The upper 8-12 km of the Alpine Fault, South Island, New Zealand, accommodates relative Australia-Pacific plate boundary motion through coseismic slip accompanying large-magnitude earthquakes. Earthquakes occur due to frictional instabilities on faults, and their nucleation, propagation, and arrest is governed by tectonic forces and fault zone properties. A multi-disciplinary dataset is presented on the lithological, microstructural, mineralogical, geochemical, hydrological, and frictional properties of Alpine Fault rocks collected from natural fault exposures and from Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-1) drillcore. Results quantify and describe the physical and chemical processes that affect seismicity and slip accommodation. Oblique dextral motion on the central Alpine Fault in the last 5-8 Myr has exhumed garnet-oligoclase facies mylonitic fault rocks from depths of up to 35 km. During the last phase of exhumation, brittle deformation of these mylonites, accompanied by fluid infiltration, has resulted in complex mineralogical and lithological variations in the fault rocks. Petrophysical, geochemical, and lithological data reveal that the fault comprises a central alteration zone of protocataclasites, foliated and nonfoliated cataclasites, and fault gouges bounded by a damage zone containing fractured ultramylonites and mylonites. Mineralogical results suggest that at least two stages of chemical alteration have occurred. At, or near, the brittle-to-ductile transition (c. >320 °C), metasomatic alteration reactions resulted in plagioclase and feldspar replacement by muscovite and sausserite, and biotite (phlogopite), hornblende (actinolite) and/or epidote replacement by chlorite (clinochlore). At lower temperatures (c. >120°C), primary minerals were altered to kaolinite, smectite and pyrite, or kaolinite, smectite, Fe-hydroxide (goethite) and carbonate, depending on redox conditions. Ultramylonites, nonfoliated and foliated cataclasites, and gouges in the hanging wall and footwall contain the high-temperature phyllosilicates chlorite and white mica (muscovite/illite). Brown principal slip zone (PSZ) gouges contain the low-temperature phyllosilicates kaolinite and smecite, and goethite and carbonate cements. The frictional and hydrological properties of saturated intact samples of central Alpine Fault surface-outcrop gouges and cataclasites were investigated in room temperature experiments conducted at 30-33 MPa effective normal stress (σn') using a double-direct shear configuration and controlled pore fluid pressure in a triaxial pressure vessel. Surface-outcrop samples from Gaunt Creek, location of DFDP-1, displayed, with increasing distance (up to 50 cm) from the contact with footwall fluvioglacial gravels: (1) an increase in fault normal permeability (k = 7.45 x 10⁻²⁰ m² to k = 1.15 x 10⁻¹⁶ m²), (2) a transition from frictionally weak (μ=0.44) fault gouge to frictionally strong (μ=0.50’0.55) cataclasite, (3) a change in friction rate dependence (a–b) from solely velocity strengthening to velocity strengthening and weakening, and (4) an increase in the rate of frictional healing. The frictional and hydrological properties of saturated intact samples of southern Alpine Fault surface-outcrop gouges were also investigated in room temperature double-direct shear experiments conducted at σn'= 6-31 MPa. Three complete cross-sections logged from outcrops of the southern Alpine Fault at Martyr River, McKenzie Creek, and Hokuri Creek show that dextral-normal slip is localized to a single 1-12 m-thick fault core comprising impermeable (k=10⁻²⁰ to 10⁻²² m²), frictionally weak (μ=0.12 – 0.37), velocity-strengthening, illite-chlorite and trioctahedral smectite (saponite)-chlorite-lizardite fault gouges. In low velocity room temperature experiments, Alpine Fault gouges tested have behaviours associated with aseismic creep. In a triaxial compression apparatus, the frictional properties of PSZ gouge samples recovered from DFDP-1 drillcore at 90 and 128 m depths were tested at temperatures up to T=350°C and effective normal stresses up to σn'=156 MPa to constrain the fault's strength and stability under conditions representative of the seismogenic crust. The chlorite/white mica-bearing DFDP-1A blue gouge is frictionally strong (μ=0.61–0.76) across a range of experimental conditions (T=70–350°C, σn'=31.2–156 MPa) and undergoes a stability transition from velocity strengthening to velocity weakening as T increases past 210°C, σn'=31.2–156 MPa. The coefficient of friction of smecite-bearing DFDP-1B brown gouge increases from μ=0.49 to μ=0.74 with increasing temperature and pressure (T=70–210°C, σn'=31.2–93.6 MPa) and it undergoes a transition from velocity strengthening to velocity weakening as T increases past 140°C, σn'=62.4 MPa. In low velocity hydrothermal experiments, Alpine Fault gouges have behaviours associated with potentially unstable, seismic slip at temperatures ≥140°C, depending on mineralogy. High-velocity (v=1 m/s), low normal stress (σn=1 MPa) friction experiments conducted on a rotary shear apparatus showed that the peak coefficient of friction (μp) of Alpine Fault cataclasites and fault gouges was consistently high (mean μp=0.69±0.06) in room-dry experiments. Variations in fault rock mineralogy and permeability were more apparent in experiments conducted with pore fluid, wherein the peak coefficient of friction of the cataclasites (mean μp=0.64±0.04) was higher than the fault gouges (mean μp=0.24±0.16). All fault rocks exhibited very low steady state coefficients of friction (μss) (room-dry mean μss=0.18±0.04; saturated mean μss=0.10±0.04). Three high-velocity experiments conducted on saturated smectite-bearing principal slip zone (PSZ) fault gouges had the lowest peak friction coefficients (μp=0.13-0.18), lowest steady state friction coefficients (μss=0.02-0.10), and lowest breakdown work values (WB=0.07-0.11 MJ/m²) of all the experiments performed. Lower strength (μ < c. 0.62) velocity-strengthening fault rocks comprising a realistically heterogeneous fault plane represent barrier(s) to rupture propagation. A wide range of gouges and cataclasites exhibited very low steady state friction coefficients in high-velocity friction experiments. However, earthquake rupture nucleation in frictionally strong (μ ≥ c. 0.62), velocity-weakening material provides the acceleration necessary to overcome the low-velocity rupture propagation barrier(s) posed by velocity-strengthening gouges and cataclasites. Mohr-Coulomb theory stipulates that sufficient shear stress must be resolved on the Alpine Fault, or pore fluid pressure must be sufficiently high, for earthquakes to nucleate in strong, unstable fault materials. A three-dimensional stress analysis was conducted using the average orientation of the central and southern Alpine Fault, the experimentally determined coefficient of friction of velocity-weakening DFDP-1A blue gouge, and the seismologically determined stress tensor and stress shape ratio(s). Results reveal that for a coefficient of friction of μ ≥ c. 0.62, the Alpine Fault is unfavourably oriented to severely misoriented for frictional slip.

Pollen records from southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, show changes in vegetation and climate from the late Olympia Interstade through the Fraser Glaciation. This study provides important insights into phytogeographic patterns of Pacific Northwest flora, leads to an enhanced understanding of processes affecting present-day ranges of several plant taxa, and provides a historical perspective on the origin of coastal alpine ecosystems. Evidence for a previously unrecognized glacial advance in the region at ~21,000 14C yr BP, herein called the Saanich glacier, is provided. The results reveal widespread habitat and food sources suitable for the mega fauna that lived on southern Vancouver Island during the last glaciation. Vegetation during the Fraser Glaciation represented a mosaic of plant communities across a heterogeneous and productive landscape. Pollen spectra indicate that plant assemblages, dominated by Poaceae and Cyperaceae, were widespread. Similarities to tundra in northern Alaska and high elevation sites in British Columbia were detected. Vegetation varied geographically in the late Olympia (ca. 33,500-29,000 14C yr BP). Grassy uplands with scattered trees and local moist meadows occurred at Qualicum Beach under mesic and cool conditions, while cold and dry grass tundra prevailed at Skutz Falls. Increased non-arboreal pollen percentages at Qualicum Beach, 29,000 14C yr BP, reflect expansion of grassy meadows with diverse herbs under a cool and dry climate at the onset of the Fraser Glaciation. At Qualicum Beach between 25,160-24,190 14C yr BP, sedge wetlands were surrounded by open, dry uplands. Concurrently at Osborne Bay, Pinus-Picea-Abies-Poaceae parkland occurred. Dry and cold climate intensified as the Fraser Glaciation progressed after 24,000 14C yr BP and non-arboreal communities expanded. At Cordova Bay, cold and dry tundra or parkland in upland sites, and sedge wetlands on an aggrading floodplain are recorded. Sparse tree cover and grass-tundra surrounded a floodplain at Skutz Falls around 21,000 14C yr BP under cool and dry climate. Subalpine-like Picea-Abies-Pinus parkland and moist, species-rich grassland meadows occurred at McKenzie Bight at the same time. A sedge wetland occupied the site of deposition, and was periodically inundated as lake levels fluctuated. Upland grasslands at Cordova Bay are recorded between 21,600–19,400 14C yr BP, while local ponded areas developed on an aggrading floodplain at sea level. From 19,400-19,300 14C yr BP, parkland at Cordova Bay developed as climate moistened and warmed at the time of the Port Moody Interstade known from the Fraser Lowland. Abundant marine dinoflagellate cysts between 21,600–19,400 14C yr BP, reveal a high sea level stand and strong marine influence at Cordova Bay. Glacioisostatic depression of the crust on the east side of Vancouver Island is the most probable explanation. The presence of pollen-bearing glacio-lacustrine sediments at McKenzie Bight around 21,000 14C yr BP at ~93 m and contemporaneous isostatic crustal depression at Cordova Bay strongly suggest a major glacial body in the region at the same time as the Coquitlam advance in the Lower Mainland. Ice-free landscapes may have occurred on southern Vancouver Island through the Fraser glaciation beyond the Saanich glacier ice limits. / Graduate

Fusion Motion Capture (FMC), a wearable motion capture system was developed, and applied to the optimisation of athlete performance in alpine ski racing. In what may be a world first, the three-dimensional movements of a skilled athlete (with less than 20 FIS1 points) skiing through a complete training giant slalom racecourse were analysed. FMC consists of multiple light weight sensors attached to the athlete including inertial measurement units (IMUs), pressure sensitive insoles and a global position system (GPS) receiver. The IMUs contain accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers. Limb orientation and location are obtained by mathematically combining the most reliable data from each sensor using fusion algorithms developed by the author. FMC fuses the signals from the IMUs and GPS without the need for the post filtering, usually applied to motion capture data, and therefore, maintains maximum bandwidth. The FMC results were stable and relatively independent of motion type and duration unlike other inertial systems available in 2005, when the research was initiated. Analysis of data collected from an athlete skiing giant slalom contradict the traditional „going straight turning short? race strategy. The shortest path may not always be the fastest. Instead each gate has a different optimum approach arc. Optimum turn radius increases with both increasing speed and increasing terrain slope. The results also contradict laboratory measurements of ski/snow sliding friction and suggest that snow resistance in giant slalom is of similar importance to wind drag. In addition to gravity, the athlete increased speed using the techniques of „lateral projection? and „pumping?. Race performance was determined from the analysis of the athlete skiing through the entire course. FMC proved, therefore, to be more suitable than traditional optical systems that are practically limited to capturing small sections of a race course. The athlete experienced high and rapidly fluctuating torques about all three axes of the lower joints. This information could be useful in designing training programmes racecourses and equipment to reduce knee injuries. Data driven animations and colour coded force vector diagrams were developed to enhance athlete feedback. Inline skating data was also analysed.

Diss. Phil. Bern, 1991. / Literaturverz.

Cette thèse a pour objectif principal de contribuer à la compréhension des facteurs environnementaux agissant sur la diversité et la productivité des communautés végétales alpine, et dans un deuxième temps de mettre en évidence des changements récents dans la structure de la végétation dans un contexte tempéré alpin, les Alpes françaises. L’approche adoptée se base sur des méthodes issues de la télédétection et également de l’écologie végétale, en combinant des relevés de végétation avec les données de climat de l’imagerie à haute résolution. Dans le premier chapitre, je démontre l’intérêt de quantifier la durée d’enneigement afin de pouvoir prédire les patrons de diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle, en montrant aussi que la modélisation spatiale de la productivité primaire reste un défi important dans le contexte des paysages alpins. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je teste l’utilité de l’imagerie satellitaire pour quantifier les conditions environnementales au niveau des communautés végétales, et je mets en évidence que l’habitat des communautés dominantes peut être différencié à l’échelle régionale par la date de déneigement et le pic en productivité. J’essaie également de voir si la diversité fonctionnelle influe sur la réponse NDVI dans le cadre de trois années de durée d’enneigement contrastées. Le troisième chapitre marque un changement d’approche, dans lequel je passe à l’analyse de la dynamique observée de la végétation pendant les dernières décennies dans deux sites : la Réserve Naturelle des Hauts Plateaux du Vercors (RNHPV) et le Parc National des Ecrins (PNE). L’analyse diachronique de l’écotone forêt-prairie dans la RNHPV montre une forte expansion de la forêt à Pinus uncinata pendant les soixante dernières années, en réponse à un réchauffement global et également des changements spatio-temporels dans les usages des terres en lien avec le pâturage. Dans la deuxième partie, je montre qu’avec les satellites on observe une tendance de verdissement à l’échelle du PNE pendant les dernières décennies. Je propose qu’une réduction dans la durée d’enneigement et un réchauffement depuis les années 1980s ont contribué à une augmentation de la productivité des canopées dans des contextes alpins de haute altitude, et ceci indépendamment des effets d’utilisation des terres. Pris ensemble, au lieu d’avancer un aspect précis de l’écologie alpine, mon travail sert à compléter nos connaissances du fonctionnement des communautés végétales alpines et à confirmer certaines hypothèses basées sur l’observation terrain avec des analyses spatiales robustes. / The central aim of this thesis is to contribute to current understanding of environmental drivers of plant diversity and productivity as well as of recent changes in vegetation structure in a temperate alpine context, the French Alps. My approach draws on methods from remote sensing and plant ecology by combining plot-based measures of plant diversity and climate data with high-resolution imagery. Chapter I demonstrates the importance of quantifying snow cover duration for predicting patterns of plant taxonomic and functional diversity, and also highlights the ongoing challenge of modeling spatial gross primary productivity dynamics in alpine landscapes. In Chapter II, I explore the utility of satellite imagery for quantifying environmental conditions experienced by alpine plant communities, and further show how metrics of snow cover duration and peak productivity can be used to differentiate habitat for dominant alpine plant communities. I also explore how functional diversity mediates NDVI responses to highly contrasting snow years. Chapter III provides new evidence of recent shifts occurring in high-elevation plant communities in the French Alps in response to climate and land-use change. Analysis of the forest-grassland ecotone in the Vercors Regional Park shows a strong dynamic of forest expansion in response to overall climate warming and local shifts in grazing-related land-use practices, which supports findings from other studies conducted elsewhere in the Alps and Pyrenees. In the second part of Chapter III, for the first time I present evidence of greening dynamics in a protected area of the French Alps, the Ecrins National Park. I propose that a decrease in snow cover duration and pronounced warming occurring in the 1980s likely contributed to increased canopy productivity in high alpine contexts, and are driving long-term greening in the absence of land-use change. Taken collectively, rather than pushing a specific aspect alpine ecology forward, my work helps to fill out our working knowledge of alpine plant communities and serves to solidify a number of field-based observations by carrying out robust spatial analyses.

The thesis deals with ecophysiology of overwintering larvae of two butterfly genera, Colias and Erebia. It focuses on identification of supercooling point, survival of various low temperature regimes and composition of cryoprotective substances. Results are presented in the context of distributional limits of individual species, their habitat requirements and their potential endangerment due to environmental and habitat changes.

Le gisement de talc-chlorite de Trimouns est situé dans le massif nord-pyrénéen du Saint Barthélémy (Ariège, France). Il est l'objet d'une attention particulière pour ses ressources minérales exceptionnelles (tant par la qualité que l'abondance), et pour sa position stratégique dans l'histoire géologique des Pyrénées. Le but de cette étude est de caractériser les conditions de formation du gisement et de les intégrer dans le contexte géologique régional. Pour aborder cette problématique nous avons choisi trois grands axes d'étude : 1) au moyen de l'analyse cartographique et structurale, nous procédons à une description de la géométrie du gisement, et nous proposons une histoire des relations entre minéralisation et déformation ; 2) à l'aide d'analyses thermométriques via plusieurs méthodes, nous cherchons à définir quelle est l'histoire thermique enregistrée dans les différentes unités du gisement ; 3) avec des datations in situ sur un large panel de minéraux, nous positionnons des repères temporels sur plusieurs objets géologiques afin de dater le ou les épisodes minéralisateurs sur Trimouns. Les résultats obtenus expriment le caractère polyphasé du gisement, et ce pour les trois axes d'études suivis, déformation, thermicité et âge de la minéralisation. Les travaux sur les structures montrent que la minéralisation principale scelle une déformation probablement varisque, minéralisation qui se forme elle-même en contexte dynamique et qui est à son tour déformée. L'étude thermique met en évidence que la ou les minéralisations sont associées à un ou plusieurs événements froids, et qu'une empreinte thermique chaude est préservée dans les roches du toit et du mur du gisement. Les résultats géochronologiques montrent que la formation du talc et des chlorites à Trimouns est polyphasée et associée à une succession d'événements métasomatiques. L'Albien est l'évènement hydrothermal majeur mais des épisodes plus anciens sont enregistrés au Jurassique à Trimouns, voire au Permien dans d'autres gisements du massif et de l'ouest de la chaîne des Pyrénées. La synthèse de nos travaux nous permet de proposer un modèle de la formation du gisement de talc-chlorite de Trimouns. Ce modèle s'inscrit dans un contexte géodynamique extensif post-varisque que l'on peut mettre en relation avec les phénomènes extensifs pré-orogéniques pyrénéens du Crétacé (120-85 Ma). Ce contexte pré-orogénique est associé à l'exhumation du manteau, source probable du magnésium nécessaire à la formation du gisement. Nos travaux montrent également que le massif du Saint Barthélémy, et possiblement d'autres massifs nord pyrénéens semblables, ne sont pas des massifs "simplement" varisques mais qu'ils ont pu être profondément affectés par les évènements du cycle alpin. / The Trimouns talc-chlorite deposit is located in the north Pyrenean Saint Barthelemy massif (Ariège, France). This deposit is remarkable in its minerals' quality and quantity as well as for its strategic position in the Pyrenees geological history. This study aims at understanding the formation conditions of the talc-chlorite deposit and at integrating them in the alpine pre-orogenic context. To this, we focus on three main themes : 1) Using geological and structural mapping studies, we describe the rocks and their organization as to estimate how much variscan and alpine orogenies affected them. 2) With thermometric analyses using different methods, we seek to define what is the thermal history recorded in the different units of the deposit. 3) Using in-situ dating on a wide range of minerals, we locate temporal references on various geological objects to document hydrothermal events. Achieved results demonstrate the polyphase caracteristics of the deposit, in the three focal areas used : deformation, thermal approach, and geochronology. Structural analysis shows that the mineralisation seals an other deformation, probably of the variscan period. This mineralisation is also formed in a dynamic context and then deformed as well. The thermal study highlights that mineralizations are associated with one or more cold events, and a hot thermal foot-print is preserved in the footwall and the hanging wall of the deposit. Dating results show that the formation talc and chlorite in Trimouns is multiphase, associated with succession of metasomatic events. The Albian event is the major hydrothermal event but older episodes are recorded in Jurassic at Trimouns and in Permian in other fields on the west-ern Pyrenees. The synthesis of our works allows us to propose a model of the formation of the Trimouns talc-chlorite deposit. This model is part of a post-Variscan extensive geodynamic context that can be related to the Pyrenean extensive pre-orogenic phenomena during Cretaceous period (120-85 Ma). This pre-orogenic context is associated with mantle exhumation, likely source of magnesium necessary for the formation of talc. Our studies also show that the Saint Barthelemy massif and possibly other similar north Pyrenean massif are not "simply" Variscan but have been deeply affected by the events of the Alpine cycle.

The westernmost spur of the Tibetan Plateau stretches to Eastern Ladakh in India. It is a region which remains poorly explored because of challenging conditions and long periods of political instability. At the same time, it is one of the highest places on earth supporting angiosperm life, which goes beyond 6000 m a.s.l. here. The whole region, due its remoteness, is practically unaffected by plant invasions and direct human activities. Thus, Ladakh represents a kind of "natural experiment", providing very long gradient of elevation suitable for comparative functional ecology as well as for testing various hypotheses concerning limitations of vascular plants. Arid climate and extreme elevations are the common factors. Our team pursued the goal of systematic botanical and ecological exploration of Ladakh, started by late Leoš Klimeš. This thesis provides insight into the main vegetation types, clonality in plants, plant-plant interactions and soil phototroph communities.

Comprendre comment les variations du climat pourraient influencer le recrutement des arbres en forêt est un défi car la germination, la croissance et la survie des semis sont particulièrement sensibles aux facteurs biotiques et abiotiques. Plusieurs modèles conceptuels généraux, (la « stress gradient hypothesis » SGH et « latitudinal herbivory theory » LHT,) suggèrent que la nature et l'intensité des interactions biotiques varient le long de gradients environnementaux. Ces modèles constituent une base théorique utile pour déterminer le rôle des interactions biotiques dans la réponse des communautés végétales aux variations du climat. Cependant, les études portant sur la SGH se sont limitées aux interactions directes entre plantes et ont négligé les interactions complexes. Les théories développées pour des niveaux trophiques supérieurs (comme la LHT) sont quant-à elles sujettes à débat et ne considèrent qu'un nombre limité d'interactions. Les interactions avec les micro-organismes du sol ont par exemple été négligées. Dans cette thèse, j'ai analysé comment les interactions directes et indirectes entre les semis, les arbres adultes, la végétation herbacée, les insectes herbivores et les pathogènes du sol varient en nature et en intensité le long de gradients climatiques. Pour explorer les interactions entre plantes, j'ai effectué une expérimentation s'appuyant sur la variabilité spatio-temporelle des conditions climatiques dans les Alpes. Les résultats montrent que les effets directs de compétition de la canopée et de la végétation herbacée augmentent avec la température. Cependant, pour les sites les plus chauds, la facilitation indirecte pourrait limiter la compétition directe des herbacées. Pour les interactions avec insectes herbivores,nous avons montré que le long de gradients d'altitude et de latitude, l'herbivorie est minimale là où les stress thermiques et hydriques est fort. Enfin, pour les interactions avec les micro-organismes du sol, nous avons mesuré en chambre de culture la survie de plantules de hêtre dans des sols, stérilisés ou non, collectés le long d'un gradient d'altitude. Les résultats montrent que les effets négatifs des micro-organismes sont plus faibles quand les communautés microbiennes proviennent de sols d'altitudes. Cette thèse suggère que les effets directs négatifs des plantes, des insectes herbivores et des pathogènes du sol sur les semis dominent dans les environnements chauds et productifs et s'atténuent dans des conditions plus froides. Les interactions indirectes semblent varier inversement et pourraient ainsi tamponner l'effet des interactions directes. / Understand how climate change could influence forest tree recruitment is a challenge because germination, seedling growth and seedling survival are especially sensitive to biotic and abiotic factors. Several conceptual models (as the “Stress Gradient Hypothesis”, SGH, and the “Latitudinal Herbivory Theory”, LHT) propose that the nature and intensity of biotic interactions vary along environmental gradients. These models constitute a useful theoretical basis to determine the role played by biotic interactions in the response of vegetation communities to climate variations. However, SGH studies have nevertheless been limited until now to direct interactions between plants and have neglected complex interactions. Theories including higher trophic levels, as the LGH, are still debated and have focused on a limited number of interactions. For example, interactions with soil biota have been neglected. In this thesis, we have analysed how direct and indirect interactions between seedlings, adult trees, ground vegetation, herbivorous insects, and soil pathogens vary in nature and intensity along climate gradients. To study interactions between plants, we established an experimentation using the spatio-temporal climatic variability in the French Alps. The results show that the direct effects of competition from adult tree canopy and ground vegetation diminish at higher altitudes. However, for warmer sites, indirect facilitation by canopy could limit direct competition by ground vegetation. To study the interactions between seedlings and herbivorous insects, we have analysed the altitudinal and latitudinal variation of herbivory on young trees across Europe. Results show that herbivory is the lowest where temperature and water stresses are strong. Finally, to study interactions with soil microorganisms, we have measured in a greenhouse the survival of European beech seedlings on soils either sterilized or not, collected along an altitudinal gradient. The results show that the negative effect of microorganisms is lower when microbe communities come from higher altitudes. The results suggest that the negative direct effects of plants, herbivorous insects and soil pathogens on seedlings are dominant in warm and productive environments and diminish in cold environments. Indirect interactions seem to vary inversely and could buffer the effects of direct interactions.

The sense of diploma work is to introduce the huge public with tha base of tourism in unglacial mountains. As an instrument it uses multimedia textbook. It helps to orientate in problem of choosing suitable equipment,its uses,keeping and it can bring near the newest trend in this area. It contains instruction for adoption basic practice and ways of moving in alpine world. To this transaction there is no need to use any special belaying pracitce.It shows how to orient in terrain with navigation assets, how to check off the risk of injuries-with the sudden weather reversion. And how to cope with first aid.