First Part: Syntheses of Diarylamidophosphino Nickel(II) Complexes and reactivity study We have synthesized [Me-NP-iPr]Ni(CH2SiMe3)(L)(L=2,6-lutidine). In order to compare with [Me-NP-iPr]Ni(CH2SiMe3)(L)(L= pyridine, 2,4lutidine, PMe3), benzene C-H activation reaction experiment were carried out and rate constant were determined by kinetic study. We also synthesized [Me-NP-iPr]Ni(Ph)(2,6-lutidine) to prove the benzene C-H activation product by the trimethylsilylmethyl substituted Ni complex. Solution structure of [Me-NP-iPr]Ni(R)(L)(L=2,6-lutidine; R= CH2SiMe3, Ph) and Solid structure of [Me-NP-iPr]Ni(R)(L)(L=2,6-lutidine; R= Cl, Ph) were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction. Second Part: Syntheses of Diarylamidophosphino Zirconium(IV) Complexes and reactivity test Use [iPr-PNP]Zr(=CHSiMe3)(Cl) as starting material to react with PhMgCl yield [iPr-PNP]Zr(=CHSiMe3)(CH2SiMe3). Solution and Solid structure of [iPr-PNP]Zr(=CHSiMe3)(CH2SiMe3) were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction. Experiments for inducing intramolecular £\-H abstruction to afford [iPr-PNP]Zr(¡ÝCHSiMe3)(L)(L= solvent) were unsuccessful. Attempt to oxidize trimethylsilylmethyl substitution with [PhNHMe2]+[B(C6F5)4]- resulting protonated product {[iPr-PNP]Zr(CH2SiMe3)2}+{B(C6F5)4}-, solution and solid structure were also characterized.

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Orientador: Regina Buffon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T22:19:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavalcante_JoseAriMilton_M.pdf: 906597 bytes, checksum: 1b73e383b495e63cd6c110e0cb354848 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Os catalisadores heterogêneos à base de rênio constituem-se importantes sistemas na metátese de ésteres insaturados provenientes dos óleos vegetais. No entanto, os sistemas heterogêneos à base de rênio são ativos na metátese de olefinas funcionalizadas somente se forem combinados com um promotor do tipo SnR4 ou PbR4. Acredita-se que o promotor tem a função de formar a espécie metal-alquilideno (no caso, rênio-alquilideno) que desencadeia o ciclo catalítico. Entretanto, ainda não é compreendido o mecanismo de formação dos promotores na superfície dos sistemas de óxidos. O objetivo principal desse trabalho consistiu em tentar identificar, através da RMN-C no estado sólido, a possível formação da espécie rênio-alquilideno sobre a superfície do sistema de óxidos (2%)Re2O7/(7,5%)B2O3/SiO2-Al2O3(75%) após a interação deste com o organometálico enriquecido com C, Sn( CH3)4. Buscou-se também caracterizar as interações entre os organometálicos (SnBu4, Bu3SnH e Bu2SnH2) com o mesmo sistema de óxidos através das técnicas de RMN-C no estado sólido e de espectroscopia no infravermelho. E finalmente, procurou-se identificar a estrutura do mesmo sistema de óxidos através das técnicas de RMN Al e Si no estado sólido, espectroscopia no infravermelho e difração de raios X / Abstract: Heterogeneous rhenium catalysts are importants systems for the metathesis of unsaturated esters obtained from vegetables oils. Nevertheless, the heterogeneous rhenium systems are actives for the metathesis functionalized olefins when combined with a promoter like SnR4 or PbR4. It is believed that it leads to the formation of the alkylidene species that will start the catalytic cycle. However, the role of the promoters on oxide system surface is not well understood. The main goal of this work was to identify, via CP-MAS C NMR, a possible rhenium-alkylidene species formed by the reaction between Sn(CH3)4 and (2%)Re2O7/(7,5%)B2O3/SiO2-Al2O3(75%). The reactions of SnBu4, Bu3SnH e Bu2SnH2 with (2%)Re2O7/(7,5%)B2O3/SiO2-Al2O3(75%) were also investigated by CP-MAS C NMR and in situ FT-IR experiments. Finally, the structure of the (2%)Re2O7/(7,5%)B2O3/SiO2-Al2O3(75%) material was studied by Al and Si MAS NMR, FT-IR and X ray diffraction / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

Nature provides fascinating and complicated molecular structures which offer synthetic organic chemists amazing opportunities for the design of new strategies for natural product synthesis. Among these, nitrogen containing aza-heterocycles are of unparalleled importance in natural product, bioorganic, and medicinal chemistry. Pyridine and its derivatives in particular are the most common aza-heterocycles encountered in natural products, medicinal and materials chemistry. Pyridine derivatives also serve as precursors to functionalized piperidines, which are likewise common structural motifs in bioactive and functionalized materials. Thus, developing synthetic methods suitable for the manipulation of pyridine ring systems remains an important objective in synthetic organic chemistry. The functionalization of pyridine derivatives via manipulation at the benzylic position has been investigated. First, the nucleophilicity of the benzylic position of the 4-alkyl pyridine substrates was used to engage in Brønsted acid-catalyzed aldol-like cyclizations with attached carbonyl electrophiles. These conditions afforded substituted pyridines with functionalized lactams. These substrates underwent an unusual dehydration/oxidation reaction when treated with thionyl chloride. In a similar study, 1,2-dialkylimidazoles afforded nucleophilic 2-alkylidene imidazolines upon treatment with an electrophilic activating group such as Boc2O. Positioning a ketone electrophile with in an N1-alkyl side chain results in cyclization at the imidazole 2-position to afford fused ring imidazoles through an aldol-like cyclization reaction. The stereoselective synthesis of a tricyclic analogue of the bis(piperidine) alkaloid xestoproxamine C was also investigated. Dearomatization of a tricyclic pyridine derivative afforded an alkylidene dihydropyridine (anhydrobase) intermediate which was subjected to catalytic heterogeneous hydrogenation to install the correct relative stereochemistry about the bis(piperidine) ring system. Other key features of these model studies included development of an efficient ring-closing metathesis procedure to prepare macrocyclic derivatives of 3,4-disusbstituted pyridines, intramolecular cyclizations of alkylidene dihydropyridines to establish pyridine-substituted pyrrolidines and piperidines, successful homologation of pyridine-4-carboxaldehydes using formaldehyde dimethyl thioacetal monoxide (FAMSO), and application of B-alkyl Suzuki coupling to assemble substituted pyridines. Lastly, a study was done to assess the feasibility of synthesizing one of the two chiral precursors needed for the asymmetric synthesis of xestoproxamine C via enzyme catalyzed transesterification of symmetric 1,3-diols. This resulted in successful transesterification of a symmetric 1,3-diol substrate with high enantioselectivity.

Alkylidene Meldrum’s acids are very reactive acceptors in conjugate additions, and are known to be significantly more electrophilic than other α,β-unsaturated carbonyl electrophiles. They also offer advantages in terms of ease of preparation, purification and storage. Despite this, they are relatively underused in organic synthesis, and have been treated as something of a curiousity in the literature. The goal of my research was to demonstrate the utility of these molecules in new reactions that are not readily available to other electrophiles. To facilitate this work, new conditions for the Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes with Meldrum’s acid were developed. This allowed access to a broader range of monosubstituted alkylidenes than was previously possible from any single method. In a reaction that exploits the acylating ability of Meldrum’s acid, a domino addition of phenols to alkylidene Meldrum’s acids was developed. Here, Yb(OTf)3 catalyzed the addition of a phenol to the alkylidene as well as acylation through activation of the electrophile. The unique properties of these acceptors permitted synthesis of 3,4-dihydrocoumarins and coumarins through C-alkylation/O-acylation, and also 4-chromanones and chromones through O-alkylation/C-acylation. The predictable and general reversal of chemoselectivity is dependent on the number of substituents on the alkylidene. The same properties that make alkylidene Meldrum’s acids strong electrophiles also make them excellent dienophiles. A one-pot Diels-Alder/Friedel-Crafts process was used as an entry into the 6-5-6-tricyclic skeleton of a family of natural products that have been of interest in our group. The modular nature of the reaction allowed structural variation at nearly every position around both 6-membered rings. An attempted extension of this work into the synthesis of ergot alkaloids provided insight into the factors affecting Friedel-Crafts acylation of 4-substituted indoles. These results provided a highly regioselective entry into 4,5-fused indole ring systems. The electrophilicity of alkylidene Meldrum’s acids was combined with Lewis acid activation for development of a mild conjugate allylation reaction. The use of allyltriphenyltin as nucleophile for addition to monosubstituted alkylidenes avoided many of the practical disadvantages of working with trialkylstannanes. By employing such a relatively weak allylating agent, functional group compatibility was maximized to include groups susceptible to nucleophilic allylation. Additions to chiral, non-racemic alkylidenes were highly diastereoselective. It was also shown that functionalized all-carbon quaternary stereocentres can be formed by this process.

Alkylidene Meldrum’s acids are very reactive acceptors in conjugate additions, and are known to be significantly more electrophilic than other α,β-unsaturated carbonyl electrophiles. They also offer advantages in terms of ease of preparation, purification and storage. Despite this, they are relatively underused in organic synthesis, and have been treated as something of a curiousity in the literature. The goal of my research was to demonstrate the utility of these molecules in new reactions that are not readily available to other electrophiles. To facilitate this work, new conditions for the Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes with Meldrum’s acid were developed. This allowed access to a broader range of monosubstituted alkylidenes than was previously possible from any single method. In a reaction that exploits the acylating ability of Meldrum’s acid, a domino addition of phenols to alkylidene Meldrum’s acids was developed. Here, Yb(OTf)3 catalyzed the addition of a phenol to the alkylidene as well as acylation through activation of the electrophile. The unique properties of these acceptors permitted synthesis of 3,4-dihydrocoumarins and coumarins through C-alkylation/O-acylation, and also 4-chromanones and chromones through O-alkylation/C-acylation. The predictable and general reversal of chemoselectivity is dependent on the number of substituents on the alkylidene. The same properties that make alkylidene Meldrum’s acids strong electrophiles also make them excellent dienophiles. A one-pot Diels-Alder/Friedel-Crafts process was used as an entry into the 6-5-6-tricyclic skeleton of a family of natural products that have been of interest in our group. The modular nature of the reaction allowed structural variation at nearly every position around both 6-membered rings. An attempted extension of this work into the synthesis of ergot alkaloids provided insight into the factors affecting Friedel-Crafts acylation of 4-substituted indoles. These results provided a highly regioselective entry into 4,5-fused indole ring systems. The electrophilicity of alkylidene Meldrum’s acids was combined with Lewis acid activation for development of a mild conjugate allylation reaction. The use of allyltriphenyltin as nucleophile for addition to monosubstituted alkylidenes avoided many of the practical disadvantages of working with trialkylstannanes. By employing such a relatively weak allylating agent, functional group compatibility was maximized to include groups susceptible to nucleophilic allylation. Additions to chiral, non-racemic alkylidenes were highly diastereoselective. It was also shown that functionalized all-carbon quaternary stereocentres can be formed by this process.

A series of tetravalent zirconium and hafnium complexes were supported by diarylamido-phosphino [PNP]- (bis(o-diisopropylphosphinophenyl)amide) ligand. The reaction of MCl4(THF)2 (M = Zr, Hf) with [PNP]Li in toluene at room temperature generates [PNP]MCl3 as solid in 60 % yield. Polyalkyl complexes which are lack of £]-hydrogen have been achieved in synthesis of [PNP]MR3 (R = Me, CH2SiMe3) or [PNP]M(CH2SiMe3)2(E) (E = Cl, Me) since we could control the desired product from steric effect. An X-ray diffraction study of [PNP]ZrCl3 showed it to be a chloride-bridged binuclear species {[PNP]MCl2(£g-Cl)}2 in which both metal atoms are 7-coordinate whereas that of [PNP]MCl3(THF) revealed a mononuclear, 7-coordinate core structure. The phosphine fluxional exchange were found in those complexes, monitoring variable temperature 31P NMR, their fluxionality were calculated by line shape analysis. By heating [PNP]M(CH2SiMe3)2(Cl) in solution, we can afford new alkylidene complexes [PNP]M(Cl)(=CHSiMe3) via intramolecular £\-abstraction. Through Eyring plot analysis, the activation energy of [PNP]Zr(CH2SiMe3)2(Cl) £\-abstraction is ∆H‡ = 16.49(19) kcal/mol and ∆S‡ = −25.64(19) cal/mol•K; [PNP]Hf(CH2SiMe3)2(Cl) £\-abstraction is ∆H‡ = 18.70(36) kcal/mol and ∆S‡ = −23.12(36) cal/mol•K. The mixture [PNP]Hf(=CHSiMe3)(Cl) could not isolate with any purification, but [PNP]Hf(=CHSiMe3)(CH2SiMe3) obtained through directly alkylation. Here we also identified multiple alkylidene derivatives of [PNP]M(=CHSiMe3)(X) (X = Cl, CH2SiMe3). The X-ray structured and solution NMR data of those alkylidene complexes can be ascribed to evidence of £\-agostic interaction with metal center. A novel zwitterionic complex [PNP]Zr(£g2-CHSiMe3)2(AlMe2) was characterized by X-ray and been received a bisalkylidene complex which was synthesized through addition Lewies acid (AlMe3) into [PNP]Zr(=CHSiMe3)(CH2SiMe3). Group 4 alkylidene was acting as catalyst to metathesize ethylene or norbornene. The complexes [PNP]M(=CHSiMe3)(Cl) have highly streotic selectivity catalyst for ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene. It is important to emphasize the great significance of the catalyst discoveries and improvements for both academic research and industry.

The goal of this research project was to develop two converging synthetic methods to form C-glycosides, specifically aminomethyl C-glycosides. Part I. A novel catalyst system consisting of 2-hydroxypyridine (2-HP)/1,8-diazabicyclo (5.4.0) undec-7-ene (DBU)/molecular sieves can catalyze 1,3 proton transfers in organic solvents under neutral or slightly basic conditions, adjustable by the 2-HP/DBU ratio. In the presence of the catalyst system, 4,6-O-benzylidene- scD-glycopyranose (1), 4,6-O-isopropylidene- scD-mannose (12), and 4,6-O-isopropylidene- scD-gluco-pyranose (16) undergo Henry condensations with nitromethane to give acetal protected nitromethyl C-glycopyranosides (2, 13, and 17, respectively), which were characterized by their O-acetyl derivatives (5, 15, and 18, respectively). The Henry product from 4,6-O-benzylidene- scD-glucopyranose could be reduced, with retention of the 4,6-O-benzylidene protecting group, by a specially prepared form of elemental iron in aqueous tetrahydrofuran under CO$\sb2$ to aminomethyl C-glycopyranoside (16). This product was characterized by N-acetyl, peracetyl, and M-Cbz derivatives (7, 8, 9, 10) and was converted with diazonium salt to a triazene derivative (11). Nitroalkenes are only mechanistic intermediates in our condensations with nitromethane, but they undergo Michael additions with a second mole of nitromethane to give novel 4,6-O-alkylidene-1-deoxy-1,1-di(nitromethyl)- scD-glycitols (3 and 14) as side-products. Part II. 2,3:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene mannofuranose (20), 2,3:4,6-di-O-isopropylidene mannopyranose (21), and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-glucopyranose each have been converted with 2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium tosylate into anomerically pure pairs of glycosyl fluorides. Reaction of each anomeric mannopyranosyl and mannofuranosyl fluoride with Et$\sb2$AlCN in THF gave only the two (four component) anomeric mixtures of mannopyranosyl or mannofuranosyl cyanides and isocyanides, respectively. The pyranosidic four component mixture ($\alpha$-CN, $\alpha$-NC, $\beta$-CN, and $\beta$-NC) was completely separated by a combination of flash chromatography, crystallization, and/or preparative HPLC to give the individual components; in the furanose series, only the crystalline two component mixture of $\alpha$-furano cyanide and isocyanide could not be resolved. Isocyanides show two absorption maxima in their UV-spectra (195 and 230 nm) while cyanides show only the first. Cyanides, being C-glycosides, char more slowly on heated TLC plates than isocyanides.