The following dissertation discusses the role of Aβ42 dependent hyperactivation of AMPK mediating synaptic loss through coordinated Mff-dependent mitochondrial fission and Ulk2-dpendent mitophagy in dendrites of PNs. In Chapter 1, I provide a brief background on Alzheimer’s disease and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that have been relevant to the pathogenesis of the disease including disruption on mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy. In Chapter 2, I discuss the findings of my main project describing the role of Aβ42 induced mitochondrial remodeling leading to synapse loss in vitro and in vivo in part by hyperactivation of CAMKKII-AMPK. Chapter 3 covers a review article that I participated in in examining the role of mitochondria in various ND. In Chapter 4, I discuss about a project I was involved in in examining the mechanism behind maintaining mitochondrial morphology in axon versus dendrite and its functional consequence. In Chapter 5, I end the dissertation by highlighting key findings, potential future studies, and concluding remarks.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of Master's Degree in Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, 2017. / DNA damage plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therefore, an innovative ss-DNA/dopamine/TiO2/FTO electrode strategy was developed to detect the genotoxicity upon photocatalytic reactions. This study involves a computational and electrochemical investigation towards the direct measurement of DNA damage. Computational chemistry was useful to resolve the intricate chemistry problems behind electrode constructions. The computational protocols were simultaneously carried out comprising of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, Metropolis Monte Carlo (MC) adsorption studies, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The DFT calculations elucidated the structural, electronics, and vibrational properties of the electrode components resulting in a good agreement with the experimental parameters. The MC simulations carried out using simulated annealing predicted the adsorption process within layer-by-layer electrode as well generating reliable inputs prior to MD simulations. A 100 ns MD simulations were performed using a canonical ensemble provided information on the thermodynamics parameters such as total energy, temperature, and potential energy profiles, including radius of gyrations and atomic density profiles. Binding energies calculated from the MD trajectories revealed increasing interaction energies for the layer-by-layer electrode, in agreement with the electrochemical characterization studies (i.e. gradual decrease of cyclic voltammogram (CV) as well as increasing diameter of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) semicircle upon electrode modification). The higher binding energies may lead to smaller changes in the electrochemical polarizability which directly affect to the decreasing of redox peak current and charge transfer resistance enhancement. Instead, HOMO-LUMO DFT levels are also taken into account to explain electron transfer phenomena within layer construction leading to the alteration of CV behaviours. Experimentally, the ss-DNA was electronically linked to TiO2/FTO surface through dopamine as a molecular anchor. Electrochemical measurements using cyclic voltammetry and EIS were employed to characterize the electrode modifications. The square wave voltammetry was subsequently used to measure the DNA damage and the potency of antioxidant treatment using ascorbic acid (AA) due to its ability in protecting the DNA from the damages. The presence of AA significantly protected the DNA from the damage, therefore was able to be used as a potential treatment in AD. Theoretically, guanine residues predicted by DFT as the most reactive sites of the ss-DNA involved in the genotoxic reactions. Overall, the theoretical studies successfully validated the experimental study as well as providing the molecular basis of interaction phenomena towards electrode constructions. Our results highlight the potential application of this methodology to screen the genotoxicity in Alzheimer’s, suggesting the important role of theoretical studies to predict the molecular interaction and validation of the DNA-based sensors and bioelectronics. / M

The aim of this dissertation was 1) to explore early stage aggregation kinetic behavior of Amyloid-β 1-40 (Aβ1-40) by incorporation of unnatural amino acid pcyanophenylalanine as a site-specific fluorescence reporter, 2) to explore the effect of macromolecules on the aggregation of Aβ1-40. Chapter One provides an introduction of Alzheimer’s disease as an amyloidogenic disease, amyloidogenic peptide and amyloid formation. Details were shown about the research progress of Aβ1-40 aggregation and Aβ1-40’s interaction with polyelectrolytes, and how treatments studies were designed. In Chapter two, using Aβ1-23 as a model molecule, the distinct site-specific dynamics was identified, during amyloid formation, and the structural characteristics of amyloid fibrils were defined by using an unnatural amino acid, p-cyanophenylalanine, as a sensitive fluorescent and Raman probe. The results reveal distinct local environmental changes of specific residues during the aggregation of Aβ1-23. The results also suggest that an edge-to-face aromatic interaction between the F4 and F19 residues from the adjacent in-register β-strands plays a key role in the conformational conversion to form and stabilize β-sheet structure. In Chapter Three, p-cyanophenylalanine was incorporated in the full sequence of Aβ1-40. Site-specific information from p-cyanophenylalanine fluorescence was studied and summarized. In Chapter Four, the inhibiting effect of an anionic polyelectrolyte poly(4- styrenesulfonate) (PSS) on the aggregation of Aβ1-40 peptide was reported. The results demonstrate the strong inhibition potential of PSS on the aggregation of Aβ1-40. Additional studies indicate that the presence of both aliphatic backbone as well as aromatic side chain group in PSS is essential for its inhibition activity. In Chapter Five, it was investigated the effect of two polyelectrolytes, chitosan (CHT) and N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC), on the aggregation of Aβ1-40. Results show that both CHT and TMC exhibit a concentration-dependent decrease of amyloid aggregation suggesting their application as amyloid assembly inhibitors. Their binding mechanism was investigated by computational modeling which shows that Aβ1-40 monomer was primarily stabilized by electrostatic interactions with charged amine and quaternary amines of CHT and TMC respectively. Chapter Six, describes all experimental procedures and instrument setup in detail. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a complex brain disorder that affects at least one in every ten persons aged 65 and above worldwide. The pathogenesis of this disorder remains elusive. In this work, we utilized a rich set of publicly available gene expression data to elucidate the genes and molecular processes that may underlie its pathogenesis. We developed a new ranking score to prioritize molecular pathways enriched in differentially expressed genes during AD. After applying our new ranking score, GO categories such as cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, and spliceosomal snRNP assembly were found to be significantly associated with AD. We also confirm the protein-protein interaction between APP, NPAS4 and ARNT2 and explain that this interaction could be implicated in AD. This interaction could serve as a theoretical framework for further analyses into the role of NPAS4 and other immediate-early genes in AD pathogenesis. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Beta-Amyloid (1-40) (Aβ40) is an aggregation prone protein, which undergoes a nucleation-dependent aggregation process causing the pathological neurodegeneration by amyloid plaque formation implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. In this thesis, we investigated the effects of small molecule modulators extracted from the marine invertebrate Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae on the Aβ40 amyloidogenic process using in- vitro ThT fluorescence assay and atomic force microscopy. We also investigated the effects of neutral and anionic phospholipid liposomes on Aβ40 aggregation. Our results show that a marine natural product Pseudopterosin-A and its derivatives can suppress and modulate the Aβ40 aggregation process. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that a neutral phospholipid liposome inhibits Aβ40 fibril formation, whereas the anionic liposomes promote it. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015 / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Despite the tremendous advances of the last century, the cause of Alzheimer disease (AD) remains unclear. Genetic analysis of families with Alzheimer disease has revealed a disease-associated variant of the APOE gene, which encodes apolipoprotein E, a transporter of lipids in the blood and central nervous system. The effect of the AD-associated isotype, termed ApoE-E4, on disease risk has been validated, though it is unclear by what mechanism apoE-E4 confers AD risk. Mitochondria have long been implicated in AD pathogenesis, as the canonical histopathological findings of amyloid plaques and tau tangles occur in the setting of mitochondrial dysfunction. The disrupted processes include calcium homeostasis, cholesterol metabolism, phospholipid synthesis, and mitochondrial dynamics, and are all regulated by a subcompartment of the ER that is in physical contact with mitochondria. This compartment, called the mitochondria-associated ER membrane, or MAM, has been found to be overactive in AD patient cell lines and cell models of AD. Given that MAM is dysfunctional in AD and that ApoE-ε4 is the most important risk factor for AD, this dissertation examines if ApoE4 contributes to the MAM dysfunction seen in AD. The MAM dysfunction seen in AD patients and in cell models of AD has been best characterized in the context of familial AD, and it is the purpose of this study to extend those findings to the more common, sporadic, form of the disease. Familial AD is the result of autosomal dominant mutations in one of three genes, amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), or presenilin 2 (PSEN2). APP is the protein from which amyloid-beta, the component of amyloid plaques, is cleaved. The presenilins constitute the enzymatic core of the γ-secretase complex, which cleaves amyloid-beta from a precursor APP molecule. Both PSEN1 (PS1) and PSEN2 (PS2) localize at the MAM, and their action is speculated to influence MAM activity. Fibroblasts from familial AD patients, which contained mutations in APP, PSEN1 or PSEN2, showed a marked increase in MAM activity when compared to that of age-matched controls. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, one can recapitulate this increased MAM activity by knocking out presenilins 1 and 2. In these Psen1/2 double knockout (DKO) cells, the typical measures of MAM function, i.e. increased cholesteryl ester and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis, calcium transport from ER to mitochondria, and co-localization of ER and mitochondria by confocal and electron microscopy, mimicked the same phenotype found in fibroblasts obtained from familial AD patients, which suggests that the presenilins are negative regulators of ER-mitochondrial apposition. The precise mechanism by which they regulate the ER-mitochondria interface, whether directly as part of a tethering complex, or indirectly though the metabolism of APP-derived substrates, is unclear. While the effect of familial AD mutations on MAM has been characterized, the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction seen in the more common sporadic form of the disease remains obscure. Sporadic AD patients harbor no mutations in APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2, but rather inherit mutations in other genes which do not guarantee the development of the disease, but are instead considered risk factors. The most important of these risk factors, in terms of both amount of AD risk conferred and prevalence in the population, is ApoE. Embedded in the phospholipid monolayer of lipoproteins, ApoE is involved in the transport of phospholipids, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters in plasma and the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, it is the most abundant apolipoprotein, and is secreted primarily by astrocytes and taken up by neurons. Once endocytosed, ApoE can follow three different pathways: degradation by the lysosome, intracellular retention in early endosomes, or re-lipidation and re-secretion out of the cell. Our approach takes advantage of the physiological role of ApoE as part of a high densitylike lipoprotein particle (HDL). Using astrocytes from ApoE targeted gene replacement mice in which murine APOE has been replaced by either human APOE-E3 or human APOE-E4, cultured media containing ApoE3 and ApoE4-lipoproteins can be produced and applied to target cells that do not express ApoE, such as neurons or fibroblasts. These target cells can then be analyzed for MAM activity. To examine the contribution of ApoE towards MAM dysfunction, target cells, either neurons or fibroblasts, were grown in the presence of astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) from ApoE targeted gene replacement mice. Several measures of phospholipid and cholesteryl ester synthesis were performed to analyzed MAM function. To confirm that the alterations in phospholipid synthesis were the result of altered MAM activity, the same assay was performed in cells in which a protein tethers that bind mitochondria and ER were genetically ablated. Finally, to confirm that the effects seen were the result of the HDL particles and not the result of other components of the ACM, lipoproteins were extracted from ACM by density ultracentrifugation and applied to fibroblasts. In all of the assays performed, ApoE4 conditioned media or ApoE4 isolated lipoproteins were able to induce a significant increase in MAM activity, whereas ApoE4 from recombinant sources did not. These data suggest a contribution of ApoE4 towards MAM dysfunction seen in AD. The mechanism of these ApoE4 induced MAM alterations remains to be deduced. One may speculate that given the role of ApoE in cholesterol transport outside of the cell, its intracellular retention may impact the distribution of cholesterol within the cell. MAM is a cholesterol rich subdomain with lipid raft-like properties, and any change in the cholesterol content or lipid nature of this membrane may alter its activity. To test this hypothesis, MAM was biochemically extracted from ApoE3 and ApoE4 treated cells and analyzed for cholesterol and lipidomic content. The results described in this thesis demonstrate an AD-like effect in wildtype cells when treated with ApoE-E4, and that the mechanism for these alterations may be due to disturbances in cholesterol distribution in the MAM.

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est caractérisée par deux lésions neuropathologiques: les plaques séniles (composées essentiellement du peptide amyloïde Ab) et les dégénérescences neurofibrillaires (DNF, composées de formes hyperphosphorylées de protéines tau). Les mécanismes de formation des DNF sont encore mal compris et notre travail expérimental a eu pour objectifs d’étudier certaines hypothèses de formation des DNF.<p>1° Une hypothèse étiopathogénique de la MA est la “cascade amyloïde”, selon laquelle le peptide amyloïde Ab exercerait un effet toxique entraînant la phosphorylation de tau et la formation de DNF. Certaines formes familiales de MA sont dues à des mutations du gène du précurseur du peptide amyloïde (APP) ou des présénilines et nous avons voulu déterminer si la surexpression de ces protéines pouvait entraîner la formation de DNF. Nous avons d’abord étudié une lignée murine double transgénique surexprimant l’isoforme 0N3R de protéine tau humaine “sauvage” et une forme mutée de préseniline 1 (M146L). Nous y avons démontré une co-expression neuronale des deux protéines et une augmentation de la phosphorylation de tau mais nous n’y avons pas observé de formation de DNF, chez des animaux examinés jusqu’à 17 mois. Nous avons ensuite étudié une lignée murine triple transgénique surexprimant l’isoforme 0N3R de protéine tau “sauvage”, une forme mutée de préseniline 1 (M146L) et une forme mutée de l’APP 751 (mutations Swedish K670N, M671L et London V717I). Ces animaux ont développé précocement (2.5 mois) des dépôts extracellulaires de peptide Ab. Nous y avons observé une augmentation de la phosphorylation de tau dans les prolongements neuronaux en contact avec les dépôts amyloïdes et des anomalies de l’organisation du cytosquelette, mais pas de DNF, chez des animaux examinés jusqu’à 18 mois.<p>2° Certaines mutations du gène de tau sont responsables de formes familiales de démence frontotemporales dans lesquelles se développent des DNF. Ces mutations favoriseraient l’agrégation de tau où entraîneraient un déséquilibre de l’expression relative des isoformes de tau. Un tel déséquilibre pourrait également être induit dans les formes sporadiques de MA, en l’absence de mutations de tau. Afin d’investiguer cette hypothèse, nous avons étudié le profil d’expression des ARNm de tau et des isoformes de protéines tau dans plusieurs régions cérébrales de sujets contrôles ou atteints de MA. Un même profil d’expression a été observé dans les deux groupes. Une augmentation relative de l’expression de l’isoforme 0N3R de tau dans le cortex temporal pourrait être liée à la sensibilité de cette région au développement de DNF. Nous avons également étudié des lignées stables de cellules CHO exprimant des formes mutées (P301L, R406W) et non-mutées de protéines tau. Nous n’avons cependant pas observé d’augmentation de l’agrégation de tau dans les lignées exprimant les formes mutées de tau.<p>Nos résultats indiquent que la simple surexpression de formes mutées de l’APP et des présénilines, même en présence d’une protéine tau humaine, ne suffit pas à entraîner la formation de DNF. En outre, l’absence de différence dans le profil d’expression cérébrale des isoformes de tau entre sujets contrôles et atteints de MA suggère que les modifications post-traductionnelles de cette protéine jouent un rôle plus important dans la genèse des DNF.<p> / Doctorat en sciences biomédicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Background: Air pollution is one of the leading environmental issues in the world today. In 2015, pollution-related diseases accounted for 16% of all deaths worldwide — that is an estimated 9 million premature deaths were linked to air pollution. In addition to the substantial effects on human health, air pollution-related diseases result in productivity losses that reduce countries’ gross domestic product. Although air pollution disproportionately affects middle- and low-income countries, it is still a major issue in high-income countries, such as the United States, where 25% of Americans breath air with pollutant levels above the national regulatory standards. Fine particle matter (particles with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm, PM₂.₅ ) is the most extensively studied air pollutant and it has been causally linked with a wide range of adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Moreover, recent scientific evidence suggests that PM₂.₅ affects the nervous system and possibly contributes to the development and exacerbation of neurodegenerative diseases. This is increasingly relevant as populations are aging and the number of adults living with neurodegenerative diseases increases, negatively affecting families, communities, and health-care systems around the world. Although millions of people suffer from neurodegenerative diseases, there is currently no treatment that slows the progression of these conditions and no known cure or cause. Thus, determining whether a link exists between air pollution and neurodegenerative diseases is a goal of increasing importance. Objective: The research presented in this dissertation has two main objectives: (1) to characterize the relationship between long-term exposure to PM₂.₅ and disease aggravation in two of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases worldwide: Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), as well as in the rare and devastating neurodegenerative motor disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); (2) to identify the specific PM₂.₅ chemical components that are associated with disease aggravation in PD. Methods: We used data from the New York Department of Health Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System from 2000–2014 to identify patients’ first hospitalization with a primary or secondary diagnosis of AD, PD, or ALS. With these data, we constructed annual AD, PD, and ALS first hospitalization county counts (total and sex- and age-stratified) for all of New York State (NYS). A patient’s first hospital admission was used as a surrogate for disease aggravation, indicating the crossing point into a more severe stage of the disease. We used prediction estimates from well-validated models that incorporate satellite information and ground-based monitoring data to estimate annual PM₂.₅ and PM₂.₅ chemical component (nitrate, sulfate, organic matter, sea salt, black carbon, and soil) concentrations across NYS at a high spatial resolution. In Chapter 2, we used outcome-specific (AD, PD, or ALS) mixed quasi-Poisson models with county-specific random intercepts to assess the relationship between long-term exposure to PM₂.₅ and disease aggravation. In Chapter 3, we used a multi-pollutant mixed quasi-Poisson model with county-specific random intercepts to identify specific PM₂.₅ components associated with disease aggravation in PD. In all analyses, we evaluated potential nonlinear exposure–outcome relationships using penalized splines and accounted for potential confounders. Results: We observed a total of 264,075 AD, 114,514 PD, and 5,569 ALS first admissions between 2000 and 2014. The hospitalization annual average counts per county were 284, 131, and 6 for AD, PD, and ALS, respectively. In Chapter 2, we found a nonlinear association between total PM₂.₅ exposure and PD hospitalizations, which plateaued at higher concentrations of PM₂.₅ (> 13 μg/m³, RR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.04–1.13 for a PM₂.₅ increase from 8 to 10 μg/m³, Figure 2.3). We also found that patients with a first PD hospitalization at age 70 or younger are at slightly higher risk for disease aggravation at lower PM₂.₅ concentrations relative to those age >70. In the case of AD, we observed evidence of a potential association between annual increases in PM₂.₅ exposure and disease aggravation, but only in a sensitivity analysis aiming to decrease outcome misclassification. We found no association for ALS in the main analysis, but we observed an unexpected negative association in those <70 years in the stratified analysis. We found no evidence of effect modification by sex for any of the outcomes. In Chapter 3, we observed a linear association between disease aggravation in PD and long-term exposure to the PM₂.₅ components nitrate (RR = 1.05, 95%CI: 1.02–1.09 per one standard deviation (SD) increase) and organic matter (RR = 1.05, 95%CI: 1.02– 1.07 per one SD increase), and a nonlinear association for black carbon with a negative association above the 96th percentile of the BC concentration distribution (Figure 3.4). We found no evidence of an association with sulfate, sea salt or soil. Conclusion: Overall, our studies provide an analysis of the potential association between long-term exposure to PM₂.₅ , both as an overall pollution mixture and by chem- ical composition, and disease aggravation in AD, PD, and ALS. Our findings suggest that annual increases in county-level PM₂.₅ concentrations are associated with disease aggravation in PD and possibly AD. We found that the PM₂.₅ components organic matter and nitrate are particularly harmful in the association between PM₂.₅ and dis- ease aggravation in PD. Additionally, our results indicate that current national PM₂.₅ standards may not be strict enough to safeguard the population’s neurological health. Specifically, in Chapter 2, we observed that the PM₂.₅ –PD association has a steeper slope at lower concentrations that are well below the current annual National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM₂.₅ . Thus, our findings warrant further investigation into the potential link between long-term PM₂.₅ exposure and disease aggravation, particularly in the context of PD. Our results also indicate that the chemical composition of PM2.5 affects its neurotoxicity. Further research into how PM₂.₅ composition influences the overall PM₂.₅ adverse effects is needed to fully understand the mechanisms that underlie the association between exposure to PM₂.₅ and aggravation of neurodegenerative diseases.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. As the prevalence of AD increases with age, population aging will inevitably lead to an exponential increase in the proportion of older persons suffering from this disease. According to 2005 WHO estimate, 26.6 million people (approximately 0.55% of the general population) suffered from this disease. AD not only affects intellectual and functional abilities, it is also associated with significant neuropsychiatric disturbances. The pathogenesis of AD is characterized by widespread cerebral atrophy, abnormal deposition of amyloid plaques and tau protein in the central nervous system. While the classical histopathological features of AD are well recognized, exact physiological mechanisms that initiate the cascade of neural degeneration are still under active investigation. / As mentioned, the telomere length studies focused on ethically Chinese subjects recruited from two independent samples. The first clinical sample consisted of 411 older people and the other sample from healthy aging study, 976 community dwelling men were recruited. All subjects were assessed with the Cantonese version of the Mini-mental State Examination (CMMSE) for global cognitive function. Genomic DNA of the subjects was extracted from the peripheral whole blood sample. Lengths of the telomere were measured with Quantitative Real-Time PCR and the Ct ratio of the telomere and a control gene (36B4) of each sample was compared with the standard curve constructed with 4 selected sample's telomere lengths measured previously by Southern blotting. / For the first association study of the cell cycle checkpoint genes and AD, sample was recruited from a prospective study of cognitive function and risk factors for development of AD. 701 elderly were clinically evaluated for diagnosis of AD by psychiatrists. For this sample, genotyping of tagging SNPs of the 10 cell-cycle checkpoint genes were carried out by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. All tagging SNPs were selected from HapMap database and 5000bp upstream and downstream regions of each gene was also included. / For the results, the association study with cell cycle checkpoint genes, there was no SNPs found to be associated with diagnosis of clinical AD. We also found out that telomere length was associated with age in both two healthy aging men and clinical samples. There was no association between education and telomere lengths. For subjects in the healthy aging study, participants with CMMSE scores fell into the lowest 25% were found to have shorter telomere lengths. Similar result was found in the clinical AD sample. / In the study, telomere lengths were negatively associated with age. As the telomere will be shortened for each cell cycle, this finding correlated with physiological function at a cellular level. Statistical analysis also showed that shorter telomere lengths were found in subjects with poorer cognitive function. However, as age is a major determinant for cognitive impairments, further studies are recommended to evaluate the interaction effects of age in this association. Telomere shortening will cause cell senescence, and may be associated with faster neuronal degeneration, thus affecting cognitive function. Further studies should be conducted to examine its usefulness as an adjuvant biomarker for risk stratification of AD intervention trials. / Recent researches begin to unfold the physiological significance of telomere. A telomere is a repetitive region at the end of a chromosome. Basic functions of telomeres are involved with protection of the chromosome during replication and preventing chromosomal rearrangement or fusion. Abnormal telomere lengthening may be related to cancerous conditions. At a cellular level, telomere may also be related to aging and limitation in cell lifespan. In my study, I aimed to evaluate the association between the lengths of telomere and global cognitive function in community dwelling Chinese older persons in Hong Kong. As the length of telomere is also determined by the turnover rates of cells, apart from association study of telomere lengths and cognitive function, I also tried to study the association of genes related to cell cycles and AD. Polymorphisms of ten cell-cycle checkpoint genes, i.e. RB1, CDKN1A, CDK5R1, CDK2AP1, CDKN2A, CDKN2C, MDM2, P53, GSK3B, TPND1 and CDKN1B genes, were chosen in my project. / The thesis comprised of three studies. The first study was an association study of cell cycle checkpoint gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with clinical diagnosis of AD. The second study was an association study of telomere lengths and clinical diagnosis of AD in a clinical sample of patients suffering from the disease. The third study was an association study of the telomere lengths and global cognitive status in a group of active community dwelling older men who participated in a healthy aging study. / Lau, San Shing. / Adviser: Linda C.W. Lam. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-01, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-124). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.