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The essential purposes of the pages which follow are to trace the character of the inter-regional slave trade and to assess the significance of that traffic in the life of the "peculiar institution". More specifically, this study 6xamines the extent and organisation of the South's inter-regional slave trade; the economic importance of that traffic; the impact of slave sales upon the slave family; the status of the trader; and the character of relationships between masters and slaves as revealed by the inter-regional trade. In the chapters which follow, although attention is also paid to a wider chronQlog~cal context, detailed analysis concentrates upon the operation of the trade during the 1820 to 1860 period - that is to say during the period of the inter-regianal traffic's fullest development. Slave traders' account books, together with large numbers of often very substantial collections of correspondence between traders, have provided an essential foundation for my research. These manuscript sources, which constitute an extremely valuable store of information illustrative of virtually all facets of the domestic slave trade, have previously gone almost completely ignored by histoiians. Such records, iirectly documenting trading activity in almost every Southern state, have made it possible to study the trade in a broad geogr~ical setting. It should be noted that since, very commonly, traders' letters were almost completely devoid of punctuation, basic' punctuation has, without acknowledgement, been added to many of the passages of correspondence quoted in the chapters which follow. Otherwise, all amendments to traders' letters are indicated in the quotations which are made. In addition to traders' papers, major sources of evidence have included manuscript and published census records; manifests documenting the coastwise movement of slave ships; newspaper advertisements; probate, equity, and sheriff's records of slave sales; tax lists; court cases concerning traders; slave narratives; as well as Abolitionist and pro-slavery pUblications. I am greatly endebted to the staffs of many American libraries for their - v - assistance •. In particular, I should like to express my appreciation of the advice and the warm hospitality of Mrs.Ollin Owens of the South Caroliniana Library; of Mrs.Granville T.Prior of the South Carolina Historical Society; and of friends at the SQuth Carolina Department of Archives. I should like to thank Professor Stanley Engerman of Rochester University and Dr. William Calderhead of Annapolis Naval College for their very generous hospitality and for their willingness to discuss their interpretations of the slave trade and American slavery. I am very grateful to Dr.William Dusinberre of Warwick University for his encouragement and for carefully reading sections of my thesis. Finally, I should like to thank Dr.Phillip Taylor and Dr.John White, both of Hull University, for their most helpful advice and encouragement.

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From 1935 to present governmental social programs have attained a monetary magnitude not likely to have been envisioned by those responsible for their inception. This study traces the evolution of these social programs in an attempt to relate, as far as possible, the impact of these programs on the hopes and aspirations of black people. Since the proportion of blacks receiving governmental assistance is so large, an assessment of the financial and social gains or losses made by blacks should be indicative of the effect of these programs. Employment and earnings, education, health and housing were the major focuses of this study. Evidence was reviewed which indicates that the continuing dependency of blacks is a function of the magnitude of the social programs. The suggestion is that many of the social programs may be well-intentioned but are ill-conceived. In view of recent legal and social trends the requirement for continuing research by blacks is mandatory. It is important to distinguish real information from misinformation. A chronology of the program suggests that a more enlightened view must be taken by those responsible for such programs in the future.

In Guatemala, a relatively recent education policy articulates the stateâs recognition of Guatemala as a multiethnic, multicultural and multilingual country and mandates intercultural, bilingual education in areas where indigenous languages are widely spoken. Education policy is developed and decreed at the state level but implemented in notably divergent Mayan communities, where numerous variables affect how teachers interpret the stateâs directives. Quantitative assessments that gauge the effectiveness of bilingual programs minimize the role of teachers as local agents imparting dual language instruction, while anthropological assessments generalize across linguistic communities or focus on the linguistic and cultural revitalization efforts of the larger Mayan movement. Ethnographic research in specific communities highlights the myriad ways teachers embody the spirit of the policy by interpreting it appropriately for the needs of students and the linguistic and cultural context in which students are learning. Interviews and participant observation conducted in the Kâicheâ-speaking town of Nahualá, Sololá reveal that the strength of the programâs implementation locally is largely made possible by teachers' own initiative and commitment to promoting K'iche' language and Mayan culture. Although teachers abide by a state directive that is sometimes contested by parents and often complicated by a lack of resources and children's wide range of language skills, teachers avail themselves of a certain degree of latitude within the national curriculum. Bilingual teachers in Nahualá interpret the stateâs directive in community-specific ways and thus fill the most influential role in the school system.

In recent decades, the United States government enacted immigration policies that transformed migrant workers into undocumented immigrants. Illegality is a highly racialized status, as more than half of Mexican and Central American people in the U.S. are undocumented. Immigration laws that purport to be color-blind recreate older racial and ethnic discriminatory systems. Today, being an undocumented immigrant in the United States has repercussions far beyond administrative status. Immigration enforcement agencies and employers utilize the threat of deportation to suppress the efforts of workers to organize for improved working conditions. In this way, illegality functions to maintain a fearful and compliant workforce. The U.S. government enforces immigration policies that dehumanize and commodify millions of people, and relegate millions of workers to the most vulnerable occupations in exploitative industries.

<p> Suboptimal cardiovascular health among African American (AA) women contributes to high costs of care related to acute illness, chronic illness, and disability. Using the health promotion model, this needs assessment project examined risk factors that predispose adult AA women between the ages of 21 to 64 years of age to higher incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Seventy of the 300 charts that met the inclusion criteria (female AA patients, 21 to 64 years of age, receiving care in a community clinic in an urban city of Texas) were audited for this project. Descriptive analysis showed that 66% of the women did not have a diagnosis of CVD, 32% were noted as being at risk for CVD, and risk for diagnosis of CVD was not listed in 3% of the charts. The audit also showed that 7% of the AA women did not monitor their diet, 60% monitored their diet, and 33% lacked knowledge of heart healthy diet. Sixty-seven percent of charts audited noted a family history of CVD, 33% noted no family history of CVD, while 3% noted an unknown family history of CVD. The ages of the patients ranged from 21&ndash;64 (<i>M</i> = 24.9 years). Weight ranged from 104&ndash;225 lbs. (<i>M</i> = 172.5 lbs.) and height ranged between 52-73 inches (<i>M</i> = 61.13 inches). Body mass index (BMI) calculated showed 1.43% of the women were underweight, 11.4% showed normal BMI, 32.86% were overweight, and 54.29% were obese. Study recommendation included implementation of a patient education that will help increase awareness of CVD among the patient population at the clinic. Findings from this project could increase awareness on the importance of creating cultural congruent education program that will help educate minority populations more effectively in the management of cardiovascular disease.</p>

<p> This essay presents the life and works for solo piano of Portuguese composer and pianist &Oacute;scar da Silva (1870&ndash;1958). It is the first publication dedicated solely to &Oacute;scar da Silva in the English language. It also presents the first chronological catalogue of da Silva&rsquo;s solo piano works. It includes both published and unpublished works, encompassing all of the extant music available in several libraries in Portugal. &Oacute;scar da Silva studied with Adolf Ruthardt and Carl Reinecke in Leipzig and with Clara Schumann in Frankfurt. He was the most prolific composer of piano music of his generation in Portugal, and one of the most prolific ever in Portuguese piano music. His life is marked by the end of the monarchy in Portugal, the rise and fall of the first republic, and by Estado Novo. His music ranges from German romanticism to modernism. His works are also emblematic of saudosism, a Portuguese nationalistic movement not previously studied in music. </p><p> This essay was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts in Piano Performance, at The Hartt School, University of Hartford, on March 23, 2015.</p>

The Hopi word hova is glossed in the Hopi Dictionary as homosexual, transvestite, similar to the berdache. This thesis explores the meanings of the words homosexual, transvestite, and berdache in order to gain a better understanding of the Hopi word hova. Most of the major extant, published, anthropological literature regarding the words berdache and hova are reviewed and analyzed. Other cultural ideas such as Navajo nadleehi and Zuni lhamana are also analyzed for cross-cultural purposes. As the anthropological literature is inadequate for explaining the Hopi word hova, future research options and projects are proposed in favor of a static conclusion.

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