Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Victoria, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-103).

Many animals that live near shorelines (X-axes) perfonn horizontal movements perpendicular (Y-axes) to the nearest shore, which is referred to as Y-axis orientation (Ferguson and Landreth, 1966). Shore-directed (Y-axis) orientation was studied in the intertidal purple shore crab, Hemigrapsus nudus. The crabs were collected fr001 several shorelines with different compass directions in southern British Columbia, Canada; i) in Barkley Sound, on the West Coast of Vancouver Island, ii) in the Nanaimo area on the east coast of Vancouver Island, and iii) in the Vancouver city area on the mainland coast. The directional preferences of the crabs were tested in orientation arenas. A seaward Y-axis orientation ability was established for crabs fr001 the Vancouver Island shorelines. Vancouver city crabs showed a bimodal orientation parallel to the beach (X-axis orientation). Potential factors influencing Y-axis orientation were investigated. The di recti anal preference and directivity of the orientation were not affected by the time of day, temperature, tidal cycles, level of activity, the moon, or the position of the observer. The crabs were presented with visual and non-visual orientation cues to determine the guiding mechanisms of the orientation. The results. indicate that visual cues present in clear day and night skies are important for Y-axis orientation since high cloud cover and experimental interference with the natural sky visibility severely disrupted the orientation ability. Y-axis orientation based on non-visual cues was tested by subjecting crabs to altered magnetic fields. Results of these and other experiments suggest that non-visual cues may also be used in Y-axis orientation. Transplant experiments were conducted in which crabs from one area were relocated to a new beach with a· different Y-axis. The directional preference in the seaward Y-axis direction of the original 11 home" beach persisted after 48 days on the new beach. / Graduate

Vancouver Island forms one of the border ranges of the North American Cordillera, and is separated from the mainland of British Columbia by a submerged depression, the Strait of Georgia. In extent, Vancouver Island is some 280 miles long and 50 to 80 miles wide, with an estimated area of 13,000 square miles. A central, strongly dissected mountainous backbone comprises most of the Island and forms its main axis, lying in a N.W. — S.E. direction. On the east, the backbone is bordered by a relatively narrow coastal plain which slopes gently to the Strait of Georgia. Southeastern Vancouver Island as considered in this study, is that portion of the Island lying south and east of a line from the mouth of Muir Creek to the southern end of Saanich Inlet, thence following the Inlet to the northern tip of Saanich Peninsula. Southeastern Vancouver Island presents a varied picture to the geographer. The upland topography of the west and southwest, on the one hand, is characterized by forest industry, with attendant sparse population and relatively few roads. Inland, scattered areas of suitable soils are occupied by general farms, while along the coast, the many bays and harbours are centres of fishing activity. On the other hand, extensive areas of modified glacial tills in the central and northern portions are widely developed for a variety of agricultural pursuits. Population is concentrated here and transportation routes show a dense, rectangular pattern. An urban area has developed in response to the natural harbour and its agricultural hinterland. The present day hinterland of this urban area extends far beyond the regional boundaries so that it now includes most of Vancouver Island. Though not well endowed with metallic minerals, the region has extensive reserves of non-mettalics in the form of sands, gravels and clays. These glacial deposits are being exploited for use in local construction. Fishing is well developed along the ocean littoral and exploits several fishes of which the Pacific salmon are the most important. The most valuable primary industries are agriculture and forestry. Agriculture is favoured by the long frostless season, absence of extreme temperatures, and dry, relatively sunny summers. Berry culture, bulb and seed production are thriving operations on the glacially derived soils, Forestry utilizes the steep slopes and non-arable soils of the maturely dissected upland area in the west and southwest. Though ouch of the forest area has been out over, climatic and edaphic conditions are optimum for reforestation of Douglas fir, the most valuable species. Secondary industry in Southeastern Vanoouvor Island ie favored by presence of forest and soil resources and a ready source of labour, but is hindered by limited markets and energy supplies. At present, manufacturing is restricted to simple processing. A great variety of tertiary industries centred in the urban area of Victoria serve the large residential zone. Tourism is one of these industries which has been particularly successful, capitalizing the local climate and scenery, the recreational facilities and "British" atmosphere. The region's greatest potential rests on its soil and forest resources. Ultimately, the cultivated land could be approximately doubled. The non-arable soils and upland areas now supporting various stages of second growth forest, are well suited to sustained yield forestry. The expansion of local population and secondary industries would probably parallel increased development of these basic industries, thereby adding considerably to the regional wealth. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The Metchosin Igneous Complex, a partial ophiolite exposed on southern Vancouver Island, is the most northerly exposure of the Eocene Crescent Terrane. The role of the Crescent Terrane in crustal genesis and Cordilleran tectonics would be affected by its tectonic setting, however that setting is in debate. Analysis of trace element compositions of basalt from the Metchosin Igneous Complex by ICP-MS was used to determine the tectonic setting in which the complex formed. REE and HFSE compositions are transitional between N-MORB and E-MORB and do not suggest a unique tectonic setting. Strong enrichments of Nb and Ta relative to N-MORB are contrary to formation in a subduction zone. In conjunction with existing plate motion data, this makes a rifted-margin origin unlikely. Interaction at a distance between the Yellowstone hot spot and the Kula-Farallon ridge is proposed to satisfy all the geological and geochemical data. Many studies of ophiolites have interpreted high-temperature phases as hydrothermal in origin despite high permeability and low temperatures in sea floor volcanics. Metamorphic assemblages and compositions of metamorphic minerals were used to determine if alteration in the Metchosin Igneous Complex was related to sea floor alteration or obduction. Chlorite geothermometry and amphibole compositions show that peak metamorphic temperatures increase from east to west across the complex. The metamorphic facies increase from prehnite-actinolite and greenschist in the east to amphibolite in the west, corresponding with the temperatures inferred from mineral compositions. The temperature gradient is perpendicular to stratigraphy, whereas hydrothermal patterns are expected to be parallel to stratigraphy. Therefore the pattern of alteration in the Metchosin Igneous Complex is unrelated to sea floor alteration. Metamorphism during obduction has overprinted any hydrothermal alteration patterns. The east-west thermal gradient is attributed to tilting of the complex, either by tectonic forces or by unequal exhumation due to orographic effects.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-88). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ99335

The thesis is a study of the urban development of Central Vancouver Island, an area which lacks economic homogeneity. Throughout the period of settlement, agriculture has been second in importance to coal mining and later to the forest industry. Much of the settlement in the region has been as a result of the utilization of three natural resources - coal, forest and land suitable for cultivation. Access to a means of transport was the early factor limiting expansion of settlement, in particular access to the coast and steamers from Victoria. As transport facilities on land improved, occupation of inland areas took place. The first urban settlement in the region was associated with coal mining in the Nanaimo area, and later farther north at the Cumberland-Union mines. The second phase of urban growth occurred from 1900-1930, a period characterized by decreasing profits from -coal mining and greater importance of forest industries. This phase is marked by the growth of Duncan and Gourtenay as service centres for their respective agricultural hinterlands and by changes in the location of mining centres. A rapid increase of population occurred as a result of advances in the forest industry, and of concurrent increase in the service industries, between 1931 and 1961. This third phase of settlement is characterized by an improved and expanded highway system which greatly facilitated the growth of a hierarchy of urban centres, both service and industrial, along with the expansion of the settled area of the Island. A statistical analysis of the population and number of central functions and functional units present in the urban centres of Central Vancouver Island was carried out. Comparison of the results obtained with those published for a similar study in South West Iowa, indicates that most of the relationships present in the latter agricultural region are also present in Central Vancouver Island, but to a less marked degree because of the presence of a larger number of industrial centres. Another conclusion.is that the study of trade centres through this period illustrates the fact that those centres which are of a high order in a hierarchy tend to increase more rapidly than lower order centres. Five centres, Nanaimo, Duncan, Courtenay, the Albernis and Ladysmith, were selected for detailed study of their changing functions and morphology. This revealed the importance of transport facilities, wharfs, railways and highways, which have resulted in industrial expansions and, in some cases, increase of service functions. The central and port location of Nanaimo has led to its growth as the major wholesale distribution point for the area and it is as the tributary area to Nanaimo that the region attains unity. Despite the variety of economic backgrounds to which the urban centres owe their existence, and the early growth of settlement in widely separated locations, the development of a network of communications has allowed the evolution of a hierarchy of urban places within the region. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This study used thematic analysis to investigate how youth court professionals, namely Youth Court Judges, Youth Probation Officers, and Youth Police Officers, make decisions to incarcerate young females for administrative offences. Sixteen professionals from Lower Vancouver Island shared their experiences through one-on-one interviews, which were then thematically analysed. This method of analysis shed light on four major themes across the professional groups: i) The Youth Criminal Justice Act (2002); ii) Decision-making; iii) The decline in crime; and iv) Services for adjudicated youth. Findings were discussed in relation to the literature and the resources currently available in the community. / Graduate / 0627 / 0398 / 0452 / tamorim@uvic.ca

Taxus brevifolia Nutt., commonly known as Pacific or Western yew, is a conifer native to the Pacific Northwest of North America. Contrary to other Taxus species, T. brevifolia staminate strobili are usually located on two-year old foliage though they may occur on foliage from one to five years old. This delayed staminate strobilus development may be an adaptation to the low light environment where T. brevifolia grows. Microsporogenesis was found to occur in the fall preceding pollination. Isobilateral tetrads were visible as early as mid-October. Over-wintering staminate strobili usually contained separate microspores. In 1996 through 1999, pollination occurred in March and April in two natural forest sites on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Low amounts of airborne pollen and a prolonged pollination period indicated low pollination success within T. brevifolia. Female receptivity was measured by the presence of a pollination drop and protandry up to 18 days was observed. In vitro pollen germination was moderate to good, ranging from 65% to 88%. DAPI fluorescence staining showed successful male gametophyte development in vitro. The phenology of megasporogenesis and free nuclear mitosis within the megagametophyte was variable and this development occurred anytime between early February until the end of June. One megaspore mother cell developed from the sporogenous tissue and underwent meiosis forming a linear tetrad of megaspores. Though up to three of the megaspores may be functional, the chalazal megaspore developed faster than the others and became the dominant megaspore. Cellularization of the megagametophyte began in mid-April and continues until early June. The presence of an ephemeral ventral canal nucleus was confirmed. Fertilization was observed in June in 1996. The mature egg cell cytoplasm and sperm structure was used to infer paternal inheritance of plastids and biparental inheritance of mitochondria. To examine this further, DNA was extracted from hybrid embryos of T. brevifolia and T. x media Rehd. Paternal contribution of mitochondria was confirmed using the probe rpS 14-cob. The T. x media parents produced two bands of 526 and 970 by in length, whereas the T. brevifolia parents produced only one band (526 bp). The chloroplast probes were not effective at amplifying Taxus DNA although appropriate sized bands were produced in Pinus contorta. Proembryos occurred from mid-May to mid-June. Sixteen nuclei were present before cellularization. Early embryos were present from mid-May to mid-August. Simple polyembryony was observed up to the massive embryo stage and differential growth of the embryonal cells was interpreted as incomplete cleavage polyembryony. Mid-embryos were present from mid-June to late August and had a distinct protoderm and focal zone. Late embryos were visible from mid-July onwards. Starch began accumulating at the early embryo stage, whereas, proteins and lipids accumulated in the late embryo stage. The presence of a red aril corresponded to increased amounts of lipid in the megagametophyte cells. Individual seeds matured from July until November. The seed efficiency ranged from 0% to 16% and averaged 5%. Pre-zygotic loss was the most common fate of ovules, followed by post-zygotic loss. Possible causes of this poor seed efficiency are poor pollination success, insect damage or light limitation. / Graduate

A study was undertaken to determine some of the chemical, physical and pedological factors affecting the genesis of shot formations in the Fairbridge and Alberni shot soils series of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. On the basis of hardness, color and texture, Fairbridge and Alberni shot formations were separated into two groups, one of which was classified as true shot and the other as pseudoshot. Chemical analyses showed that the two forms contained different amounts of aluminum, iron, manganese, phosphorus and silica, and that both forms acted as accumulation centres for aluminum, iron, manganese and phosphorus when their totals of these elements were compared with those present in the shot formation matrix ('B' horizons) and parent material ('C' horizons). Physical analyses of shot formations showed diversity in the percentages of sand, silt and clay contained in shot and pseudoshot, and the particle size distribution of these components also differed in both forms. Shot formations were found to be concentrated in the surface ('B') horizons of each series studied, and the 'C' horizon of each soil type was found to be impermeable to water. This latter condition, coupled with the seasonal fluctuation in temperature and precipitation in the respective areas, produced alternate wetting and drying cycles similar to those observed by other investigators of shot soils. Micropedological studies involving the preparation, examination and photographing of shot formation and soil horizon thin sections showed that the degree of weathering of clay minerals in shot and pseudoshot was not comparative, and that similar differences existed between shot formations and the 'B' and 'C' horizons of each soil series. It is postulated that shot genesis might begin with parent material which, after passing through a pseudoshot stage, develops into the true shot form. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The food habits and social organization of Vancouver Island wolves (Canis lupus crassodon Hall) inhabiting an area on Northeastern Vancouver Island were studied from January, 1977 through January, 1979. During this period, two adjacent packs were studied in detail between March and November, 1978. Three members of the Upper Adam pack, an adult male, adult female and yearling female, were captured, fitted with radio-transmitters and subsequently radio-tracked for five months (April to August, 1978). The same procedures were carried out on the adult male and female of the Lower Adam pack, who were radio-tracked for eight and five months respectively (April to November; April to August). A lone male was captured and tracked for eight months (November, 1978 to June, 1979). Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) were the major prey in the diet of both packs, while Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) and beaver (Castor canadensis leucodontus) were utilized as secondary food sources. Seasonal variation in the diet of the wolves was apparent, with deer fawns and elk calves constituting the bulk of the summer (June 1 to August 31) diet. Beaver were taken primarily during the winter months. Individual packs showed different foraging patterns. The lower pack depended less upon adult elk during the winter and more upon ungulate young during the summer, while the Upper pack utilized relatively more adult elk during the winter with more emphasis on adult deer as opposed to ungulate young during the summer. The Upper pack consisted of ten individuals, two adult males, one adult female, one yearling femaling, two unknown, and four pups. The radio-collared members inhabited a 64 km2 home range. Wolf density within their home range was one per 6.4 km2. The Lower pack consisted of five individuals including one adult male, one adult female, and three pups which ranged throughout a 75 km2 area. Density within this area was one wolf per 15 km2. Den sites were situated within pristine coniferous timber where hollow logs, tree bases and root systems were utilized for denning purposes. Both packs occupied densites from late April until mid-July. During the post-denning period rendezvous sites were frequented, situated in open meadows bordering on timber stands or river side areas. Both types of sites were generally typified by a water source nearby, structural suitability giving a view of the surrounding area, activity and resting areas, and several well used trails. Seasonal shifts in the use of core areas of home ranges were apparent for both packs, and den and rendezous sites were spatio-temporally distributed at significant distances from adjacent pack sites. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate