, where the directivity was slightly increased, but reversed in the toroidal direction. / De framtida fusionskraftverken baserade på magnetisk inneslutning kommer att hantera plasmor som oundvikligen innehåller energetiska (icke-termiska) partiklar. Dessa partiklar kommer exempelvis från fusionsreaktioner eller från externa uppvärmningsmekanismer av plasmat. Ensembler av energetiska joner kan excitera egenmoder i Alfvén-frekvensområdet i en sådan utsträckning att de resulterande vågfälten omfördelar de energetiska jonerna i rummet, och potentiellt slungar ut jonerna ur plasmat. Omfördelningen av joner kan orsaka en väsentligen minskad uppvärmningseffekt. Det är nödvändigt att förstå dynamiken hos denna typ av instabilitet för att kunna optimera verkningsgraden hos experiment och hos framtida fusionskraftverk. Två modeller har utvecklats för att simulera interaktionen mellan energetiska joner och Alfvén-egenmoder. Den första är en bump-on-tail-modell, av vilken två versioner har utvecklats: en fullt icke-linjär och en kvasi-linjär. I den kvasi-linjära versionen har partiklarnas fasrum en lägre dimensionalitet än i den icke-linjära versionen. Till skillnad från tidigare liknande studier innehåller denna bump-on-tail-modell en dekorrelation av våg-partikelfasen för att modellera stokasticitet hos systemet. När den karakteristiska tidsskalan för makroskopisk fasdekorrelation är ungefär samma som eller kortare än tidsskalan för icke-linjär våg-partikeldynamik så stämmer den icke-linjära och den kvasi-linjära beskrivningen överens kvantitativt. En ändlig fasdekorrelation förändrar vågmodens tillväxthastighet och satureringsamplitud i system med en inverterad energifördelning omkring våg-partikelresonansen. Analytiska uttryck för korrektionen av tillväxthastigheten och satureringsamplituden har härletts, vilka stämmer väl överens med numeriska simuleringar. En relativt svag fasdekorrelation försvagar även "frequency chirping events" (snabba frekvensskiftningar i korttids-Fourier-transformen av egenmodens amplitudutveckling) hos egenmoden. Den andra modellen, kallad FOXTAIL, har ett mycket bredare giltighetsområde än bump-on-tail-modellen. FOXTAIL kan simulera system med flera egenmoder, och den inkluderar effekter av olika enskilda partikelbanor relativt vågfälten. Simuleringar med FOXTAIL och med bump-on-tail-modellen har jämförts för att kvantitativt bestämma bump-on-tail-modellens giltighetsområde. Studier av scenarier med två egenmoder bekräftar de förväntade effekterna av när Chirikov-kriteriet för resonansöverlapp uppfylls. Även inflytandet av ICRH på dynamiken mellan egenmoder och energetiska joner har studerats, vilket har visat kvalitativt liknande effekter som har observerats i närvaron av fasdekorrelation. En annan modell, vilken beskriver effektiviteten hos "fast wave current drive" (strömdrivning med snabba magnetosoniska vågor), har utvecklats för att studera inflytandet av passiva komponenter nära antennen, i vilka strömmar kan induceras av vågfälten som genereras av antennen. Det visades att den utskickade vågens direktivitet, medelvärdesbildat över modellparametrar, generellt sett minskade vid närvaron av passiva komponenter, förutom vid låg "sinlge pass damping" (dämpning av vågen vid propagering genom hela plasmat), då direktiviteten istället ökade något, men bytte tecken i toroidal riktning. / <p>QC 20160927</p>

Experiments for the development of fusion power that are based on magnetic confinement deal with plasmas that inevitably contain energetic (non-thermal) particles. These particles come e.g. from fusion reactions or from external heating of the plasma. Ensembles of energetic ions can excite plasma waves in the Alfvén frequency range to such an extent that the resulting wave fields redistribute the energetic ions, and potentially eject them from the plasma. The redistribution of ions may cause a substantial reduction heating efficiency, and it may damage the inner walls and other components of the vessel. Understanding the dynamics of such instabilities is necessary to optimise the operation of fusion experiments and of future fusion power plants. A Monte Carlo model that describes the nonlinear wave-particle dynamics in a toroidal plasma has been developed to study the excitation of the abovementioned instabilities. A decorrelation of the wave-particle phase is added in order to model stochasticity of the system (e.g. due to collisions between particles). Based on the nonlinear description with added phase decorrelation, a quasilinear version of the model has been developed, where the phase decorrelation has been replaced by a quasilinear diffusion coefficient in particle energy. When the characteristic time scale for macroscopic phase decorrelation becomes similar to or shorter than the time scales of nonlinear wave-particle dynamics, the two descriptions quantitatively agree on a macroscopic level. The quasilinear model is typically less computationally demanding than the nonlinear model, since it has a lower dimensionality of phase space. In the presented studies, several effects on the macroscopic wave-particle dynamics by the presence of phase decorrelation have been theoretically and numerically analysed, e.g. effects on the growth and saturation of the wave amplitude, and on the so called frequency chirping events with associated hole-clump pair formation in particle phase space. Several effects coming from structures of the energy distribution of particles around the wave-particle resonance has also been studied. / <p>QC 20150330</p>