O desenvolvimento de novos revestimentos ou métodos de proteção considerados ambientalmente amigáveis é extremamente importante para a substituição das eficientes camadas de conversão do cromo, as quais são amplamente utilizadas para proteção anticorrosiva do alumínio e suas ligas. Entre as alternativas relatadas na literatura, podemos destacar a aplicação de filmes de polianilina (PAni) e o uso de camadas de conversão de cério. Neste trabalho é proposta a utilização de revestimentos do tipo bicamadas formada pela combinação de: 1) duas camadas de polianilina ou 2) camadas de conversão de cério (depositadas pelo método electroless ou catodicamente) e filmes de PAni para proteção contra a corrosão das ligas de alumínio AA7075-T6 e AA8006-F em meio aquoso contendo íons cloreto. Nos ensaios de corrosão foram utilizados o monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto e a polarização potenciodinâmica em meio de NaCl 0,6 mol L-1. A superfície das ligas com e sem os recobrimentos foram analisadas por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Também foi realizado o teste de aderência dos filmes de PAni presentes nas bicamadas sobre as ligas estudadas. O revestimento bicamada composto por uma camada de filme de PAni quimicamente depositada e um filme casting de PAni apresenta excelente aderência sobre as ligas AA7075-T6 e AA8006-F e combina a proteção oferecida pelos filmes casting com a boa aderência dos filmes de PAni depositados quimicamente. O uso da bicamada de cerato electroless e PAni apresenta propriedades anticorrosivas inferiores quando comparadas ao filme de PAni aplicado diretamente sobre o substrato metálico, entretanto, o uso de cerato electroless melhora a aderência dos filmes casting de PAni sobre as ligas estudas. O uso de bicamadas formadas por cerato depositado catodicamente e PAni sobre a liga AA8006-F apresenta valores de potencial de corrosão e potencial de pite inferiores ao do filme casting de PAni aplicado diretamente sobre o substrato metálico, enquanto que para a liga AA7075-T6 foram obtidas melhores propriedades anticorrosivas quando utilizada uma camada de cerato espessa (obtida utilizando uma solução de cério contendo 8 ou 25 µL mL-1 de H2O2). / The development of new coatings or protection methods considered environmentally friendly is extremely important to replace the efficient conversion layers of chromium, which are widely used for corrosion protection of aluminum and its alloys. Among the alternative methods reported in the literature, it can be highlighted the application of polyaniline (PAni) films and the use of cerium conversion layers. This work proposes the use of bi-layers based on: 1) two layers of polyanilines or 2) combination cerium conversion layers (deposited by electroless or cathodic electrodeposition) and PAni films for corrosion protection of AA7075-T6 and AA8006-F alloys in aqueous solutions containing chloride ions. Open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization curves were used for the corrosion tests, which were performed in 0.6 mol L-1 NaCl solution. The surface of the alloys with and without the coatings were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy. It was also performed the adhesion test of the PAni films present in the bi-layers on the studied alloys. The bi-layers formed by a layer of PAni chemically deposited and a layer of PAni film exhibited excellent adhesion to the AA7075-T6 and AA8006-F alloys and combined the protection offered by the cast film of PAni with the good adhesion of PAni chemically deposited. The use of a bi-layer formed by cerium oxides (deposited by electroless) with PAni film as coating presented lower anticorrosive properties compared to the PAni films applied directly on the substrate, however, the use of the cerium layer improves the adhesion of the PAni films on the alloys. The use of bi-layers formed by electrodeposited cerium oxides and PAni films on AA8006-F showed corrosion potential and pitting potential lower when compared with the PAni film directly applied on the substrate, whereas for AA7075-T6, the best anticorrosive properties was obtained using a thick cerium layer (cerium solution containing 8 or 25 µL mL-1 of H2O2).

Os materiais magnetostrictivos apresentam deformação elástica quando são submetidos a um campo magnético ou mudança das propriedades magnéticas quando são submetidos a uma tensão mecânica, e por isso são de grande interesse para aplicações em atuadores, sensores e aproveitadores de energia. Entretanto, os melhores materiais magnetostrictivos disponíveis são caros e frágeis. Nos últimos anos foi descoberta uma nova classe de materiais magnetostrictivos que superam este problema, a classe das ligas Fe-Ga e Fe-Al, que possuem a rara combinação de moderada magnetostricção, boas propriedades mecânicas e baixo custo associado. Atualmente, as pesquisas têm buscado meios de melhorar a magnetostricção destas ligas, tanto por adições ternárias de outros átomos, como pela utilização de diferentes métodos de fabricação, tratamentos térmicos ou processamentos mecânicos. No presente trabalho foi avaliado o efeito das adições de B e do processo de solidificação rápida na magnetostricção e microestrutura das ligas Fe-Al e Fe-Ga. Para isso, ligas policristalinas de composição nominal (Fe80Al20)1-0,01yBy, (Fe80Ga20)1-0,01yBy e (Fe72Ga28)1-0,01yBy, com y = 0; 0,5; 1; 1,5 e 2% at., foram produzidas por fusão a arco e pela técnica de solidificação rápida \"splat cooling\". A caracterização microestrutural das amostras foi realizada no MEV/EDS e DRX. A magnetostricção foi medida com campo magnético de 0 a ±2 T em 4,2, 77 e 300 K, por dilatometria de capacitância. As adições de B ocasionaram a precipitação de Fe2B nos contornos de grão da fase A2 e/ou D03 das ligas Fe-Al e Fe-Ga, resultando na redução do tamanho de grão e formação de cristais dendríticos. As ligas Fe80Al20 apresentaram um valor máximo de magnetostricção de 74 ppm com a adição de 2% at. de B. Já as ligas Fe80Ga20 e Fe72Ga28 apresentaram um máximo com a adição de 1% at. de B, sendo de 81 ppm e 143 ppm, respectivamente. Conclui-se que estas adições de B tiveram um efeito benéfico na magnetostricção das ligas Fe-Al e Fe-Ga como-solidificadas, uma vez que chegaram a ocasionar um aumento de até 100% desta propriedade em relação à liga sem B. Por outro lado, a solidificação rápida não teve efeito sobre a magnetostricção das ligas Fe-Al-B. / Magnetostrictive materials exhibit elastic deformation when subjected to a magnetic field or changing in magnetic properties when subjected to mechanical stress, so they are of great interest for applications in actuators, sensors and energy harvesters. However, the best available magnetostrictive materials are expensive and fragile. In the last years has been discovered a new class of magnetostrictive material which overcome this problem, the class of the Fe-Ga and Fe-Al alloys, which have the unusual combination of moderate magnetostriction, good mechanical properties and low associated cost. Currently, research has searched ways to improve the magnetostriction of these alloys, both for ternary additions of other atoms or by using different methods of preparation, heat treatment or mechanical processing. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of B additions and rapid solidification process on the microstructure and magnetostriction of Fe- Al and Fe-Ga alloys. For this purpose, polycrystalline alloys of nominal composition (Fe80Al20)1-0.01yBy, (Fe80Ga20)1-0.01yBy and (Fe72Ga28)1-0.01yBy, with y = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 e 2 at.% were produced by arc melting and splat cooling rapid solidification technique. Microstructural characterization of the samples was performed by SEM/EDS and XRD. The magnetostriction was measured under magnetic field of 0 to ±2 T, at 4.2, 77 and 300 K, by capacitance dilatometry. The B additions caused precipitation of Fe2B at the grain boundaries of A2 and/or D03 phase of Fe-Al and Fe-Ga alloys, resulting in a reduction of the grain size and formation of dendritic crystals. The Fe80Al20 alloys showed a maximum magnetostriction of 74 ppm with the addition of 2 at.% B. And, the Fe80Ga20 and Fe72Ga28 alloys showed a peak with the addition of 1 at.% B, of 81 ppm and 143 ppm, respectively. We concluded that these B additions had a beneficial effect on the magnetostriction of Fe- Al and Fe-Ga as-cast alloys, since they caused an increase up to 100% of this property in relation to the alloy without B. On the other hand, the rapid solidification had no the same effect on the magnetostriction of Fe-Al-B alloys.

Tendo em conta os constantes problemas que apresentasse com os processos de corrosão, o presente trabalho de pesquisa tem como foco principal a alteração nas propriedades de superfície das ligas de alumínio empregadas nas aeronaves, AA2024 e AA7075, utilizando mono e bicamadas baseadas de octadecil-trimetóxi-silano (ODTMS) + poli(anilina-co-3-aminobenzoico/PAni3ABA) a fim de encontrar melhores condições para a redução da corrosão puntiformes. Posteriormente, avalia-se as características protetoras dos filmes através de testes de corrosão, como potencial de circuito aberto, curvas de polarização anódica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica visando a caracterização do comportamento eletroquímico das amostras. Também foram realizadas análises de microscopia óptica para verificar a eficiência de proteção contra a corrosão dos revestimentos propostos antes e após os ensaios de corrosão. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que as camadas utilizadas melhoram a resistência contra a corrosão na seguinte ordem: PAni3ABA > ODTMS + PAni3ABA > ODTMS, sendo a primeira a que apresentou os melhores resultados como maiores deslocamentos do Ecorr para valores mais positivos, diminuição da icorr e menor número de pontos de corrosão após a realização das curvas de polarização. Além de testes de aderência para os filmes também foram efetuadas caracterizações das ligas por MEV. / Taking into account the constant problems that presents with corrosion processes, this research work has focused primarily on the change in surface properties of aluminum alloys used in aircraft, AA2024 and AA7075, with mono and bilayers using as a base octadecyl trimethoxy silane (ODTMS) + poly (aniline-co-3-aminobenzoic / PAni3ABA) to find optimum conditions for reducing corrosion punctiform. Later, it evaluates the protective features of the films through corrosion tests such as open circuit potential, anodic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in order to characterize the electrochemical behavior of the samples. They were also carried out optical microscopy analysis to verify the efficiency of protection against corrosion of the coatings proposed before and after corrosion testing. The results obtained show that the layers used improve corrosion resistance in the following order: PAni3ABA> ODTMS + PAni3ABA> ODTMS, the first being the one that presented the best results as larger shifts towards more positive values, reduced and fewer corrosion points after performing the polarization curves. In addition to compliance tests for the films were also made characterizations of alloys by SEM.

Built on the recent successes in understanding the crystallographic mechanism for short fatigue crack (SFC) growth across a grain boundary (GB) and developing an experimental method to quantify the GB resistance against short crack growth, a microstructure-based model was developed in this study to simulate the growth behaviors of SFCs in 3-D, by taking into account both the driving force and resistance along at each point along the crack front in an alloy. It was found that the GB resistance was a Weibull function of the minimum twist angle of crack deflection at the boundary in AA2024-T3 Al alloys. In the digital microstructure used in the model, the resistance at each GB that the short crack interacted with could be calculated, as long as the orientations of grains and the crack were known. In the model, an influence function accounting for the overlapping effect of the resistance from the neighboring grain boundaries was proposed, allowing for calculation of the total resistance distribution along the crack front. In order to overcome the time consuming problem for the existing equations to derive the distribution of stress intensity factor along the crack front under cyclic loading, an analytical equation was proposed to quantify the stress intensity factor distribution along an irregular shape planar crack. By introducing two shape-dependent factors, the fractured area and the perimeter of the crack front, the newly proposed equation could readily and accurately derive the stress intensity factor distribution along the crack front that had large curvatures and singularities. Finally, a microscopic-scale Paris’ equation was proposed that took into account both the driving force, i.e., stress intensity factor range, and the total resistance to calculate the growth rate at each point along crack front. The model developed in this work was able to incorporate microstructure, such as grain size and shape, and texture into simulation of SFC growth in 3-D. It was capable of simulating all the anomalous growth behaviors of SFCs, such as the marked scatters in growth rate measurement, retardation and arrest at grain boundaries, and crack plane deflection at grain boundaries, etc. The model was used to simulate the growth behaviors of SFCs initiated from prefractured constituent particles in order to interpret the multi-site fatigue crack initiation observed in AA2024-T351 Al alloys. Three types of SFCs were observed initiating from these particles, namely, type-I non-propagating cracks; type-II cracks which were arrested soon after propagating into the matrix; and type-III propagating cracks. To quantitatively study the 3-D effects of particle geometry and micro-texture on the growth behaviors of micro-cracks in these particles, rectangular micro-notches with different dimensions were fabricated using focused ion beam in the selected grains on the T-S planes in AA2024-T351 Al alloys, to mimic the pre-fractured particles in these alloys. Knowing the notch dimensions or particle shape, grain orientation and GB geometry, the simulated crack growth behaviors were consistent with the experimental observations, and the model was able to verify that the three types of cracks evolved from these particles were mainly associated with the thickness and width of the pre-fractured particles, though the particle geometry and grain orientation could also affect the behaviors of fatigue crack initiation at the particles. When the widths of the particles were less than 15 μm, like in most high strength Al alloys, the simulated results confirmed that the crack type was only associated with the particle thickness, consistent with the experimental results in AA2024-T351 alloys with a strong rolling texture. The lives for the SFCs to reach 0.5 mm in length were quantified with the model in the AA2024 alloy, revealing that there was a bimodal distribution in the life spectrum calculated, with the longer life peak being related to larger twist angles of crack deflection at the first GB the cracks encountered and the shorter life peak being associated with small twist angles (< 5°) at the first GB. The model further demonstrated the influence of grain structure on SFC growth by considering two different grain structures with the same initial short crack, namely, a layered grain structure with only the primary GBs perpendicular to the surface and the layered grains with both primary and secondary GBs. Depending on their positions and geometry, the secondary GBs could still exert a strong retarding effect on SFC growth on surface. The model was validated by matching to the growth rate measured on surface of a SFC in an AA8090 Al-Li alloy. Good consistency was achieved between the simulated and experimentally measured growth rates when both the primary and secondary GBs were considered in the model. The model developed in this study exhibits its potential applications to optimizing the microstructure and texture in alloys to enhance their fatigue resistance against fatigue crack growth, and to satisfactory life prediction of engineering alloys.

Dans le domaine spatial, la contamination moléculaire est un problème important pouvant affecter considérablement la performance des instruments embarqués. Selon l’environnement thermique, certaines molécules polluantes provenant du dégazage sous vide des matériaux constitutifs des satellites viennent en effet se déposer sur les surfaces sensibles tels que les optiques et les différents détecteurs. Grâce à leur structure microporeuse organisée qui leurs confèrent de remarquables capacités d’adsorption, les zéolithes sont des solides de choix pour minimiser les risques de pollution. Les films zéolithiques offrent plus précisément l’avantage d’être directement intégrés dans la structure interne des satellites, sont légers et non pulvérulents. C’est pourquoi l’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier la synthèse de films zéolithiques sur deux types d’alliages d’aluminium, matériaux largement utilisés dans l’industrie spatiale pour leur résistance mécanique élevée. Face aux milieux de synthèse corrosifs de certaines zéolithes, la sensibilité des substrats en aluminium a été minimisée grâce à la formation d’un film microporeux de type MFI, tandis que la couche zéolithique aux propriétés d’adsorption recherchées de type FAU, EMT ou *BEA a été synthétisée à sa surface. Cette étude propose donc l’élaboration de films hybrides contenant deux couches de zéolithes de type structural différent. Divers caractéristiques telles que la cristallinité, l’homogénéité, l’épaisseur des films et l’adhésion des différentes couches entre elles et au support ont été particulièrement étudiés. Après calcination, les films zéolithiques hybrides présentent une porosité disponible et des capacités d’adsorption de molécules organiques équivalentes à celles d’une poudre. De plus, en optimisant le traitement thermique final, les propriétés mécaniques des alliages d’aluminium de départ ont pu être conservées. / In low earth orbit, global performances of satellites can be affected by contamination of critical surfaces as optical devices and detectors. On-orbit molecular contamination is due to outgassed organic pollutants emanating from spacecraft materials. One way to reduce and eliminate this phenomenon is the use of molecular adsorbents. Among them, zeolites appear to be relevant materials for contaminants retaining. Unlike common powder materials, zeolites films can also avoid the secondary dust contamination due to particles breeding and can be easily inserted in the satellite structure. As a consequence, this work deals with the synthesis of zeolite films on aluminium alloys widely used in aerospace industry for their attractive mechanical properties. When attempting to elaborate microporous films of FAU, EMT or *BEA-type zeolites selected for their relevant sorption capacities, their corrosive synthesis media dissolves the aluminium substrate. To solve this problem, a bottom layer composed of MFI-type zeolite is synthesized and acts as a protective barrier for aluminium alloys. This study is thus dedicated to the development of zeolite hybrid films composed by two different structure-type layers. Various parameters such as crystallinity, homogeneity, film thickness and adhesion between both zeolite layers and the substrates were particularly studied in order to elaborate space-qualified materials. Once calcined, the sorption capacities of these hybrid films were identical to corresponding powders. Moreover, by optimizing the calcination step, the mechanical properties of the starting aluminium alloys are kept.

Thesis (M.S.) -- Mississippi State University. Department of Mechanical Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

The increasing use of alpha/beta Ti-Al alloys in critical aircraft gas turbine engine and airframe applications necessitates the further development of physically-based constitutive models that account for their complex microdeformation mechanisms. Alpha/beta Ti-Al alloys are dual-phase in nature consisting of a mixture of hcp (alpha) and bcc (beta) crystal structures, which through variation in alloying elements and/or processing techniques can be produced in a wide range of microstructural compositions and morphologies. A constitutive model for these materials should address the various sources of material anisotropy and heterogeneity at both the micro and macroscales. The main sources of anisotropy in these materials are the low symmetry of the hcp phase, the texture, the relative strengths of different slip systems, non-planar dislocation core structures, phase distributions, and dislocation substructure evolution. The focus of this work is the development of a 3-D crystal plasticity model for duplex Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-64), an (alpha+beta) alloy. The model is used to study the process of attachment fatigue. Attachment fatigue is a boundary layer phenomenon in which most of the plastic deformation and damage accumulation occurs at depths on the order of tens of microns and encompasses regions of only a few grains into the depth of the material. The use of computational micromechanics-based crystal plasticity models to study attachment fatigue is a relatively new approach. This approach has the potential to offer additional insight to classical homogeneous plasticity models, since the length scales over which relative slip and crack initiation occur during this process is on the order of microstructural dimensions. Emphasis is placed on understanding the effects that texture, slip strength anisotropy, and phase distribution have on the surface and subsurface deformation fields during attachment fatigue. The deformation fields are quantified in terms of cumulative effective plastic strain distributions, plastic strain maps, and plastic strain-based critical plane multiaxial fatigue parameters.

A laser-driven flyer impact system was constructed, characterized, and validated for performing uniaxial-strain experiments to investigate the shock equation-of-state (EOS) and processes leading to reaction initiation in thin, fully-dense Ni-Al nanolayered foils. Additionally, various fully-dense Ni-Al mixtures with highly heterogeneous microstructures and widely varying length scales were investigated to understand influence of meso-scale features on the shock compression and reaction response. Ni-Al composites are a class of reactive materials also called Structural Energetic Materials (SEMs), which aim to combine stiffness and strength with the ability to release large amounts of energy through highly exothermic reactions when the constituents are intimately mixed during shock loading. While porous reactive materials have been studied extensively, the processes leading to reaction initiation in fully-dense mixtures consisting of phases with disparate mechanical properties is more ambiguous. A table-top, small-scale laser system was developed for studying shock-induced effects in extremely thin reactive materials. Laser accelerated thin foil impact experiments utilizing time-resolved interferometry allowed for measuring the Hugoniot of the nanolayered Ni-Al foil over a range of particle velocities/pressures. Separate recovery experiments were performed by shock-loading Ni-Al foils slightly below the reaction initiation threshold and performing post-mortem TEM/STEM analysis to identify the constituent mixing processes leading to reaction. Direct-shock experiments were performed on the different fully-dense Ni-Al mixtures and hydrodynamic simulations using real microstructures allowed direct correlations with the experiment results, which yielded an improved understanding of the effect of phase arrangement on the shock propagation and reaction initiation response. The EOS experiments performed at particle velocities > 200 m/s showed a deviation from the predicted inert trend and recovered targets showed complete reaction to the B2-NiAl intermetallic phase. The measured deviation from inert behavior and state of recovered material suggests the occurrence of a shock-induced chemical reaction. The shocked (but unreacted) Ni-Al materials contained distinct constituent mixing features (layer jets and intermixed zones), where significant elemental penetration occurred and are likely sources of reaction initiation. The observed results provide the first clear evidence of shock-induced reactions in fully-dense nanolayered Ni-Al foils.

D. Tech. Mechanical Engineering. / Discusses the main objective of this study was to extend the hybrid method developed by Paskaramoorthy, et al (1988). This objective was to study the effect of elastic wave on any particulate reinforced metal matrix composite (PRMMC). The specific objectives were: to compare the effect of plane wave and shear vertical wave on a particular particulate reinforced metal matrix composite (PRMMC)-Mg/TiC, using analytical method ; to use the extended hybrid method to determine the effect of particle size and single interface layer on Mg/TiC.

In the present work, the effect of variation in specimen orientation and heat treatment on the Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) susceptibility of 7050 aluminum alloy was investigated in 3,5% NaCl solution and under freely corroding conditions. For this purpose, Constant Extension Rate Tests (CERT) was performed on precracked Compact Tension (CT) specimens and the Direct Current Potential Drop technique was applied to measure the crack lengths. In addition to crack length versus time curves, the relationship between the crack growth rate and the stress intensity factor was determined. Fractographic analysis was utilized extensively to support the findings related with basic mechanisms of cracking. The alloy was found to be in the most susceptible state in the SL orientation, in which the crack propagation direction is parallel to the rolling direction. The resistance to SCC is higher in the TS but at maximum in LT orientation where the loading direction is parallel to the rolling direction. In the peak aging treatment, T651, alloy is susceptible to SCC in SL orientation. When the over aging treatment, T7651, is applied the resistance is increased and the two step over aging treatment, T73651, has resulted in an additional improvement in this orientation. On the other hand, the alloy showed higher resistance to SCC in TS and LT orientations in T651 condition compared to the T7651 and T73651 treatments. In these orientations, the alloy is less susceptible in T73651 condition than in T7651 treatment.