Chagas¡¦ disease induced by Trypanosoma cruzi infection causes damages in heart and digestive tract of the host, but trypanosomes were rarely found in blood and tissue during chronic infection. Although trypanosomes could not be found in the peripheral blood of Trypanosoma musculi infected mice during chronic stage, trypanosomes detected in vasa recta of kidney became a unique kidney form (KF). In this investigation, BALB/c mouse was used as animal model to examine if kidney form of T. cruzi exists in chronic stage. Kidney sections were made on the 20, 40, 60, and 80th day after infection of each mouse with 1,000 bloodstream trypanosomes. In order to compare with chronic stage, kidney sections obtained from mice 20 and 40 days after infection were regarded as acute phase. Amastigotes of T. cruzi as well as significant tissue damages were found in both acute and chronic stages. The results indicated that T. cruzi may exist in amastigote form in mouse kidney during chronic infection. ELISA was employed to measure mouse serum specific antibody titers which recognize mouse kidney antigen infected with trypanosomes 20 to 300 days respectively. Peak titer was observed on the 40th day of infection. Results showed that the ability of acute serum recognizing infected kidney antigen was better than chronic serum. On the other hand, antibody titers that recognize amastigote antigens increased gradually during the infection. It seems correlated with trypanosomes existing and releasing antigen during chronic infection. Antisera from rat immunized with epimastigote or amastigote could recognize infected and normal mouse kidney antigen. Anti-epimastigote sera detected 27 and 49 kDa proteins and anti-amamastigote sera detected 28 and 48 kDa proteins of infected mouse kidney antigen. Functions of these molecules are still not clear and require further characterization in the future.

Amastigotes are forms of Leishmania, naturally occurring in vertebrate hosts within phagocytic cells - especially the macrophages. The aim of this project was to compare three types of amastigotes of Leishmania that can be used for experiments under laboratory conditions - namely the axenic amastigotes, cultured extracellularly (without vertebrate phagocytic cells), amastigotes isolated from macrophages infected ex vivo, and "true" amatigotes isolated from lesions of the infected BALB/c mice. Amastigotes were compared with respect to the development in the natural vector and at the proteome level. L. mexicana, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World, was chosen for this comparison. In experiments comparing the development of Leishmania in the natural vector Lu. longipalpis we found significantly weaker infections in the sand flies infected with axenic amastigotes compared to other types of amastigotes. In addition to the intensity of infection, we compared the localization of promastigotes in the digestive tract of the phlebotomine sand flies. The following localizations were observed: the abdomen, the thorax, the cardia and the stomodeal valve, which is crucial for infectivity of the sand fly. There was no significant difference in localization in any of the groups of...

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Centrioles and basal bodies with their characteristic 9+2 structure are found in all major eukaryotic lineages. The correlation between the occurrence of centrioles and the presence of cilia/flagella, but not centrosome-like structures, suggests that the ciliogenesis function of centrioles is ancestral. Here, it is demonstrated that the centriole domain of centrosomes emerged within the Metazoa from an ancestral state of possessing a centriole with basal body function but no functional association with a centrosome. Centrosome structures involving a centriole are metazoan innovations. When an axoneme is still present but no longer fully functional, such as the sensory cilia of Caenorhabditis elegans or, as depicted here, the flagellum of the intracellular amastigote stage of the Leishmania mexicana parasite, the basal body structure is less constrained and can depart from the canonical structure. A general view has emerged that classifies axonemes into canonical motile 9+2 and noncanonical, sensory 9+0 structures. This study reveals this view to be overly simplistic, and additional axonemal architectures associated with potential sensory structures should be incorporated into prevailing models. Here, a striking similarity between the axoneme structure of Leishmania amastigotes and vertebrate primary cilia is revealed. This striking conservation of ciliary structure, despite the evolutionary distance between Leishmania and mammalian cells, suggests a sensory function for the amastigote flagellum. Adding weight to a sensory hypothesis, close examination of Leishmania positioning inside the parasitophorous vacuole revealed frequent contact between the flagellum tip and the vacuole membrane. A sensory function could also explain the retention of a flagellum in Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes, an intracellular stage that, as shown in this study, emerged independently to the Leishmania amastigote. Basal body appendages, such as pro-basal bodies and microtubule rootlets, also vary widely in their structure. Choanoflagellates, a sister group to the Metazoa, posses an extensive microtubule rootlet system that provides support for their characteristic collar tentacles. This atypical structure is reflected in the underlying molecular components of the choanoflagellate basal body. The importance of choanoflagellates as the closest known relative of metazoans was first revealed by their similarity to choanocytes, the feeding cells of sponges. Although phylogenetic analyses leave little doubt that choanoflagellates are a sister group of animals, comparisons of molecular and structural components of appendages associated with the collar tentacles highlight significant differences and questions the extent to which the collar structures of choanoflagellates and choanocytes can be assumed to be homologous. Finally, the confinement of a centriole-based centrosome to the Metazoa provides little support for the flagellar synthesis constraint as an explanation for the origin of multicellularity. There is, indeed, an apparent constraint; no flagellated or ciliated metazoan cell ever divides. This constraint, however, did not arise until after the incorporation of centrioles into the centrosome in the metazoan lineage and the co-option of centrioles as a structural and functional component of the centrosome. The flagellar synthesis constraint is therefore not an explanation for the origin of multicellularity but a consequence of it.

Nos bancos de dados de T. cruzi há cerca de 3.750 ESTs de amastigotas e tripomastigotas, seqüenciadas a partir das extremidades 5\' ou 3\' de clones de cDNA. A metodologia ORESTES (Open Reading Frame Expressed Sequence Tags) possibilita obter seqüências transcritas parciais derivadas majoritariamente da porção central dos mRNAs, favorecendo a descoberta de novos genes. Neste trabalho, caracterizamos ORESTES de formas infectantes amastigotas e tripomastigotas da cepa humana VL10 (ATVL). A metodologia foi padronizada com formas epimastigotas da cepa CL Brener (ECL), monitorando-se nas preparações de mRNA a contaminação por DNA e a integridade dos transcritos. Populações de cDNA foram obtidas utilizando-se diferentes iniciadores aleatórios. O mesmo iniciador foi empregado nas etapas de RT e PCR, realizada em condições de baixa estringência. Obtivemos 776 e 1522 ORESTES de ECL e ATVL, respectivamente. Após análise com o programa PHRED, aceitaram-se 745 ORESTES de ECL e 1476 de ATVL. As ORESTES apresentaram um tamanho médio de 680 pb e um conteúdo de G+C de 53%. O agrupamento com CAP3 gerou 463 agrupamentos de ECL (360 singletons e 103 contigs) e 454 de ATVL (337 singletons e 117 contigs). A anotação foi feita utilizando-se o programa BLAST contra o banco nr do NCBI. Na biblioteca de ATVL observamos um número elevado de seqüências de RNA ribossômico (27%), amplificadas preferencialmente por dois iniciadores. Para ECL, a contaminação por rRNA foi de 3,6%. Para cerca de 50% das ORESTES de ATVL (n= 729) foi encontrada similaridade em bancos de dados de proteínas. Destas, 316 apresentaram similaridade com proteínas putativas conhecidas e 413 foram anotadas como proteínas hipotéticas e hipotéticas conservadas. Para 87 ORESTES de ATVL (5,9%) não foi observada nenhuma similaridade. 628 ORESTES de ECL (84%) apresentaram similaridade com proteínas depositadas em bancos públicos, ao passo que nenhuma similaridade foi encontrada para 18 cDNAs (2,4%). Ensaios de Southern blot confirmaram a presença de 4 ORESTES no match analisadas nos genomas das duas cepas. Não puderam ser atribuídas a processos biológicos conhecidos 39% e 68% das seqüências dos contigs de ECL e ATVL, respectivamente. Nos processos de Proteólise e Peptidólise, estão incluídas 11% das ORESTES de ECL e 0,3% das ORESTES de ATVL. Outras diferenças funcionais putativas foram observadas. A abundância diferencial dos transcritos de algumas ORESTES foi analisada por northern blot nos estágios evolutivos das cepas. Southern blot do contig ATVL95 originou um padrão de hibridização com múltiplas bandas, característico de seqüências repetitivas. Este contig corresponde ao transcrito do DNA satélite de 195 pb (195 SAT), uma seqüência repetitiva que perfaz cerca de 10% do genoma de T. cruzi e cuja transcrição é controversa na literatura. A transcrição do 195 SAT foi comprovada por experimentos de + northern blot e por RT-PCR. Transcritos de 195 SAT foram detectados nas frações de RNA de poliA+ e poliA-. Esses transcritos não conteriam a seqüência SL, presente nos mRNAs de tripanossomatídios. e poliA Utilizando oligonucleotídios complementares às duas fitas de 195 SAT concluímos que ambas são transcritas. Embora esteja claro que 195 SAT é transcrito, sua função biológica permanece desconhecida. / In T. cruzi databases, aproximately 3.750 ESTs of amastigotes and trypomastigotes, sequenced from the 3´ or 5´ ends cDNA clones can be found in T. cruzi databases. The ORESTES (Open Reading Frame Expressed Sequence Tags) methodology generates partial transcribed sequences derived mainly from the central portions of mRNAs, favoring the discovery of new genes. In this work, we have characterized ORESTES sequences from the infective amastigote and trypomastigote forms of the human strain VL10 (ATVL). The methodology was standardized with epimastigotes of the CL Brener strain (ECL), monitoring in the mRNA population DNA contamination and the integrity of the transcripts. cDNA populations were obtained using different arbitrarily selected, nondegenerate primers. The same primer was used in the RT and PCR steps, performed under low-stringency conditions. We obtained 776 and 1522 ORESTES of ECL and ATVL, respectively. After analysis with PHRED program, 745 ORESTES of ECL and 1476 of ATVL were accepted for further characterization. ORESTES showed a medium size of 680 bp and a G+C content of 53%. Clustering with CAP3 generated 463 unique sequences of ECL (360 singletons and 103 contigs) and 454 of ATVL (337 singletons and 117 contigs). The annotation was made with BLAST program against the NCBI nr database. In the ATVL library we observed an elevated number of ribosomal RNA sequences (27%), amplified mainly by two primers. In the ECL library, rRNA contamination was about 3.6%. Approximately 50% of the ATVL sequences (n= 729) were found in protein databases. From these, 316 showed similarity with putative known proteins and 413 were annotated as hypothetical proteins and hypothetical conserved proteins. No hit was observed for 87 ORESTES of ATVL (5.9%). 628 ORESTES of ECL (84%) showed similarity with proteins in public databases, while for 18 cDNAs (2.4%) no similarity was found. Southern blot assays confirmed the presence of four no match analyzed ORESTES in the genomes of the two strains. No known biological process could be assigned to 39% and 68% of the sequences of ECL and ATVL contigs, respectively. In Proteolysis and Peptidolysis processes 11% and 0.3% of ECL and ATVL ORESTES were allocated, respectively. Additional putative functional differences were observed. The differential abundance of transcripts of some ORESTES was analyzed by northern blot assays in the developmental stages of the strains. Southern blot of the contig ATVL95 originated a hybridization pattern with multiple bands, characteristic of repetitive sequences. This contig corresponds to the transcript of the 195 bp satellite DNA (195 SAT), a repetitive sequence that accounts for 10% of the T. cruzi genome and whose transcription is controversial in the literature. The transcription of the 195 SAT was evidenced by northern blot and RT-PCR experiments. Transcripts of 195 SAT were detected in polyA+ and poly- RNA fractions. These transcripts apparently do not contain the SL sequence, present in trypanosomatid mRNAs. By using oligonucleotides complementary to the two strands of 195 SAT, we concluded that both strands are transcribed. Although it is clear that 195 SAT is transcribed, its biological function remains unknown.

Durante o ciclo de vida da Leishmania, amastigotas vivem no interior de fagolisossomas de células fagocíticas de hospedeiros vertebrados, enquanto promastigotas vivem no interior do vetor invertebrado. Proteases intracelulares como as caspases são as principais efetoras no processo apoptótico. Metacaspases (MCAs) são formas evolutivas distantes das caspases de metazoários, presentes em protozoários, plantas e fungos, e vistas como potenciais alvos para combate dos parasitas sem prejuízo do hospedeiro. Ligantes e moduladores das metacaspases são até hoje desconhecidos. O Phage Display é uma técnica baseada na expressão de proteínas sintéticas nos capsidíos de fagos, usada com o propósito de selecionar ligantes de proteínas, células ou tecidos. Produzimos a metacaspase recombinante de Leishmania L. amazonensis e aplicamos Phage Display para buscar peptídeos ligantes dessa enzima. Esses peptídeos permitiram identificar potenciais proteínas ligantes da MCA, como quinases e cinesinas, que fornecem informações sobre a regulação e controle de sua atividade. Futuramente testaremos se peptídeos ativadores da MCA poderão induzir apoptose do parasita e serem usados como drogas para o tratamento da leishmaniose. / During its life cycle, Leishmania amastigotes live inside phagolysosomes of phagocytic cells of vertebrate hosts, while promastigotes live inside the invertebrate vector. Intracellular proteases such as caspases are key effectors in the apoptotic process. Metacaspases (MCAs) are distant evolutionary forms of metazoan caspases found in protozoa, plants and fungi, and seen as potential targets to destroy the parasites without damage to the host. Ligands and modulators of metacaspases are so far unknown. Phage Display is a technique based on the expression of synthetic proteins in the phage capsid, and is used for selecting ligands of proteins, cells or tissues. We have produced the recombinant metacaspase of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and employed Phage Display to find peptide ligands of this enzyme. These peptides led to the identification of potential binding proteins of the MCA, such as kinases and kinesin, which provide information about the regulation and control of MCA´s activity. In the future we will test whether peptide activators of MCA nduce apoptosis of the parasite and can be used as drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Nos bancos de dados de T. cruzi há cerca de 3.750 ESTs de amastigotas e tripomastigotas, seqüenciadas a partir das extremidades 5\' ou 3\' de clones de cDNA. A metodologia ORESTES (Open Reading Frame Expressed Sequence Tags) possibilita obter seqüências transcritas parciais derivadas majoritariamente da porção central dos mRNAs, favorecendo a descoberta de novos genes. Neste trabalho, caracterizamos ORESTES de formas infectantes amastigotas e tripomastigotas da cepa humana VL10 (ATVL). A metodologia foi padronizada com formas epimastigotas da cepa CL Brener (ECL), monitorando-se nas preparações de mRNA a contaminação por DNA e a integridade dos transcritos. Populações de cDNA foram obtidas utilizando-se diferentes iniciadores aleatórios. O mesmo iniciador foi empregado nas etapas de RT e PCR, realizada em condições de baixa estringência. Obtivemos 776 e 1522 ORESTES de ECL e ATVL, respectivamente. Após análise com o programa PHRED, aceitaram-se 745 ORESTES de ECL e 1476 de ATVL. As ORESTES apresentaram um tamanho médio de 680 pb e um conteúdo de G+C de 53%. O agrupamento com CAP3 gerou 463 agrupamentos de ECL (360 singletons e 103 contigs) e 454 de ATVL (337 singletons e 117 contigs). A anotação foi feita utilizando-se o programa BLAST contra o banco nr do NCBI. Na biblioteca de ATVL observamos um número elevado de seqüências de RNA ribossômico (27%), amplificadas preferencialmente por dois iniciadores. Para ECL, a contaminação por rRNA foi de 3,6%. Para cerca de 50% das ORESTES de ATVL (n= 729) foi encontrada similaridade em bancos de dados de proteínas. Destas, 316 apresentaram similaridade com proteínas putativas conhecidas e 413 foram anotadas como proteínas hipotéticas e hipotéticas conservadas. Para 87 ORESTES de ATVL (5,9%) não foi observada nenhuma similaridade. 628 ORESTES de ECL (84%) apresentaram similaridade com proteínas depositadas em bancos públicos, ao passo que nenhuma similaridade foi encontrada para 18 cDNAs (2,4%). Ensaios de Southern blot confirmaram a presença de 4 ORESTES no match analisadas nos genomas das duas cepas. Não puderam ser atribuídas a processos biológicos conhecidos 39% e 68% das seqüências dos contigs de ECL e ATVL, respectivamente. Nos processos de Proteólise e Peptidólise, estão incluídas 11% das ORESTES de ECL e 0,3% das ORESTES de ATVL. Outras diferenças funcionais putativas foram observadas. A abundância diferencial dos transcritos de algumas ORESTES foi analisada por northern blot nos estágios evolutivos das cepas. Southern blot do contig ATVL95 originou um padrão de hibridização com múltiplas bandas, característico de seqüências repetitivas. Este contig corresponde ao transcrito do DNA satélite de 195 pb (195 SAT), uma seqüência repetitiva que perfaz cerca de 10% do genoma de T. cruzi e cuja transcrição é controversa na literatura. A transcrição do 195 SAT foi comprovada por experimentos de + northern blot e por RT-PCR. Transcritos de 195 SAT foram detectados nas frações de RNA de poliA+ e poliA-. Esses transcritos não conteriam a seqüência SL, presente nos mRNAs de tripanossomatídios. e poliA Utilizando oligonucleotídios complementares às duas fitas de 195 SAT concluímos que ambas são transcritas. Embora esteja claro que 195 SAT é transcrito, sua função biológica permanece desconhecida. / In T. cruzi databases, aproximately 3.750 ESTs of amastigotes and trypomastigotes, sequenced from the 3´ or 5´ ends cDNA clones can be found in T. cruzi databases. The ORESTES (Open Reading Frame Expressed Sequence Tags) methodology generates partial transcribed sequences derived mainly from the central portions of mRNAs, favoring the discovery of new genes. In this work, we have characterized ORESTES sequences from the infective amastigote and trypomastigote forms of the human strain VL10 (ATVL). The methodology was standardized with epimastigotes of the CL Brener strain (ECL), monitoring in the mRNA population DNA contamination and the integrity of the transcripts. cDNA populations were obtained using different arbitrarily selected, nondegenerate primers. The same primer was used in the RT and PCR steps, performed under low-stringency conditions. We obtained 776 and 1522 ORESTES of ECL and ATVL, respectively. After analysis with PHRED program, 745 ORESTES of ECL and 1476 of ATVL were accepted for further characterization. ORESTES showed a medium size of 680 bp and a G+C content of 53%. Clustering with CAP3 generated 463 unique sequences of ECL (360 singletons and 103 contigs) and 454 of ATVL (337 singletons and 117 contigs). The annotation was made with BLAST program against the NCBI nr database. In the ATVL library we observed an elevated number of ribosomal RNA sequences (27%), amplified mainly by two primers. In the ECL library, rRNA contamination was about 3.6%. Approximately 50% of the ATVL sequences (n= 729) were found in protein databases. From these, 316 showed similarity with putative known proteins and 413 were annotated as hypothetical proteins and hypothetical conserved proteins. No hit was observed for 87 ORESTES of ATVL (5.9%). 628 ORESTES of ECL (84%) showed similarity with proteins in public databases, while for 18 cDNAs (2.4%) no similarity was found. Southern blot assays confirmed the presence of four no match analyzed ORESTES in the genomes of the two strains. No known biological process could be assigned to 39% and 68% of the sequences of ECL and ATVL contigs, respectively. In Proteolysis and Peptidolysis processes 11% and 0.3% of ECL and ATVL ORESTES were allocated, respectively. Additional putative functional differences were observed. The differential abundance of transcripts of some ORESTES was analyzed by northern blot assays in the developmental stages of the strains. Southern blot of the contig ATVL95 originated a hybridization pattern with multiple bands, characteristic of repetitive sequences. This contig corresponds to the transcript of the 195 bp satellite DNA (195 SAT), a repetitive sequence that accounts for 10% of the T. cruzi genome and whose transcription is controversial in the literature. The transcription of the 195 SAT was evidenced by northern blot and RT-PCR experiments. Transcripts of 195 SAT were detected in polyA+ and poly- RNA fractions. These transcripts apparently do not contain the SL sequence, present in trypanosomatid mRNAs. By using oligonucleotides complementary to the two strands of 195 SAT, we concluded that both strands are transcribed. Although it is clear that 195 SAT is transcribed, its biological function remains unknown.

Durante o ciclo de vida da Leishmania, amastigotas vivem no interior de fagolisossomas de células fagocíticas de hospedeiros vertebrados, enquanto promastigotas vivem no interior do vetor invertebrado. Proteases intracelulares como as caspases são as principais efetoras no processo apoptótico. Metacaspases (MCAs) são formas evolutivas distantes das caspases de metazoários, presentes em protozoários, plantas e fungos, e vistas como potenciais alvos para combate dos parasitas sem prejuízo do hospedeiro. Ligantes e moduladores das metacaspases são até hoje desconhecidos. O Phage Display é uma técnica baseada na expressão de proteínas sintéticas nos capsidíos de fagos, usada com o propósito de selecionar ligantes de proteínas, células ou tecidos. Produzimos a metacaspase recombinante de Leishmania L. amazonensis e aplicamos Phage Display para buscar peptídeos ligantes dessa enzima. Esses peptídeos permitiram identificar potenciais proteínas ligantes da MCA, como quinases e cinesinas, que fornecem informações sobre a regulação e controle de sua atividade. Futuramente testaremos se peptídeos ativadores da MCA poderão induzir apoptose do parasita e serem usados como drogas para o tratamento da leishmaniose. / During its life cycle, Leishmania amastigotes live inside phagolysosomes of phagocytic cells of vertebrate hosts, while promastigotes live inside the invertebrate vector. Intracellular proteases such as caspases are key effectors in the apoptotic process. Metacaspases (MCAs) are distant evolutionary forms of metazoan caspases found in protozoa, plants and fungi, and seen as potential targets to destroy the parasites without damage to the host. Ligands and modulators of metacaspases are so far unknown. Phage Display is a technique based on the expression of synthetic proteins in the phage capsid, and is used for selecting ligands of proteins, cells or tissues. We have produced the recombinant metacaspase of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and employed Phage Display to find peptide ligands of this enzyme. These peptides led to the identification of potential binding proteins of the MCA, such as kinases and kinesin, which provide information about the regulation and control of MCA´s activity. In the future we will test whether peptide activators of MCA nduce apoptosis of the parasite and can be used as drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

A doença de Chagas afeta cerca de 6 a 7 millhões de pessoas no mundo, principalmente América Latina. A busca de alternativas terapêuticas para esta enfermidade tem grande relevância para a sociedade, já que as opções atuais são limitadas, sendo disponível apenas o benznidazol (BZD) e nifurtimox. Os derivados nitroheterocíclicos são considerados compostos bioativos com número crescente de estudos na comunidade científica contra seu agente etiológico, o Trypanosoma cruzi. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo a identificação de derivados do 5-nitrofurano com atividade frente a diferentes cepas do T. cruzi, assim como estudar possíveis modo de ação desta classe de compostos. Esta investigação envolve estudos computacionais com o propósito de construir modelos quantitativos de relações estrutura-atividade (QSAR multivariado) que possam auxiliar na previsão de novas estruturas com perfil farmacológico otimizado. No presente trabalho foram realizadas as etapas de planejamento, síntese e identificação de 36 compostos com resultados satisfatórios quanto à identificação estrutural, pureza e rendimento, que foi da ordem de 70%. A determinação da atividade anti-T. cruzi in vitro dos compostos obtidos foi realizada frente às cepas Silvio X10 cl1, Y, Bug 2149 cl10 e Colombiana na forma epimastigota do parasito. A maioria dos compostos analisados apresentou maior capacidade de inibição de crescimento do parasito, comparado ao BZD: Silvio X10 cl1 - IC50 = 29,16 ±2,90 µM, Y - IC50 = 40,40 ±3,37µM, Bug 2149 cl10 - IC50 = 30,63 ±3,21 µM, Colombiana - IC50 = 47,91 ±4,96 µM. O composto mais ativo (BSF-35) apresentou os seguintes valores: Silvio X10 cl1 - IC50 = 3,17 ±0,32 µM, Y - IC50 = 1,17 ±0,12 µM, Bug 2149 cl10 - IC50 = 1,81 ±0,18 µM e Colombiana - IC50 = 3,06 ±0,23 µM. Foram realizados cálculos de propriedades moleculares das estruturas tridimensionais dos compostos, seguido pela análise exploratória de dados por análise de agrupamentos hierárquicos (HCA) e análise de componentes principais (PCA), possibilitando o reconhecimento de padrões do conjunto. Considerando esta análise prévia, foram obtidos modelos QSAR com abordagem multivariada, aplicando algorítmo OPS e método de regressão por quadrados mínimos parciais, PLS. Os melhores modelos gerados foram obtidos considerando os compostos benzenos substituídos para as quatro cepas estudadas. Os descritores que mais influenciaram na análise foram o ClogP (coeficiente de partição) e cargas CHELPG. Considerando as informações obtidas, foram planejados e sintetizados quatro novos compostos com objetivo de obter compostos mais ativos e validar os modelos QSAR. Estes compostos apresentaram alta atividade frente a forma epimastigota das quatro cepas estudadas. Os compostos mais ativos foram avaliados quanto a citotoxicidade frente células LLC-MK2 e apresentaram seletividade até 25 vezes superior ao BZD. Estudos in vitro frente a forma amastigota da cepa Y em células U2OS foram realizados com metodologia fenotípica de análise de alto conteúdo (HCA\') e os compostos apresentaram atividade até 64 vezes superior ao BZD e com seletividade de até 50 vezes superior a este fármaco. Quanto à determinação da atividade dos compostos frente às enzimas tripanotiona redutase (TcTR) e glutationa redutase (GR), os compostos analisados não apresentaram atividade relevante, indicando não ser este o mecanismo desta classe de compostos. Com finalidade de explorar outro possível mecanismo de ação dos compostos 5-nitrofurânicos, foi realizada a análise de potencial de redução da membrana mitocondrial, porém a morte parasitária não foi atribuída à despolarização da membrana em estudos simultâneos com iodeto de propídio. / Chagas disease affects approximately 6-7 millions people worldwide, especially Latin America. The search for therapeutic alternatives for this disease is of great relevance to society, as current options are limited and there are only two available drugs: benznidazole (BZD) and nifurtimox. The nitroheterocyclic derivatives are considered bioactive compounds with increasing number of studies in the scientific community against its etiologic agent, Trypanosoma cruzi. In this sense, this work aims to identify derivatives of 5-nitrofuran with activity against different strains of T. cruzi, and to study possible mode of action of this compounds. This research involves computational studies to obtain models of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR multivariate) that can help predict new structures with optimized pharmacological profile. In this work were carried out the design, synthesis and identification of 36 compounds with satisfactory results regarding the structural identification, purity and yield (approximately 70%). The determination of anti-T. cruzi activity in vitro of the compounds obtained was carried out with Silvio X10 cl1, Y, Bug 2149 CL10 and Colombiana strains of epimastigote form of the parasite. Most of the compounds examined showed greater capacity of growth inhibition of the parasite compared to the BZD (Silvio X10 CL1 - IC 50 = 29.16 ± 2.90 µM, Y - IC50 = 40.40 ± 3,37µM, 2149 CL10 Bug - IC 50 = 30.63 ± 3.21 µM, Colombiana - IC 50 = 47.91 ± 4.96 µM). The most active compound (BSF-35) showed the following values: Silvio X10 cl1 - IC 50 = 3.17 ± 0.32 uM, Y - IC 50 = 1.17 ± 0.12 µM, Bug 2149 CL10 - IC50 = 1, 81 ± 0.18 µM and Colombiana - IC 50 = 3.06 ± 0.23 µM. Calculations were performed for the molecular properties of three-dimensional structures of the compounds, followed by exploratory data analysis by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), allowing the recognition of the set. Considering this preliminary analysis were obtained QSAR models with multivariate approach, using OPS algorithm and regression method of partial least squares, PLS. The best generated models were obtained considering the benzyl substituted compounds for the four strains. The descriptors that most influenced the analysis were ClogP (partition coefficient) and CHELPG charges. Considering the information obtained, four new compounds were designed and synthesized to obtain more active compounds and validate QSAR models. These compounds showed high activity against epimastigote form of the four strains studied. The most active compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against LLC-MK2 cells and the compounds selectivity values were up to 25 times higher than BZD. In vitro studies against amastigote form of the Y strain in U2OS cells were performed with phenotypic method of high content analysis (HCA\') and the compounds showed activity to 64 times higher than BZD and selectivity of up to 50 times. The activity of the compounds against trypanothione reductase enzymes (TcTR) and glutathione reductase (GR) showed no significant activity, indicating that this is not the mechanism of this class of compounds. In order to exploit another possible mechanism of action of 5-nitrofuran derivatives, analysis reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential was held, however the cell death was not attributed to membrane depolarization in simultaneous studies with propidium iodide.

A doença de Chagas afeta cerca de 6 a 7 millhões de pessoas no mundo, principalmente América Latina. A busca de alternativas terapêuticas para esta enfermidade tem grande relevância para a sociedade, já que as opções atuais são limitadas, sendo disponível apenas o benznidazol (BZD) e nifurtimox. Os derivados nitroheterocíclicos são considerados compostos bioativos com número crescente de estudos na comunidade científica contra seu agente etiológico, o Trypanosoma cruzi. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo a identificação de derivados do 5-nitrofurano com atividade frente a diferentes cepas do T. cruzi, assim como estudar possíveis modo de ação desta classe de compostos. Esta investigação envolve estudos computacionais com o propósito de construir modelos quantitativos de relações estrutura-atividade (QSAR multivariado) que possam auxiliar na previsão de novas estruturas com perfil farmacológico otimizado. No presente trabalho foram realizadas as etapas de planejamento, síntese e identificação de 36 compostos com resultados satisfatórios quanto à identificação estrutural, pureza e rendimento, que foi da ordem de 70%. A determinação da atividade anti-T. cruzi in vitro dos compostos obtidos foi realizada frente às cepas Silvio X10 cl1, Y, Bug 2149 cl10 e Colombiana na forma epimastigota do parasito. A maioria dos compostos analisados apresentou maior capacidade de inibição de crescimento do parasito, comparado ao BZD: Silvio X10 cl1 - IC50 = 29,16 ±2,90 µM, Y - IC50 = 40,40 ±3,37µM, Bug 2149 cl10 - IC50 = 30,63 ±3,21 µM, Colombiana - IC50 = 47,91 ±4,96 µM. O composto mais ativo (BSF-35) apresentou os seguintes valores: Silvio X10 cl1 - IC50 = 3,17 ±0,32 µM, Y - IC50 = 1,17 ±0,12 µM, Bug 2149 cl10 - IC50 = 1,81 ±0,18 µM e Colombiana - IC50 = 3,06 ±0,23 µM. Foram realizados cálculos de propriedades moleculares das estruturas tridimensionais dos compostos, seguido pela análise exploratória de dados por análise de agrupamentos hierárquicos (HCA) e análise de componentes principais (PCA), possibilitando o reconhecimento de padrões do conjunto. Considerando esta análise prévia, foram obtidos modelos QSAR com abordagem multivariada, aplicando algorítmo OPS e método de regressão por quadrados mínimos parciais, PLS. Os melhores modelos gerados foram obtidos considerando os compostos benzenos substituídos para as quatro cepas estudadas. Os descritores que mais influenciaram na análise foram o ClogP (coeficiente de partição) e cargas CHELPG. Considerando as informações obtidas, foram planejados e sintetizados quatro novos compostos com objetivo de obter compostos mais ativos e validar os modelos QSAR. Estes compostos apresentaram alta atividade frente a forma epimastigota das quatro cepas estudadas. Os compostos mais ativos foram avaliados quanto a citotoxicidade frente células LLC-MK2 e apresentaram seletividade até 25 vezes superior ao BZD. Estudos in vitro frente a forma amastigota da cepa Y em células U2OS foram realizados com metodologia fenotípica de análise de alto conteúdo (HCA\') e os compostos apresentaram atividade até 64 vezes superior ao BZD e com seletividade de até 50 vezes superior a este fármaco. Quanto à determinação da atividade dos compostos frente às enzimas tripanotiona redutase (TcTR) e glutationa redutase (GR), os compostos analisados não apresentaram atividade relevante, indicando não ser este o mecanismo desta classe de compostos. Com finalidade de explorar outro possível mecanismo de ação dos compostos 5-nitrofurânicos, foi realizada a análise de potencial de redução da membrana mitocondrial, porém a morte parasitária não foi atribuída à despolarização da membrana em estudos simultâneos com iodeto de propídio. / Chagas disease affects approximately 6-7 millions people worldwide, especially Latin America. The search for therapeutic alternatives for this disease is of great relevance to society, as current options are limited and there are only two available drugs: benznidazole (BZD) and nifurtimox. The nitroheterocyclic derivatives are considered bioactive compounds with increasing number of studies in the scientific community against its etiologic agent, Trypanosoma cruzi. In this sense, this work aims to identify derivatives of 5-nitrofuran with activity against different strains of T. cruzi, and to study possible mode of action of this compounds. This research involves computational studies to obtain models of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR multivariate) that can help predict new structures with optimized pharmacological profile. In this work were carried out the design, synthesis and identification of 36 compounds with satisfactory results regarding the structural identification, purity and yield (approximately 70%). The determination of anti-T. cruzi activity in vitro of the compounds obtained was carried out with Silvio X10 cl1, Y, Bug 2149 CL10 and Colombiana strains of epimastigote form of the parasite. Most of the compounds examined showed greater capacity of growth inhibition of the parasite compared to the BZD (Silvio X10 CL1 - IC 50 = 29.16 ± 2.90 µM, Y - IC50 = 40.40 ± 3,37µM, 2149 CL10 Bug - IC 50 = 30.63 ± 3.21 µM, Colombiana - IC 50 = 47.91 ± 4.96 µM). The most active compound (BSF-35) showed the following values: Silvio X10 cl1 - IC 50 = 3.17 ± 0.32 uM, Y - IC 50 = 1.17 ± 0.12 µM, Bug 2149 CL10 - IC50 = 1, 81 ± 0.18 µM and Colombiana - IC 50 = 3.06 ± 0.23 µM. Calculations were performed for the molecular properties of three-dimensional structures of the compounds, followed by exploratory data analysis by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), allowing the recognition of the set. Considering this preliminary analysis were obtained QSAR models with multivariate approach, using OPS algorithm and regression method of partial least squares, PLS. The best generated models were obtained considering the benzyl substituted compounds for the four strains. The descriptors that most influenced the analysis were ClogP (partition coefficient) and CHELPG charges. Considering the information obtained, four new compounds were designed and synthesized to obtain more active compounds and validate QSAR models. These compounds showed high activity against epimastigote form of the four strains studied. The most active compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against LLC-MK2 cells and the compounds selectivity values were up to 25 times higher than BZD. In vitro studies against amastigote form of the Y strain in U2OS cells were performed with phenotypic method of high content analysis (HCA\') and the compounds showed activity to 64 times higher than BZD and selectivity of up to 50 times. The activity of the compounds against trypanothione reductase enzymes (TcTR) and glutathione reductase (GR) showed no significant activity, indicating that this is not the mechanism of this class of compounds. In order to exploit another possible mechanism of action of 5-nitrofuran derivatives, analysis reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential was held, however the cell death was not attributed to membrane depolarization in simultaneous studies with propidium iodide.