Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Bonn, 2005. / Downloaded and printed Sept. 10, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-60). Also available via the internet.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 B63 / Master of Science

Thesis (M.Inst.Agrar)(Agronomy)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Sc.(Agric.))(Plant Production)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effects of the extracts and residue Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.) O. Hoffm on selected vegetable crops. The study aimed to address the following specific objectives to (i) examine the ultra structures of the leaf of A. arctotoides using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), (ii) carry out comprehensive qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the root and shoot materials of the plant, (iii) investigate the allelopathic activities of the root and shoot aqueous extracts of A. arctotoides at concentrations of 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 mg/ml on germination, radicle and plumule growth of cabbage, carrot, tomato and spinach, (iv) evaluate the inhibitory effects of the dried shoot residue of the plant at 10, 20 and 40 g kg-3 of soil (treatments B, C and D) and the control (treatment A) on the morphology, growth and chlorophyll pigment content of tomato and cabbage transplants at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after transplanting and (v) assess the effects of the dried shoot residue of A. arctotoides on the yield, nutrient uptake by the leaves of tomato and cabbage at 4 and 12 weeks after transplanting. Finally, to analyze the residual mineral content of the soils with tomato and cabbage transplants at 12 weeks after transplanting. The the SEM revealed that anisocytic stomata and glandular trichomes (GTs) were numerous on the abaxial than the adaxial surfaces of A. arctotoides. The non glandular trichomes (NGTs) were also present on both surfaces but lesser on the abaxial. Morphologically, the GTs were peltate, uniseriate and globular head while the NGTs were cylindrical and filamentous with variable number of cells at the basal portion. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of some crystals showed that Na+ Mg2+ and Ca2+ were the major constituents of the crystal deposit found around the GTs and stomata. The results of the phytochemical composition of the root and shoot extracts of A. arctotoides confirmed the occurrence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponnins, tannins and triterpenes as the common constituents. In addition, cardiac glycosides and steroids were also detected in the shoot of the A. arctotoides. Quantitative estimation of the chemical constituents of the crude extracts further revealed that the alkaloid content in the root higher (0.97 percent) than the shoot (0.64 percent). The quantity of flavonoids detected in the shoot (1.02 percent) was more than that observed in the root (0.35 percent). Others (phenolics and tannins) were marginal in the two plant parts. The results of the inhibitory effects of the root and shoot aqueous extract at the varying concentrations showed that root extract at 10 mg/ml considerably reduced the germination of cabbage, carrot, tomato and spinach seeds by 84.0, 83.2, 72.8 and 37.4 percent respectively. Incubation of the shoot extract at the same concentration resulted in 100 percent inhibition of cabbage and carrot seed germination whereas those of tomato and spinach were suppressed by 91.5 and 61.2 percent respectively. The two extracts at the varying concentrations also had a significant reduction on the radicle and plumule growth of the four vegetables. Addition of the shoot residue to the soil showed massive chlorosis, necrotic lesions and wilting of tomato and cabbage leaves under treatments C and D at 2 weeks after transplanting. The number of leaves, leaf area, dry shoot and root weight of the two vegetables grown in the amended soils were also drastically reduced. The inhibition percentages due to the addition of the three concentrations of A. arctotoides dried shoot residue on the dry shoot weight at 4 weeks after transplanting were 38.6, 45.5 and 70.3. for tomato and 57.5, 73.3 and 87.5 percent for cabbage. Similarly, the declines in the dry root weight of 61.3, 82.9.4 and 83.4 percent for tomato as well as 53.1, 54.7 and 67.2 percent for cabbages were recorded for the two vegetables under treatment B, C and D during the period. The results further showed that the dry fruit yield and shoot weight of tomato under the treatments B, C and D decreased with increase in shoot residue concentrations of A. arctotoides. Relative to treatment A, no significant differences were recorded in the dry head weight of cabbage under the residue treated groups. The reductions in the fruit yield and fresh head weight caused by treatments C and D were 37.2 and 84.8 percent for tomato and 30.9 and 72.4 percent for cabbage. The findings on the mineral contents in the leaves of the two vegetables revealed significant differences in the uptake of N, Mg, Na, Cu and Fe by tomato leaves. The concentrations of N, K, Na and Zn in cabbage leaves also differed. However, the P content was relatively constant in the leaves of the two vegetables at 4 and 12 weeks after transplanting. At 12 weeks after transplanting, the Fe content in soils with tomato and cabbage treatments C and D was greatly enhanced in comparison with the other nutrients. The residual N, P and Zn detected in soils planted to cabbage were similarly equal among all the groups including the control. Thus, under the greenhouse experiment, Arctotis arctotoides (L.f) O. Hoffm has been shown to contain some phytotoxic chemical compounds in its root and shoot materials. The compounds either singly or collectively have demonstrated some inhibitory potentials on the germination, growth and yields of cabbage, carrot, tomato and spinach evaluated in this study.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1996. / Addendum in pocket. Biblography: leaves 162-173.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 133-154.

CAPES / O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a influência de diferentes concentrações dos extratos brutos etanólicos (EET) e diclorometânicos (EDC) das espécies medicinais antimaláricas Bidens pilosa L. (picão-preto), Phyllanthus niruri L. (quebra-pedra), Petiveria alliacea L. (guiné) e Senna hirsuta L. (fedegoso), sobre a germinabilidade (GER), tempo médio de germinação (TMG), velocidade média de germinação (VMG), comprimento de radícula (RAD) e comprimento de hipocótilo (HIP) de Lactuca sativa L. (alface) e Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O´Donel (corda-de-viola). O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, distribuído em um trifatorial (espécie antimalárica vs. extrator vs. concentração). Os bioensaios foram realizados com quatro repetições de 25 sementes, para os testes germinativos, e 10 sementes pré-germinadas, para os bioensaios de crescimento. As sementes germinadas foram contadas diariamente, para a obtenção do TMG e VMG, enquanto a GER, RAD e HIP foram mensurados após 144 horas da aplicação dos extratos. Paralelamente ao estudo de atividade alelopática, objetivou-se também analisar a atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos EET e EDC das quatro espécies antimaláricas utilizadas nos bioensaios, assim como, da espécie Quassia amara L. (quássiaamarga). As análises antioxidantes foram realizadas através de três metodologias distintas, sendo elas: sequestro do radical ABTS•+ e sequestro do radical DPPH•, ambas realizadas com os EET e EDC, e poder antioxidante de redução do Ferro (FRAP), realizada apenas com os EET, assim como o teor de compostos fenólicos totais (TCF). Os EET foram comparados aos antioxidantes comerciais BHT (butil hidroxitolueno), BHA (butil hidroxianisol) e α-tocoferol. Os resultados dos bioensaios dos extratos brutos das plantas antimaláricas, e suas respectivas concentrações, demonstraram efeitos inibitórios, e em alguns casos estimulatórios, de magnitudes diferentes sobre os processos de germinação e/ou crescimento das espécies alvo. O aumento das concentrações dos EET e EDC de P. alliacea e do EET de S. hirsuta, não afetaram o TMG, VMG e GER de corda-de-viola, sendo que o EDC de P. alliacea também não influenciou sobre RAD e HIP da mesma, enquanto o EET de B. Pilosa apresentou ótimos resultados de inibição do RAD e HIP de alface e GER, TMG, VMG, RAD e HIP de corda-de-viola. Em todas as metodologias de atividade antioxidante analisadas, o EET de Q. amara demonstrou-se como o tratamento mais eficaz, seguido do EET de P. niruri, sendo estes, analisados em Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência de Fase-Reversa (CLAE-FR), evidenciando a presença de rutina, miricetina, quercetina e ácido gálico para ambas as espécies, sendo estes compostos, reconhecidos por suas propriedades antioxidantes. As análises antimicrobianas foram realizadas através da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) dos extratos das plantas, com concentrações entre 5,0 e 0,88 mg mL-1, em microplacas de 96 poços inoculadas com Baccilus cereus ATCC 11.778. Os EET de Q. amara, P. niruri e S. hirsuta e o EDC de B. pilosa apresentaram concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) = ≤0,088 mg mL-1. Dessa forma, os dados apresentados nesse estudo indicam, em especial, um potencial uso do EET de B. pilosa e do EET de Q. amara como fontes de moléculas com atividade herbicida, antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, sendo estes extratos, importantes fontes para a busca de moléculas que possam ser utilizadas como protótipos para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos nas indústrias de agroquímicos, alimentícia e /ou farmacêutica, requerendo estudos futuros quanto a extração, purificação, isolamento e identificação dos compostos bioativos e seus respectivos mecanismos de ação. / The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of different concentrations of crude ethanol extracts (EET) and dichloromethanic (EDC) of antimalarial medicinal species Bidens pilosa L. (beggartick), Phyllanthus niruri L. (shatter stone), Petiveria alliacea L. (guinea) and Senna hirsuta L. (sicklepod) on germination (GER), mean germination time (TMG), mean speed of germination (VMG), radicle (RAD) and hypocotyls (HIP) of Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) and Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O'Donel (rope-glory). The experimental design was completely randomized, distributed in a factorial (species antimalarial vs. extractor vs. concentration). Bioassays were performed with four replicates of 25 seeds for germination tests, and 10 pre-germinated seeds for the growth bioassays. Germinated seeds were counted daily for obtaining the TMG and VMG while GER, DAR and HIP were measured after 144 hours of application of the extracts. In parallel to the study of allelopathic activity aimed also to examine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of EET and EDC of four malarial species used in bioassays, as well as the species Quassia amara L. (quássia amarga). Analyses antioxidants were performed through three different methodologies, namely: scavenging of ABTS•+, scavenging DPPH•, both performed with EET and EDC, and antioxidant power reduction iron (FRAP), performed with EET, as well as the content of total phenolic compounds (TCF). The EET were compared to commercial antioxidant BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and α-tocopherol. The results of bioassays of extracts of plants antimalarial and their respective concentrations showed inhibitory effects, and in some cases stimulatory, different magnitudes of the processes of germination and/or growth of the target species. Increasing the concentration of EET and EDC of P. alliacea and EET of S. hirsuta, did not show significant results for variables TMG, VMG and GER of corda-de-viola, and the EDC of P. alliacea also did not influence RAD HIP. The EET of B. Pilosa showed excellent results compared to inhibition of RAD and HIP lettuce and GER, TMG, VMG and RAD rope-glory, suggesting the use of this extract for future work of purification, isolation and identification of bioactive substances. In all methods of antioxidant activity analyzed, the EET of Q. amara shown as the most effective treatment, followed by EET of P. niruri, which are analyzed in High Performance Liquid Chromatography Reverse-Phase (HPLC-RP), indicating the presence of rutin, myricetin, quercetin and gallic acid for both species, these compounds being recognized for its antioxidant properties. Analyses were performed using antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts with concentrations between 5.0 and 0.88 mg mL-1 in 96-well microplates inoculated with Baccilus cereus ATCC 11.778. The EET of Q. amara, P. niruri and S. hirsuta and EDC of B. pilosa showed minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) = ≤ 0.088 mg mL-1. Thus, the data presented in this study indicate the potential use of the EET of B. pilosa and EET of Q. amara as sources of molecules having herbicidal activity, antioxidants and antimicrobial properties, and these extracts are important sources for the search of molecules that can be used as a prototype for the development of new products in the agrochemical industries, food and/or pharmaceuticals, requiring future studies on the extraction, purification, isolation and identification of bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action.

Addendum in pocket. Biblography: leaves 162-173. Phytophagous sucking insects, aphids in particular, are common pests of plants. These insects secrete salivary enzymes into their food material. One plant defence mechanism is the induction and/or accumulation of deterrent phytochemicals. In the present study, a model enzyme system was chosen to mimic the oxidative activity of insect saliva. Isolation and sructural identification of the products of plant allelochemicals was achieved for several substrates. Insects were also exposed to individual plant chemicals in feeding "choice" tests. Preliminary examinations suggest that plants containing increased levels of phenolic allelochemicals show correlated increases in resistance to attack by aphids.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.