Three soils occurring on a climosequence were studied to clarify certain aspects of Podzol genesis and Podzol classification. Data on physical, chemical, and soil solution characteristics of the three soils were collected and analysed. All measures of iron and aluminum were analysed and presented as mass per horizon. Rates of movement for calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron and aluminum between the canopy, forest floor, B₁ and B₂ horizons were also measured. The interpretations of different measures of iron and aluminum as an index of Podzol expression were shown to be inconsistent. A simple linear model was developed and applied to data from the three soils. The model defined the balance of additions, losses, transformations, and translocations within and between horizons for each site. The model results supported the following hypotheses: 1) The balance of additions, losses, translocations, and transformations vary across the climosequence. 2) The three soils studied can be identified by the balance of processes acting to produce sesquioxide rich B horizons. 3) Current Podzol classification criteria do not reflect differences in the balance of these processes. The model did not support the hypothesis that rates of biochemical cycling would be reflected in Podzol B horizon expression. Two distinct balances of processes forming iron and aluminum rich B horizons were shown to occur. In one site iron and aluminum accumulate primarily as a result of preferential loss of other soil constituents; in the other sites iron and aluminum are dominantly the product of eluviation from the Ae horizon and deposition in the B horizons. Current classification criteria grouped the two soils showing the most strongly contrasting genetic processes together as Brunisols while the intermediate balance was classified as a Podzol. The reasons for this inconsistency are discussed. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This institutional ethnographic textual analysis explores the impact screeninglintake assessment tool usage has on youth workers. Fourteen screeninglintake tools used by youth workers, transcripts from interviews with youth workers and accreditation manuals and public documents pertaining to the current political climate were collected and examined. The objective of the inquiry was to explore the role these tools play in linking the youth~worker1organizationa1 context and how these often "taken for granted" tools have the power to transport external and internal influences into the youth worker work process and shape their experience. Findings show that tools used have a great deal of power to shape the practice in various ways: they dictate how work processes happen, how clients are perceived, how practice decisions are made and who has the ultimate control over practice.

Over the past decade, patterns of horizontal crustal motion observed along the Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements have been used to derive locked subduction zone models with varying geometry and coupling factors. Although vertical crustal deformation estimates have been less abundant and less accurate than horizontal component observations, they provide key constraints to the models for estimating the extent of rupture for the next subduction thrust earthquake. In order to provide updated model constraint estimates, the contemporary vertical deformation pattern across the northern Cascadia margin was investigated through the combined application of GPS, repeated leveling, precise gravity, and monthly mean sea level measurements across southern Vancouver Island and repeated leveling on the mainland. To the first order, these estimates are consistent with across-margin tilt predictions from current dislocation models for the region. In their details, however, they reflect a more complex system than suggested by the simple models. Minor landward tilt across the margin at Tofino determined from the re-analyses of -8 years of continuous vertical GPS positions, -40 years of monthly mean sea levels and long-term time (decadal) intervals of repeat leveling surveys is distinctly different than the -3 mm yr'l of landward tilt observed at Neah Bay. While this difference may be minimized by allowing for a small amount of tilt induced at the southern stations from northward migration of the Cascadia forearc, differences in tilting of 3-4 mm yr'l between short- and long-term estimates of repeat leveling at Bamfield are attributed to transients. To a lesser degree, elevation changes across the margin at Tofino may also illustrate transients. As well, distinct differences in the magnitude of vertical deformation for stations to the north and south of Barkley Sound suggest that differential deformation may be occurring along the margin. Similarly, while repeat relative gravity measurements across the margin at Tofino indicate 3-7 mm yr-' of seaward tilt (at odds with results from all other methods), a temporal dependence of vertical deformation might also be evident from the long-term versus short-term tilt rates. However, although repeat absolute gravity estimates between 1995 and 2002 indicate little across-margin tilt, consistent with continuous GPS results, differences between the time series at the Ucluelet absolute gravity and GPS stations indicate that gravity observations could be influenced by episodic mass redistribution beneath western Vancouver Island. This suggests that gravity results might not be directly comparable to estimates from other geodetic methods in determining uplift rates. Extension of the vertical deformation profile eastward into the backarc using repeat leveling surveys indicates a broad region of uplift in the Pemberton area with respect to the coast, which is consistent with the vertical component at the continuous GPS station WSLR. Current dislocation models cannot account for the observed deformation. Therefore, modification of one model was attempted in which a weaker crustal zone, coincident with high heat flow near the Garibaldi Volcanic Arc, was included. A poor fit to the observed deformation rates indicates that further refinements must be made to such a model. Nonetheless, these results suggest a complex system of strain accumulation in the northern CSZ, which may result from a greater 3- dimensionality of the tectonic controls than current dislocation models of the region employ.

No description available.

Bulbs of camas (Camassia leichtlinii and C. quamash; Liliacaeae) were an important native root vegetable in the economies of Straits Salish peoples. Intensive management not only maintained the ecological productivity of &us valued resource but shaped the oak-camas parklands of southern Vancouver Island. Based on these concepts, I tested two hypotheses: Straits Salish management activities maintained sustainable yields of camas bulbs, and their interactions with this root resource created an extensive cultural landscape. I integrated contextual information on the social and environmental histories of the pre- and post-European contact landscape, qualitative records that reviewed Indigenous camas use and management, and quantitative data focused on applied ecological experiments. I described how the cultural landscape of southern Vancouver Island changed over time, especially since European colonization of southern Vancouver Island. Prior to European contact, extended families of local Straits Salish peoples had a complex system of root food production; inherited camas harvesting grounds were maintained within this region. Indigenous peoples adapted their economic decisions and traditional food needs to fit shifting social and environmental parameters. Through ecological experimentation I examined the growth and development of camas in nursery cold fiames and in simulated Indigenous management techtuques of naturally occurring camas populations. These two studies showed that camas demonstrated a variety of growth patterns and maintained a range of developmental phases, leading me to conclude that this genus is a good candidate for regular management. The field study also confirmed a high degree of habitat heterogeneity characteristic of this region. I developed a multiscalar model of integrated Indigenous root management and reconstructed the ethnoecological dynamics of former camas landscapes. From this I derived management recommendations for future camas landscapes. I elucidated how camas harvest grounds were essentially agroecosystems, maintained by a range of anthropogenic disturbance patterns. The evolution of camas cultivation was a continuum of intensifjring intervention between humans and a native root crop, a relationship of human-environment interaction that quickly ended, for the most part, soon after European contact. Successful restoration of today's degraded camas populations, and of the nationally endangered Garry oak ecosystems, in which Camassia is a major herbaceous component, is dependent on ethnoecologically integrated restoration initiatives based on multidisciplinary landscape reconstruction studies.

No description available.

Evidence for the decline of marine biodiversity is being noted worldwide (Pauly and Watson, 2003). Indigenous peoples around the world have a key role to play in marine conservation efforts. With the collapse of many fisheries stocks, including stocks in the Georgia Strait of British Columbia, Canada, the Canadian Federal Government is pursuing conservation strategies such as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Section 35 of Canada's Constitution Act protects indigenous peoples' rights, such as the right to harvest natural resources for food, social and ceremonial use. Conservation efforts that potentially infringe upon Aboriginal rights secure a duty to consult and accommodate First Nations' interests on the Government of Canada. Indigenous peoples on Canada's West Coast ofen oppose the creation of MPAs as these have the potential to impact their indigenous rights. This opposition has contributed to the delay in the development of MPAs on the Pacific Coast of Canada. This research contributes to understanding of indigenous use of marine resources and how effective government proposed MPAs are in meeting the conservation goals and perspectives of the Hul'qumi'num peoples. First Nations' marine conservation and management principles, goals and objectives are explored, through a case study of a Central Coast Salish indigenous group, the Hul'qumi'num. These approaches are compared to current government principles and strategies. Some similarities exist between the two, although there are fundamental differences that may be dificult to reconcile. The Hul'qumi'num worldview that everything is connected has some similarities to ecosystem-based management where humans are viewed as part of the ecosystem. However, in a Hul'qumi'num philosophy, humans are a fundamental component of the ecosystem, whereas ecosystem-based management recognizes humans as part of the ecosystem in order to better manage anthropogenic impacts. Simply integrating traditional ecological knowledge in current management efforts does not go far enough to address the goal of reconnecting Hul'qumi'num Mustimuhw (people) to the marine environment and resources. Attitudes towards permanent no-take zones are influenced by beliefs such as limiting aboriginal rights by closing areas to harvesting. Participant support for permanent no-take zones was significantly increased if the notake areas were proposed and managed by Hul'qumi'num. Community-based management, where First Nations have a legitimate role in managing may begin to address this gap. Further exploration of how to accommodate First Nations' principles, goals and objectives directly in marine conservation and management of marine resources will increase the success of marine conservation eforts on the Pacific Coast of Canada. This thesis provides the beginning of a foundation to bridge between current government conservation strategies and traditional management systems. The integration of social sciences and natural sciences in conservation eforts will increase the acceptance and success of conserving marine ecosystems.

No description available.

This thesis examines the influence of lithology on debris torrent occurrence. The analysis covers a thirty-year period in 80 supply-limited basins distributed in the 400 km2 Tsitika River watershed, on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Two bedrock types occur in the watershed, the Igneous Intrusive and the extrusive Karmutsen formations, covering forty-nine and fifty-one percent respectively. The debris torrent source basins are unlogged. The frequency data were obtained in the field using dendrochronological evidence of debris torrents. Field data were compared with data derived from air photographs, the latter were found to be unrepresentative of debris torrent occurrence and were not used. All study basins were digitised from 1 : 20 000 Terrain Resource Inventory Maps (TRIM), and were characterised by selected morphometric parameters. Results show that geology exerts significant control over the temporal and spatial occurrence of debris torrents in the Tsitika watershed; the Karmutsen formation is more prolific. Geology also was found to exert significant control over the runout area and volume of debris torrents. Climate, morphometry and surficial materials do not appear to be confounding parameters. Differences in weathering rates, infiltration patterns and detrital grain-size distribution associated with the two bedrock types are believed to account for the differences in debris torrent behaviour.

Concern about potential losses of biological diversity and productivity following clear-cut logging of old-growth forests in British Columbia led me to compare ectomycorrhizas in old-growth and mature stands of Douglas-fir. Two sites were selected, each with an old-growth (288-, 441-yr-old) and a mature stand (87-, 89-yr-old) well-matched in tree species, soil and topography. A total of 120 soil cores ≤15 cm deep by 5 cm diameter were taken at random from four 60 m square plots (one per stand). Samples were taken in spring and fall at each site. All morphological types of ectomycorrhizas in one half of each core were counted and characterized in detail. Ectomycorrhizal abundance and frequency was compared in logs, stumps, the forest floor over bedrock or gravel, the forest floor near the base of trees, the forest floor elsewhere, and mineral soil. Old-growth and mature stands were very similar in richness, diversity and types of ectomycorrhizas. Sixty-nine types of ectomycorrhizas were described. Nineteen types each accounted for more than one percent of the 17,500 ectomycorrhizal root tips examined, and eighteen types were found in five or more of the 120 soil cores. Extrapolation indicates a total richness of roughly 100 types in the four plots. Co-dominant fungi were Cenococcum geophilum Fr. (24% of all ectomycorrhizal root tips), a Rhizopogon Fr. of the section villosuli (10%), Hysterangium vitt. (9%), Lactarius deliciosus (Fr.) S.F.G. (6%), and Piloderma fallax (Libert) Stalpers (4%). Cenococcum geophilum, Rhizopogon Fr. and L. deliciosus were abundant in both mineral soil and organic substrates, Piloderma fallax was associated with decayed wood, and Hysterangium and type 27 were in organic substrates only. A bright greenish-yellow felty type was found in 5 cores in mineral soil only. The similarity of the ectomycorrhizal communities of old-growth and mature stands was probably due to their proximity ($<$200 m apart) and the similarity of their vegetation and soil. Differences may occur at some sites if ectomycorrhizal succession has been delayed or redirected as a result of frequent or severe disturbance, lack of old-growth legacies (logs and stumps), or lack of old-growth stands from which fungi can disperse. / Graduate