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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Alpha-synuclein expression influences the processing of the amyloid precursor protein

Roberts, Hazel January 2016 (has links)
In certain neurodegenerative diseases such Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), it is hypothesised that misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) and β-amyloid both contribute to pathology. α-Syn and β-amyloid have been suggested to synergistically promote one another’s accumulation and aggregation, but the mechanisms are unknown. β-Amyloid is generated from β-/γ-secretase-mediated processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). This study investigated how α-syn overexpression in cells affects β-amyloid production from APP, using multiplex assays, luciferase reporter assays, and western blotting. Wildtype α-syn expression induces β-amyloid generation from APP in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, and similar changes to APP processing occur in another neuronal cell model. Dominant-negative overexpression of α-syn mutants revealed that disrupting the N-terminal domain can increase APP amyloidogenic processing. Secretase enzymes that perform APP processing were next investigated. γ-Secretase activity, measured by a luciferase reporter, was not increased by α-syn overexpression. A higher ratio of β- to α-secretase processing was hypothesised, which led to expression and activity studies of the major β- and α-secretases, BACE1 and ADAM10 respectively. It was shown that the BACE1 protein expression is post-transcriptionally upregulated in α-syn cells, with increased APP cleavage in cells. ADAM10 protein expression is transcriptionally suppressed in wild-type α-syn cells, reducing total levels of catalytically active enzyme. However the change in ADAM10-mediated APP processing may be negligible since, critically, plasma membrane expression of ADAM10 appears to be maintained. To aid understanding of the mechanism that connects α-syn to APP processing, BACE1 expression was used in pharmacological studies of cell stress signalling. This approach revealed that in α-syn cells BACE1 lysosomal and/or proteasomal degradation may be disturbed. Additionally, BACE1 expression is induced by translational de-repression mediated by eIF2α ser-51 phosphorylation, which was increased in α-syn cells. Although preliminary, the data suggests a role for oxidative stress mediating the increased BACE1 expression in wild-type α-syn cells.
2

Implication du complexe récepteur 5-HT4/APP/ADAM10 dans la voie non-amyloïdogénique de la maladie d’Alzheimer / Implication of the 5-HT4 receptor/APP/ADAM0 complex in the non-amyloid pathway of Alzheimer’s Disease

Cochet, Maud 02 December 2011 (has links)
En plus d'être clivée par les β- et les γ-sécrétases lors du processus amyloïdogénique de la maladie d'Alzheimer, l'APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein) peut également subir un clivage grâce à l'α-sécrétase qui conduit à la libération des fragments d'APP soluble α (sAPPα)(voie non-amyloïdogénique) prévenant ainsi l'accumulation des peptides β-amyloïdes pathogènes. Les études sur le clivage de l'APP par l'α-sécrétase ont montré que l'activité de cette enzyme était constitutive mais aussi régulée. Lors de mon travail de thèse, nous avons montré que l'expression du récepteur de la sérotonine de type 4 (R 5-HT4) favorise la coupure constitutive de l'APP par l'α sécrétase ADAM10 et la libération des fragments non-amyloïdogéniques, sAPPα, aussi bien dans les cellules HEK-293 que dans les neurones corticaux en culture primaire. Ce mécanisme est totalement indépendant de la production d'AMPc, mais reste dépendant d'une interaction entre le R 5-HT4, l'APP et la forme mature de l'ADAM10. Le R 5-HT4, contrairement à d'autres récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) décrits pour promouvoir la libération de sAPPα, est en effet capable d'interagir physiquement avec l'α-sécrétase ADAM10 et son substrat, l'APP. Cette interaction, directe ou indirecte, favorise l'adressage de l'ADAM10 et de l'APP à la membrane plasmique, là où la coupure en α est majoritaire. Toute rétention du R 5-HT4 à l'intérieur de la cellule retient également l'APP et l'ADAM10 sous sa forme inactive et annule la production de sAPPα. La régulation de l'α-sécrétase est toujours dépendante de l'activation du R 5-HT4 par un agoniste. Cet effet étant cette fois dépendant de la voie de signalisation de l'AMPc et de la protéine Epac comme cela avait déjà été démontré. Ces résultats décrivent pour la première fois un mécanisme par lequel un RCPG stimule le clivage constitutif de l'APP par l'α sécrétase et fournit de nouvelles perspectives pour la régulation de l'APP et le contrôle de l'adressage de l'α-sécrétase ADAM10. / In addition to the amyloidogenic pathway of Alzheimer's disease whereby Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is cleaved by β- et γ-secretases, the substrate can also be cleaved by α secretases, producing soluble APP alpha (sAPPα)(non-amyloidogenic pathway) and thus preventing the generation of pathogenic Amyloid-beta peptides. Despite, intensive research, the mechanisms regulating APP cleavage by α-secretases remain poorly understood. In this study, we tried to elucidate how 5-HT4Rs stimulate the release of sAPPα. We show that expression of serotonin type 4 receptors (5-HT4Rs) constitutively induces APP cleavage by the α-secretase ADAM10 and release of non-amyloidogenic fragments, sAPPα, in HEK-293 cells and cortical neurons. This effect is fully independent of cAMP production and relies on the transport of the 5-HT4R/APP/mature ADAM10 complex to the plasma membrane. Indeed, 5-HT4Rs but not other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) known to activate sAPPα release, physically interact, directly or indirectly, with ADAM10 and APP to promote their targeting to the plasma membrane. Stimulation of 5 HT4Rs by an agonist further increases sAPPα fragments release and this effect is mediated through cAMP/Epac signalling. These findings describe a new mechanism whereby a GPCR stimulates the cleavage of APP by α-secretases and provide novel insights into the regulation of APP and α-secretase sorting.

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