Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) methods concentrate, remove, or destroy weed seeds captured by the combine during harvest. Furthermore, chaff lining uses a chute fitted on the back of a combine to concentrate chaff and weed seed therein into a narrow line. Since chaff amount increases with crop yield, studies aimed to determine how varying crop yield and the associated chaff amount will affect chaff lining control of select weed species, while also examining subsequent crop performance. Objective 1 of this work focused on wheat chaff lining (WCL), and objective 2 studied soybean chaff lining (SCL). Weed species of interest included wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum L. Husnot) in WCL and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S.) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) subject to SCL. Each weed species was evaluated in separate experiments, and the SCL experiment included an additional factor of with and without a cereal rye cover crop treatment. Chaff lines mimicked harvest across a range of wheat and soybean yields, with equal weed seed additions (based on existing fecundity and seed shatter phenology data) to each chaff line. A conventional harvest (control) and an outside-the-chaff-line treatment were included, where total fecundity or weed seed rain occurring prior to harvest based on weed species were broadcast respectively. Inhibition of crop and weed emergence as a function of yield and the associated chaff amount was also investigated in the greenhouse. Crop yield across treatments at the field scale (accounts for both chaff lines and outside-the-chaff-line), was not affected in double-crop soybean following WCL and full-season soybean following SCL. Field scale wheat yield in WCL compared to conventional harvest was not different, increased, or decreased in 8, 3, and 1 site-years, respectively. WCL reduced total weed emergence over the combined double-crop soybean and winter wheat growing seasons by 43-54% at the field scale. SCL reduced common ragweed emergence in cereal rye by 64% and 85% in 2 of 3 locations across the soybean growing season. The cover crop did not reduce common ragweed emergence while it was growing, but residual mulch in soybean reduced emergence by 39%. No differences were observed in Palmer amaranth emergence during cereal rye growth, however cereal rye decreased total emergence by 41%. In 6 of 7 Palmer amaranth location-years, SCL decreased field scale weed emergence in soybean by 81%. These results indicate chaff may create an unfavorable environment for weed seed emergence. In both WCL and SCL, greater amounts of chaff caused larger reductions in weed emergence. Objective 3 focused on quantifying the above-ground biomass breakdown of soybean plants into chaff, straw, and seed fractions as they are processed and dispensed by various harvesters. Depending on HWSC system, chaff and straw residues may also be destroyed, removed, or concentrated. Therefore, chaff and straw nutrient composition was analyzed to evaluate the nutrient and economic consequences of HWSC. Our results show average soybean harvest index is 0.57:1. Furthermore, chaff and straw residues equal 13.4% and 68.5% of the seed weight, respectively. Using 5-year average fertilizer prices (2017 – 2021), replacement of N, P, K and S in chaff, straw, and the combination of both residues costs USD 1.58, USD 5.88, and USD 7.46, respectively. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / In conventional wheat and soybean production, the primary means of weed control is herbicides. If herbicide use is not diversified, a repeated selection pressure drives weeds to evolve resistance to such chemistries. Producers and researchers alike are constantly looking for new ways to combat weeds and herbicide-resistant issues. Originally developed to control nuisance weeds in Australia, harvest weed seed control (HWSC) offers promise in aiding our current herbicide resistance crisis. To further explain HWSC, it is important to know the harvesting mechanism. Many of the row crops including corn, soybean and wheat are harvested using a combine. Combines cut below or tear off plant material to capture the grain or seed which is processed via a threshing system and separated into three fractions: the seed, chaff, and straw. The grain is allocated to a storage bin and eventually removed from the field. In conventional harvest, the remaining crop residue is spread evenly behind the combine across the field to ensure a balanced distribution of organic matter, nutrients, and residue across the field. There is however more than chaff and straw being dispersed. Weeds present in the field at harvest whose seed is retained at crop maturity and at an elevation above the combine header height will inherently end up inside the combine. HWSC are methods intended to capitalize on the combine capturing weed seeds during harvest. Many HWSC approaches to managing weed seed exist, including destruction, removal and concentration of weed seed. Most of this research focuses on only one method of HWSC, chaff lining. Chaff lining utilizes a chute fitted onto the back of the combine and concentrates weed seed and the chaff fraction only into a narrow line behind the combine. Although not directly known, chaff may inhibit future weed emergence within the line due to a mulching effect, intraspecific competition, a greater degree of rotting and increased seed predators. The chute is inexpensive to construct, and there are no additional labor requirements at harvest making it an appealing HWSC option. There is a limited amount of research on chaff lining in North American cropping systems making it a prime HWSC candidate for this thesis. We were curious if chaff lining could benefit wheat and soybean farmers and if crop yield and the associated chaff amount deposited in chaff lines would have any impact on crops planted and weeds placed in lines. Our results indicate chaff lining does not cause field scale yield consequence in double-crop and full-season soybean following wheat and soybean chaff lining, respectively. The effect of wheat chaff lining on wheat field scale yield was variable, but only caused a yield decrease in 1 of 12 experimental locations. Reductions in weed emergence in chaff lining systems compared to conventional indicate chaff may alter the environment to be unfavorable for weed seed emergence. The final objective of this thesis investigates the economic cost of nutrient loss among HWSC systems. Using average fertilizer prices, the cost to apply N, P, K and S concentrated or lost during HWSC in chaff, straw, and the combination of both residues is USD 1.58, USD 5.88, and USD 7.46, respectively.

Este trabalho descreve o estudo da geração eletroquímica do H2O2 em eletrólito ácido (H2SO4 (0,1 mol L-1) + K2SO4 (0,1 mol L-1)) e eletrólito alcalino (KOH 1,0 mol L-1) utilizando eletrodo de difusão gasosa (EDG), sendo este fabricado com carbono Printex 6L e modificado com 3,0; 5,0 e 10,0% de ftalocianina de cobalto (II) ou cobre (II). Os experimentos foram realizados em uma célula eletroquímica de compartimento único contendo eletrodo de referência Ag/AgCl, contra eletrodo de Pt e como eletrodo de trabalho foi utilizado o EDG. Nos testes de eletrólise a potencial constante (-0,4 V ≤ E ≤ -1,4 V) durante 90 minutos com O2 pressurizado a 0,2 Bar, a concentração de H2O2 alcançou valor máximo de 178 mg L-1 a - 1,0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) para o EDG não modificado em eletrólito ácido e em eletrólito alcalino, o valor máximo foi de 3.370 mg L-1 a -1,1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Quando incorporada a porcentagem de 5,0% de ftalocianina de cobalto (II) à massa do EGD verificou-se que a concentração de H2O2 alcança valor máximo em 331 mg L-1 a -0,7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), o que representa um aumento de 86,0% no rendimento da produção de H2O2 em meio ácido, além de uma diminuição de 300 mV no potencial aplicado para formação da espécie oxidante. Para o estudo da degradação eletroquímica foram utilizados os corantes amaranto e tartrazina com concentração de 100 mg L-1. Para o estudo do processo eletro-Fenton homogêneo foram utilizados 0,05; 0,1 e 0,15 mmol de Fe2+ ou Fe3+ e para o processo eletro-Fenton heterogêneo em meio alcalino foi utilizado 0,15 mmol das nanopartículas do tipo Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0,25). As eletrólises foram realizadas a potencial constante em -0,7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) no EDG modificado com 5,0% de ftalocianina de cobalto (II) sob fluxo constante de O2 durante 90 minutos no processo eletro-Fenton homogêneo enquanto no processo eletro-Fenton heterogêneo o EDG não modificado foi utilizado e as eletrólises foram realizadas a -1,1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Todos os ensaios eletroquímicos foram realizados em um potenciostato PGSTAT- 302 acoplado a um com módulo de alta corrente BSTR-10A e controlado por meio do software GPES (Metrohm Autolab). As nanopartículas Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0,25) foram caracterizadas por Análise de Ativação de Neutrons (AAN), DRX, BET, XPS e MET. As amostras dos corantes foram analisadas por espectrofotometria UV/Vis, cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e teor de carbono orgânico total (COT). Em termos de descoloração, houve uma pequena diminuição no espectro dos corantes quando utilizado H2O2 eletrogerado em meio ácido o que não ocorre na degradação quando utilizado o processo eletro-Fenton homogêneo sendo mais evidente quando utilizado Fe2+, alcançando uma descoloração máxima de 80,0 e 99,2% respectivamente para os corantes amaranto e tartrazina. O decaimento da concentração por CLAE foi bastante eficiente quando utilizado o processo eletro-Fenton, com melhores resultados para Fe2+ e Fe3-xCuxO4 (x= 0,25) sendo a cinética dos processos de pseudo-primeira ordem. Foram identificados os subprodutos formados durante a degradação dos corantes durante o processo eletro-Fenton homogêneo. Os maiores valores de remoção de COT (67,3%) e consumo energético (CE) (370 kwh kg-1 foram obtidos para o processo utilizando íons Fe2+ e as nanopartículas Fe3-xCuxO4 (x=0,25) respectivamente para o corante amaranto. Os valores da concentração de ferro residual solúvel estão dentro do limite permitido segundo a Resolução CONAMA nº 430/2011. Para o processo eletro-Fenton heterogêneo, a concentração de H2O2 residual e consumida diminuiu e aumentou respectivamente com o aumento do valor de \"x\" na espinela da Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0,25). / This work describes the electrogeneration of H2O2 study in acidic medium (H2SO4 (0.1 mol L-1) + K2SO4 (0.1 mol L-1)) and alkaline medium (KOH 1.0 mol L-1) using gas diffusion electrode (GDE), being these GDE manufactured with the Printex 6L carbon and modified with percentages of 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0% of cobalt (II) phthalocyanine or copper (II) phthalocyanine. The experiments were performed in an electrochemical cell single compartment containing the reference electrode Ag/AgCl, platinum counter electrode and the working electrode was used the GDE. In tests electrolysis at constant potential (-0.4 V ≤ E ≤ - 1.4 V) for 90 minutes pressurized with O2 at 0.2 Bar, H2O2 concentration reached a maximum value at 178 mg L-1 to -1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for GDE unmodified in acid electrolyte and alkaline electrolyte, the maximum value was 3,370 mg L-1 at potential -1.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl).When incorporated percentage of 5.0% of cobalt (II) phthalocyanine to mass GDE, it is verified that the concentration of H2O2 reaches maximum value at 331 mg L-1 at -0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), which represents increase in yield of 86.0% relative to Printex 6L carbon in acidic medium, addition to a decrease of 300 mV at potential applied to the formation of oxidizing species. To study the electrochemical degradation were amaranth and tartrazine dyes with concentration of 100 mg L-1. To study the homogeneous electro-Fenton process were used 0.05; 0.1 e 0.15 mmol de Fe2+ or Fe3+ and to heterogeneous electro-Fenton process in alkaline medium was used 0.15 mmol of Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) nanoparticles. The electrolysis were performed at constant potential -0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in the GDE modified with 5.0% of cobalt (II) phthalocyanine under constant flow of O2 for 90 minutes in the homogeneous electro-Fenton process while in the heterogeneous electro-Fenton process, GDE unmodified was used and the electrolysis were performed at -1.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). All electrochemical tests were performed using a potentiostat/galvanostat model PGSTAT 302 coupled to a BSTR-10A current booster and controlled by GPES software (Metrohm Autolab). The Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) nanoparticles were characterized by Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), XRD, BET, XPS and TEM. The samples of the dyes were analyzed by spectrophotometry UV/Vis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and total organic carbon (TOC). In terms of discoloration, was a small decrease in the spectrum of the dye when used H2O2 in acidic medium which doesn\'t occur in the degradation when used homogeneous electro-Fenton process being more evident when used Fe2+, reaching a maximum discoloration of 80.0 and 99.2% respectively for amaranth and tartrazine dyes. The decay concentration by HPLC was very efficient when using the electro-Fenton process with better results for Fe2+ and Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) nanoparticles being the kinetics of the process of pseudo-first order. Were identified by-products formed during the degradation of dyes during the homogeneous electro-Fenton process. The higher values of TOC removal (67.3%) and energy consumption (EC) (370 kWh kg-1) were obtained to process using Fe2+ ions and Fe3-xCuxO4 (x= 0.25) nanoparticle respectively for amaranth dye. The values of residual soluble iron concentrations are within the permissible limit according to CONAMA Resolution nº 430/2011. To the heterogeneous electro-Fenton process, the residual and consumed concentration of H2O2 decreased and increased respectively with increasing value of \"x\" in the spinel of Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25).

<p>Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors are a widely used class of selective herbicides used to control grass and broadleaf weeds. The repeated use of ALS-inhibiting herbicides has selected for biotypes of weeds resistant to ALS inhibitors, especially in the weeds most problematic to growers in the Midwest. While ALS inhibitor use seems futile, new mechanisms of herbicide action are not predicted to be commercialized in the near future to solve this problem. This leads to the main objective of this research, determining what value ALS inhibitors provide in controlling populations of weeds with resistance to ALS inhibitors. </p> <p>Field experiments with soil-applied (PRE) applications of ALS inhibitors on horseweed (<i>Erigeron canadensis</i>) and tall waterhemp (<i>Amaranthus tuberculatus </i>var. <i>rudis</i>) exhibited higher efficacy than would be expected given the frequency of the ALS resistance trait in the population. Whereas control of these species with POST-applied applications was similar or less than the proportion of the population characterized as susceptible using molecular techniques. Soil-applied applications, therefore, resulted in relatively greater control than POST applications in populations with known ALS-inhibitor-resistance mechanisms.</p> <p>Greenhouse experiments showed that overall resistance ratios were higher for PRE applications of ALS inhibitors in horseweed, tall waterhemp, and Palmer amaranth (<i>Amaranthus palmeri</i>). However, GR₅₀ values decreased for both susceptible and resistant biotypes for the PRE applications compared to POST, suggesting the biologically effective dose of these herbicides is lower in soil residual applications. This research found that PRE applications of ALS inhibitors resulted in some level of control on horseweed and tall waterhemp classified as resistant to ALS inhibitors due to the higher efficacy of PRE herbicide applications.</p> <p>Genetic analysis assessing the amino acid substitutions that confer resistance to ALS inhibitors in tall waterhemp confirmed a difference in selection pressure between PRE and POST applications and between ALS active ingredients in tall waterhemp. Applications of chlorimuron PRE at 11 g ai ha^-1selected for 35% homozygous W574L genotypes and at 44 g ha^-1 selected for 70% homozygous W574L genotypes. An increase of homozygous W574L individuals along with a decrease in heterozygous individuals from 65 (11 g ha^-1) to 29% (44 g ha^-1) suggests that W574L is semi-dominant in tall waterhemp and that high labeled rates of chlorimuron applied PRE can partially overcome the heterozygous W574L-resistance mechanism. In horseweed, no difference in selection pressure was observed between application timing or between chlorimuron or cloransulam. A new mutation conferring ALS-inhibitor resistance in horseweed was discovered, a Pro197Leu amino acid substitution, with resistance ratios of 21X to chlorimuron and 8.6X to cloransulam. These resistance ratios are slightly less than those reported for the Pro197Ala and Pro197Ser amino acid substitutions in conferring ALS-inhibitor resistance in horseweed. </p> <p>Finally, a survey of 42 populations of tall waterhemp in Indiana counties with confirmed ALS-inhibitor resistant populations of tall waterhemp found that all populations contained at least 16% individuals with the W574L amino acid substitution, 35 populations contained at least 1% individuals with the S653N substitution, and 9 populations contained at least 1% individuals with the S653T substitution. Taking into consideration the three mutations tested, 8 of the 42 populations tested contained <50% ALS-inhibitor resistant individuals within the population. Using the same tall waterhemp populations as collected in the survey, Next-Generation Sequencing was used to determine if other amino acid substitutions conferring resistance to ALS inhibitors existed. Results from WideSeq revealed that 10 other amino acid substitutions in the ALS protein may be conferring resistance in tall waterhemp in Indiana: A122T, A122N, A122S, P197T, P197L, P197H, D376E, and G654F. Further research from this survey also suggests that metabolic resistance to ALS inhibitors is likely a contributor to resistance in tall waterhemp in Indiana.</p> <p>This research suggests that ALS-inhibiting herbicides, more specifically chlorimuron, would provide the greatest contribution to management of tall waterhemp. Chlorimuron would perform best when used in soil residual applications and in populations of tall waterhemp containing either individuals susceptible to chlorimuron or individuals heterozygous for ALS inhibitor resistance conferred by the W574L mutation. This research also demonstrates the specificity of the amino acid substitutions in the ALS protein and by weed species to realize the benefit of these herbicides for management of weeds resistant to ALS inhibitors. Molecular characterization of target site resistance to ALS inhibitors has traditionally been considered relatively simple. However, we found 11 new amino acid substitutions that confer resistance to ALS inhibitors in horseweed and tall waterhemp. The complexity of ALS inhibitor resistance calls for the use of methods such as NGS to detect all potential resistance mutations in a timely manner and for the use of tests detecting metabolic resistance. Overall, this research demonstrates that ALS inhibitors still provide some utility for management of weed populations classified as resistant to ALS inhibitors and that the resistance mechanisms in horseweed and tall waterhemp are more numerous than previously reported. </p>

Este trabalho descreve o estudo da geração eletroquímica do H2O2 em eletrólito ácido (H2SO4 (0,1 mol L-1) + K2SO4 (0,1 mol L-1)) e eletrólito alcalino (KOH 1,0 mol L-1) utilizando eletrodo de difusão gasosa (EDG), sendo este fabricado com carbono Printex 6L e modificado com 3,0; 5,0 e 10,0% de ftalocianina de cobalto (II) ou cobre (II). Os experimentos foram realizados em uma célula eletroquímica de compartimento único contendo eletrodo de referência Ag/AgCl, contra eletrodo de Pt e como eletrodo de trabalho foi utilizado o EDG. Nos testes de eletrólise a potencial constante (-0,4 V &le; E &le; -1,4 V) durante 90 minutos com O2 pressurizado a 0,2 Bar, a concentração de H2O2 alcançou valor máximo de 178 mg L-1 a - 1,0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) para o EDG não modificado em eletrólito ácido e em eletrólito alcalino, o valor máximo foi de 3.370 mg L-1 a -1,1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Quando incorporada a porcentagem de 5,0% de ftalocianina de cobalto (II) à massa do EGD verificou-se que a concentração de H2O2 alcança valor máximo em 331 mg L-1 a -0,7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), o que representa um aumento de 86,0% no rendimento da produção de H2O2 em meio ácido, além de uma diminuição de 300 mV no potencial aplicado para formação da espécie oxidante. Para o estudo da degradação eletroquímica foram utilizados os corantes amaranto e tartrazina com concentração de 100 mg L-1. Para o estudo do processo eletro-Fenton homogêneo foram utilizados 0,05; 0,1 e 0,15 mmol de Fe2+ ou Fe3+ e para o processo eletro-Fenton heterogêneo em meio alcalino foi utilizado 0,15 mmol das nanopartículas do tipo Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 &le; x &le; 0,25). As eletrólises foram realizadas a potencial constante em -0,7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) no EDG modificado com 5,0% de ftalocianina de cobalto (II) sob fluxo constante de O2 durante 90 minutos no processo eletro-Fenton homogêneo enquanto no processo eletro-Fenton heterogêneo o EDG não modificado foi utilizado e as eletrólises foram realizadas a -1,1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Todos os ensaios eletroquímicos foram realizados em um potenciostato PGSTAT- 302 acoplado a um com módulo de alta corrente BSTR-10A e controlado por meio do software GPES (Metrohm Autolab). As nanopartículas Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 &le; x &le; 0,25) foram caracterizadas por Análise de Ativação de Neutrons (AAN), DRX, BET, XPS e MET. As amostras dos corantes foram analisadas por espectrofotometria UV/Vis, cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e teor de carbono orgânico total (COT). Em termos de descoloração, houve uma pequena diminuição no espectro dos corantes quando utilizado H2O2 eletrogerado em meio ácido o que não ocorre na degradação quando utilizado o processo eletro-Fenton homogêneo sendo mais evidente quando utilizado Fe2+, alcançando uma descoloração máxima de 80,0 e 99,2% respectivamente para os corantes amaranto e tartrazina. O decaimento da concentração por CLAE foi bastante eficiente quando utilizado o processo eletro-Fenton, com melhores resultados para Fe2+ e Fe3-xCuxO4 (x= 0,25) sendo a cinética dos processos de pseudo-primeira ordem. Foram identificados os subprodutos formados durante a degradação dos corantes durante o processo eletro-Fenton homogêneo. Os maiores valores de remoção de COT (67,3%) e consumo energético (CE) (370 kwh kg-1 foram obtidos para o processo utilizando íons Fe2+ e as nanopartículas Fe3-xCuxO4 (x=0,25) respectivamente para o corante amaranto. Os valores da concentração de ferro residual solúvel estão dentro do limite permitido segundo a Resolução CONAMA nº 430/2011. Para o processo eletro-Fenton heterogêneo, a concentração de H2O2 residual e consumida diminuiu e aumentou respectivamente com o aumento do valor de \"x\" na espinela da Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 &le; x &le; 0,25). / This work describes the electrogeneration of H2O2 study in acidic medium (H2SO4 (0.1 mol L-1) + K2SO4 (0.1 mol L-1)) and alkaline medium (KOH 1.0 mol L-1) using gas diffusion electrode (GDE), being these GDE manufactured with the Printex 6L carbon and modified with percentages of 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0% of cobalt (II) phthalocyanine or copper (II) phthalocyanine. The experiments were performed in an electrochemical cell single compartment containing the reference electrode Ag/AgCl, platinum counter electrode and the working electrode was used the GDE. In tests electrolysis at constant potential (-0.4 V &le; E &le; - 1.4 V) for 90 minutes pressurized with O2 at 0.2 Bar, H2O2 concentration reached a maximum value at 178 mg L-1 to -1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for GDE unmodified in acid electrolyte and alkaline electrolyte, the maximum value was 3,370 mg L-1 at potential -1.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl).When incorporated percentage of 5.0% of cobalt (II) phthalocyanine to mass GDE, it is verified that the concentration of H2O2 reaches maximum value at 331 mg L-1 at -0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), which represents increase in yield of 86.0% relative to Printex 6L carbon in acidic medium, addition to a decrease of 300 mV at potential applied to the formation of oxidizing species. To study the electrochemical degradation were amaranth and tartrazine dyes with concentration of 100 mg L-1. To study the homogeneous electro-Fenton process were used 0.05; 0.1 e 0.15 mmol de Fe2+ or Fe3+ and to heterogeneous electro-Fenton process in alkaline medium was used 0.15 mmol of Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 &le; x &le; 0.25) nanoparticles. The electrolysis were performed at constant potential -0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in the GDE modified with 5.0% of cobalt (II) phthalocyanine under constant flow of O2 for 90 minutes in the homogeneous electro-Fenton process while in the heterogeneous electro-Fenton process, GDE unmodified was used and the electrolysis were performed at -1.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). All electrochemical tests were performed using a potentiostat/galvanostat model PGSTAT 302 coupled to a BSTR-10A current booster and controlled by GPES software (Metrohm Autolab). The Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 &le; x &le; 0.25) nanoparticles were characterized by Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), XRD, BET, XPS and TEM. The samples of the dyes were analyzed by spectrophotometry UV/Vis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and total organic carbon (TOC). In terms of discoloration, was a small decrease in the spectrum of the dye when used H2O2 in acidic medium which doesn\'t occur in the degradation when used homogeneous electro-Fenton process being more evident when used Fe2+, reaching a maximum discoloration of 80.0 and 99.2% respectively for amaranth and tartrazine dyes. The decay concentration by HPLC was very efficient when using the electro-Fenton process with better results for Fe2+ and Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 &le; x &le; 0.25) nanoparticles being the kinetics of the process of pseudo-first order. Were identified by-products formed during the degradation of dyes during the homogeneous electro-Fenton process. The higher values of TOC removal (67.3%) and energy consumption (EC) (370 kWh kg-1) were obtained to process using Fe2+ ions and Fe3-xCuxO4 (x= 0.25) nanoparticle respectively for amaranth dye. The values of residual soluble iron concentrations are within the permissible limit according to CONAMA Resolution nº 430/2011. To the heterogeneous electro-Fenton process, the residual and consumed concentration of H2O2 decreased and increased respectively with increasing value of \"x\" in the spinel of Fe3-xCuxO4 (0 &le; x &le; 0.25).

No description available.

Orientador: Flavia Maria Netto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T02:23:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiengo_Andrea_M.pdf: 1037181 bytes, checksum: fa41390046e1fd743ebaf166db3e45ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O amaranto vem se destacando como uma excelente fonte alternativa ou complementar de proteínas alimentares devido à sua composição balanceada em aminoácidos essenciais. A cultura do amaranto (Amaranthus cruentus BR Alegria) vem sendo introduzida no Brasil por sua ótima qualidade nutricional, alto teor de proteínas e melhor valor biológico que a de cereais, e funcional, além de características agronômicas de adaptabilidade. Apesar de o amaranto ter sido bem caracterizado quimicamente e apresentar componentes relacionados a diferentes atividades bioquímicas com potencial fisiológico, pouco se conhece sobre seu potencial funcional. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade inibidora da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA) e a capacidade ligante de ácidos biliares (AB) da farinha desengordurada de amaranto e seus produtos. Farinha integral foi obtida pela moagem do grão de Amaranthus cruentus (variedade BR Alegria) e tratada com hexano para obtenção da farinha desengordura (FDA), utilizada para a produção do concentrado protéico de amaranto (CPA). Para obtenção de hidrolisados protéicos, CPA, sem e com tratamento térmico prévio (90°C/ 30 minutos), foi hidrolisado com a enzima Alcalase, até atingir 12% de grau de hidrólise (GH). As farinhas e seus produtos derivados foram caracterizados quanto à composição e perfis eletroforético e cromatográfico de suas proteínas. A digestão in vitro das proteínas também foi avaliada e o material digerido utilizado para avaliação da atividade inibidora da ECA. A farinha integral de amaranto e seus derivados apresentaram composição semelhante à encontrada na literatura. O tratamento térmico prévio do CPA não alterou o padrão de atividade das enzimas utilizadas, pois o perfil eletroforético e cromatográfico (fase reversa e exclusão molecular) mostraram-se semelhantes. Todos os hidrolisados protéicos e digeridos apresentaram capacidade de inibir a ECA in vitro. No entanto, os digeridos do CPA sem e com tratamento térmico prévio (DCPAst e DCPAtt respectivamente) apresentaram menor atividade inibidora da ECA (IC50 de 0,439 mg proteína/mL e 0,475 mg proteína/mL respectivamente) que os hidrolisados com Alcalase tanto antes (HPAst e HPAtt) como após a digestão in vitro (DHPAst e DHPAtt) que apresentaram IC50 0,118 a 0,176 mg de proteína/mL. Estes resultados sugerem que, in vivo, a ingestão da proteína de amaranto intacta pode apresentar menor atividade inibidora da ECA quando comparada à ingestão da proteína previamente hidrolisada com Alcalase. A digestão in vitro não alterou a atividade inibitória da ECA dos hidrolisados, sugerindo que os peptídeos inibidores da ECA liberados pela ação da Alcalase foram resistentes à hidrólise gastrintestinal. A capacidade ligante de ácidos biliares dos produtos de amaranto (FDA, CPA, HPAst e resíduo alcalino ¿ RA - obtido da extração do CPA) e da colestiramina (utilizada como controle positivo), foi diferente em função do ácido biliar estudado (ácidos cólico, taurocólico, glicocólico e deoxicólico). A colestiramina apresentou a maior atividade ligante para todos os AB testados, diferindo-se de todas as amostras (p<0,05). O RA, mais rico em fibras (8,6%), apresentou a menor atividade ligante para os AB testados, com exceção do ácido glicocólico, que os demais produtos. A FDA apresentou atividade ligante intermediária para todos os AB, porém semelhante à do CPA com o ácido deoxicólico e do HPAst com o ácido taurocólico, que apresentaram as maiores atividades. A FDA e CPA apresentaram capacidade ligante de ácidos biliares secundários tóxicos à mucosa intestinal. A partir dos resultados obtidos não foi possível afirmar se foram as proteínas, as fibras ou eventualmente outro componente não avaliado, o principal responsável por esta atividade. Com a comprovação das atividades inibidora da ECA e ligante de ácidos biliares in vitro, sugere-se a realização de estudos in vivo, sendo o experimento in vivo um método mais confiável para avaliar a atividade biológica das proteínas de amaranto e demais componentes / Abstract: Amaranth has been highlighted as an excellent alternative or complementary source of food protein due to its balanced amino acid composition. The culture of amaranth has been introduced into Brazil on account of its optimum nutritional (high protein content and better biological quality than that of cereal protein) and functional quality, apart from its agricultural characteristics and adaptability. Although amaranth has been well characterised chemically and present components related to different biochemical activities with physiological potential, little is known about its functional potential. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and the capacity to bind with the bile acids (BA) of defatted amaranth flour and its products. Whole flour was obtained by grinding the Amaranthus cruentus grain (BR Alegria variety), and treating with hexane to obtain the defatted flour (ADF), used to produce the amaranth protein concentrate (APC). To obtain the protein hydrolysates, APC, with and without prior heat treatment (90ºC/ 30 minutes), was hydrolysed using the enzyme Alcalase to a 12% degree of hydrolysis (DH). The flours and their derived products were characterised with respect to the electrophoretic and chromatographic compositions and profiles of their proteins. The in vitro digestibility of the proteins was also evaluated and the digested material used to determine the ACE inhibitory activity. The whole amaranth flour and its derivatives presented a composition similar to that found in the literature, and the prior heat treatment of the APC did not alter the activity pattern of the enzymes used, since the electrophoretic and chromatographic profiles (reverse phase and molecular exclusion) were shown to be similar. All the protein hydrolysates, before and after digestion, showed in vitro ACE inhibitory capacity. However, the digested APC, with or without prior heat treatment (DAPCnt and DAPCht, respectively) presented less ACE inhibitory activity (IC50 of 0,439 mg protein/mL and 0,475 mg protein/mL, respectively) than the Alcalase hydrolysates both before (APHnt and APHtt) and after in vitro digestion (DAPHnt and DAPHtt), which presented IC50 values of from 0,118 to 0,176 mg protein/mL. These results suggest that, in vivo, the ingestion of intact amaranth protein could present less ACE inhibitory activity than when ingesting protein previously hydrolysed with Alcalase. In vitro digestion did not change the ACE inhibitory activity of the hydrolysates, suggesting that the ACE inhibitory peptides liberated by the action of Alcalase were resistant to gastro-intestinal hydrolysis. The bile acid binding capacity of the amaranth products (ADF, APC, APHnt and the alkaline residue ¿ AR ¿ obtained from the extraction of APC) and of cholestyramine (used as the positive control), varied as a function of the bile acid studied (cholic, taurocholic, glycocholic and deoxycholic acids). The cholestyramine showed greater binding activity with all the BAs tested, differing from all the samples (p<0,05). The fibre-rich (8,6%) AR presented the least binding activity with all the BAs tested, as compared to the other products, with the exception of with glycocholic acid. The ADF presented intermediate binding activity with all the BAs, which was nevertheless similar to that of APC with glycocholic acid and of APHnt with taurocholic acid, which presented the highest activities. The ADF and APC presented binding capacity with the secondary bile acids toxic to the intestinal mucous membrane. From the results obtained, it was not possible to affirm if it was the proteins, fibres or even some other non-evaluated component, that was responsible for this activity. Having proven the ACE inhibitory and bile acid binding activities in vitro, it is important to also carry out in vivo studies, since the in vivo experiment is a more reliable method to evaluate the biological activity of the amaranth proteins and their other components / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Technical-economical study of biofuel cultivation is the topic of this diploma thesis. This is a study that includes the technology of growing biomass and its subsequent treatment. Part of the work is an economic and sensitivity analysis, which aims to determine the price of produced biomass. This work focuses on herbal biofuels and their comparison with other types of fuels.

<p dir="ltr">Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watts) and waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer] are two of the most troublesome weeds in U.S. soybean production and the auxin herbicides dicamba and 2,4-D, are currently used extensively for postemergence control of these species. In some cases, complete control of weeds at the time of auxin application is not achieved due to adverse environmental conditions, plant factors or misapplications. In these instances, a subsequent postemergence herbicide may be required to control any plant that survived the initial auxin herbicide application. This research was conducted to determine the efficacy and optimal successive time interval between applications of viable postemergence herbicides in soybean on Palmer amaranth and waterhemp plants surviving a previous application of 2,4-D or dicamba. Results from this research indicated that respraying a failed auxin herbicide application with a subsequent auxin herbicide, especially dicamba, was less effective than respraying with glufosinate or fomesafen to control waterhemp in addition to being a less desirable approach for resistance management. Additionally, respray herbicide applications should target 7 to 14 d after the initial failed herbicide application on waterhemp for optimal overall efficacy. When dicamba was the initial herbicide sprayed on Palmer amaranth, 94% or greater control was achieved with glufosinate in 2019 on a 7- and 14-d respray interval, which was greater than the efficacy observed with either dicamba or 2,4-D (< 82%). In 2020, these differences in herbicide efficacy were not evident within these time intervals. These general trends in treatment differences were also manifested in the data for plant height, biomass and viable apical meristems. When 2,4-D was the initial herbicide sprayed on Palmer amaranth, fomesafen and glufosinate applications on a 7-d respray interval and glufosinate on a 14-d respray interval resulted in greater control than 2,4-D in 2019. All other trends in herbicide treatments and time intervals were consistent with dicamba applied as the initial herbicide. Another part of his research was conducted with the objective of quantifying herbicide spray solution deposition and herbicide efficacy on waterhemp growing in different densities plant densities: low, high-thinned and high densities. In both field and greenhouse experiments, spray deposition (µl cm-2) on waterhemp leaves was up to 53% less on plants grown in high density compared to the other density treatments. Even though no differences in herbicide deposition between low and the high-thinned densities were observed, there were differences in herbicide efficacy. When applied to plants growing in low density, applications of glufosinate, fomesafen and topramezone reduced weed biomass to a greater extent than plants growing in the high-thinned density. Following herbicide damage to the apical meristem, plants growing in high-density produced new branches from axillary buds that were previously dormant, whereas plants growing in the low density already had axillary branches initiated from these buds and did not provide an opportunity for new shoot growth. In general, no differences in herbicide efficacy were observed across weed densities following dicamba applications. Source-to-sink translocation of dicamba to previously active meristems, or axillary buds that broke dormancy after the herbicide application, may have compensated for less spray solution interception on plants growing in high density. Lower levels of postemergence herbicide efficacy in high density weed populations are not only influenced by spray deposition differences, but also by changes in plant growth and apical dominance. This research provides further evidence that justifies the need for weed managers to reduce weed densities as much as possible, via non-chemical or soil residual herbicides (preemergence), as much as possible to optimize the efficacy of foliar herbicide applications.</p>

Of the findings, the European Commission established in its report on Energy Sector Inquiry, market manipulation constituted a major concern for the functioning and integrity of EU energy sectors. The Commission argued that the responsibility for high prices in wholesale energy markets could be attributed to manipulative practices of energy incumbents and the trust in the operation of operation of sector was largely compromised, due to these practices. Remedies, EU competition law provided, were considered as insufficient to resolve these shortcomings and thus should be supplemented with regulatory-based tools. The findings of the Energy Sector Inquiry and subsequent consultation documents by multiple EU institutions paved the way for the adoption of the Regulation on wholesale energy market integrity and transparency, REMIT, which incorporated into an anti-manipulation rule, specifically designed to prohibit and prosecute manipulative practices in EU wholesale energy markets. Nevertheless, as EU case law on market manipulation has yet to develop and there are uncertainties with respect to the concept of market manipulation. Furthermore REMIT does not preclude the jurisdiction of EU competition law, questions arise as to the scope and the extent of the application of this prohibition. Throughout its chapters, this book explores the scope of and the case law on market manipulation to determine what types of market practices are regarded as manipulative and thus prohibited under anti-manipulation rules. It also focuses on the interplay between REMIT and EU competition law and evaluates factors and circumstances that determine when and what market misconduct can be subject to enforcement proceedings under both anti-manipulation and antitrust rules. As the development of a single, coherent, rulebook that can be relied upon by market participant is fundamental for the functioning of EU wholesale energy markets, the book, finally, provides proposals and measures that can mitigate and resolve the legal uncertainties regarding the regulatory framework REMIT established.

The aim of the present diploma thesis is to widen knowledge of the chemical regulation of weeds in row crops. To establish the effectiveness of herbicides, we set up a small lot at a carefully chosen spot in the potato-growing region near Strakonice. We conducted a comparison of the effects of three herbicide combinations on two potato varieties (Red Anna, Laura). Two combinations proved pre-emergent (Afalon 45 SC+Command 36 SC; Sencor 70 WG+Command 36 SC), one post-emergent (Titus 25 WG). Subsequently, we evaluated economic costs on weeds regulation and suggested preliminary measures to be taken.