Through a historical narrative that considers the asymmetric relationship between the United States (U.S.) and Puerto Rico (P.R.), based on a dependency conceptual framework, major external (U.S.) and internal (P.R.) factors were analyzed to provide an interpretation that explains the federal jurisdiction of wireless and broadcasting in P.R. The different governmental structures approved by the U.S. Congress for the purpose of local government in the island of P.R.--the Foraker Act of 1900, the Jones Act of 1917, the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950, and the Commonwealth status of 1952--as well as the activities of Puerto Rican groups were examined to determine how they challenged and/or supported the federal jurisdiction of wireless and broadcasting in the island. Federal regulations approved by the U.S. Congress to regulate wireless and broadcasting in the U.S.--the Wireless Ship Act of 1910, the Radio Act of 1912, the Radio Act of 1927, and the Communications Act of 1934--were examined to determine their impact in P.R. The activities of governmental and non-governmental U.S. groups, related to the wireless and broadcasting field, affecting Congressional actions and/or their direct actions in the island also entered the analysis. Based on Congressional documents, archival information, interviews, and other sources, the narrative developed in this dissertation describes a process whereby external factors were fundamental in determining the federal jurisdiction of wireless and broadcasting in P.R. To a large extent, the narrative details a colonial process whereby the U.S. government attempted, with relative success, to Americanize the island. The extension of federal jurisdiction to the island was imposed. As a consequence of the regulatory structure in the P.R. the "market model" prevailed in framing broadcasting in the island and commercial imperatives became the basis over which broadcasting would operate. The internal factors that played a role in the development of wireless and broadcasting regulation in P.R. were characterized by consent to U.S. hegemony, conceptual underdevelopment and timid initiatives circumscribed by Congressional limits.

No description available.

Black men and women were the victims of verbal abuse, neglect, intimidation, rape, physical assault, lynching, and other manifestations of violence in both the late antebellum and postemancipation South. This dissertation reconstructs how the newly freed black population experienced racialized violence during the transition from slavery to freedom and in the decades immediately following emancipation. By analyzing primary source collections that chronicle the transitional period between slavery and freedom, it is possible to frame resistance to racialized violence as part of a continuum. The struggle to combat racialized violence, I argue, was conditioned by the experiences of black men and women during slavery. This dissertation, then, highlights the continuities that existed in a period of apparent discontinuity. To reconstruct the experiences of black men and women, this dissertation also reconceptualizes how we think about violence and resistance. There is a tendency among scholars who study racialized violence to equate violence with the use of physical force. This dissertation, however, defines violence as the use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation. By adopting a definition of violence that is broader than those used in most existing studies of racialized violence, it becomes possible to understand the long-term, psychological, and developmental impact of racialized violence on black men and women. Resistance, similarly, must be understood in broader terms to include acts that are not explicitly recognized as resistance by those involved, but that informed observers might perceivably recognize as thwarting an attempt at subjugation. The reality is that overt resistance was dangerous for African Americans, and so many turned towards clandestine methods of resistance to voice their opposition. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This dissertation examines how black men and women experienced racialized violence during the transition from slavery to freedom and in the decades immediately following emancipation. The struggle to combat racialized violence, I argue, was conditioned by the experiences of black men and women during slavery. By adopting and transforming resistance techniques developed to oppose slavery, the newly freed black population found ways to contest subjugation. To reconstruct the experiences of black men and women, this dissertation also reconceptualizes how we think about violence and resistance. It moves beyond the equation of violence with physical force, and instead recognizes that acts of violence can result from an imbalance of power. Resistance, similarly, should be understood in broader terms to include acts that are not explicitly recognized as resistance by those involved, but that informed observers might reasonably perceive as thwarting attempts at subjugation.

No description available.

<p> Although Lillian Hellman was obsessed with truth, in her memoirs she often exaggerates, confabulates, and lies. So pervasive was Heliman's penchant for making things up that her reputation as a memoirist has suffered under a deluge of criticism. Hellman personified a era of many societal changes: greater sexual freedom for women, more opportunities for women to work, and television's growing impact on creating celebrities. Foremost, however, central to .Hellman's life was-the advent of McCarthyism, a period she describes in <i> Scoundrel Time Scoundrel Time</i> has drawn more criticism--actually vitriol--than any of her works, possibly because it tells many unwanted truths about that era. Despite her proclivity for fabulation:, Hellman's "stories"--her works of fiction presented as fact--often engage those underlying truths essentially "truer" than her surface fictions.</p>

<p> This research project seeks to deconstruct the history of the horse in the Americas and its relationship with the Indigenous Peoples of these same lands. Although Western academia admits that the horse originated in the Americas, it claims that the horse became extinct in these continents during the Last Glacial Maximum (between roughly 13,000 and 11,000 years ago). This version of &ldquo;history&rdquo; credits Spanish conquistadors and other early European explorers with reintroducing the horse to the Americas and to her Indigenous Peoples. However, many Native Nations state that &ldquo;they always had the horse&rdquo; and that they had well established horse cultures long before the arrival of the Spanish. To date, &ldquo;history&rdquo; has been written by Western academia to reflect a Eurocentric and colonial paradigm. The traditional knowledge (TK) of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas, and any information that is contrary to the accepted Western academic view, has been generally disregarded, purposefully excluded, or reconfigured to fit the accepted academic paradigm. Although mainstream academia and Western science have not given this Native TK credence to date, this research project shows that there is no reason&mdash;scientific or otherwise&mdash;that this traditional Native claim should not be considered true. The results of this thesis conclude that the Indigenous horse of the Americas survived the &ldquo;Ice Age&rdquo; and the original Peoples of these continents had a relationship with them from Pleistocene times to the time of &ldquo;First-Contact.&rdquo; In this investigation, Critical Indigenous Research Methodologies (CIRM) and Grounded Theory (GT) are utilized in tandem to deconstruct the history of the horse in the Americas and reconstruct it to include cross-cultural translation, the TK of many Indigenous Peoples, Western scientific evidence, and historical records. This dissertation suggests that the latest technology combined with guidance and information from our Indigenous Peoples has the power to reconstruct the history of the horse in the Americas in a way that is unbiased and accurate. This will open new avenues of possibility for academia as a whole, as well as strengthen both Native and non-Native communities.</p>

<p> In 1901, Alice Hegan Rice, a wealthy socialite reformer, published the novel <i>Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch</i> which dealt her experiences working with the poor. By the end of 1902 her novel had become a national phenomenon and finished the decade as one of its five bestselling books. Though the novel was fictional in nature, the book&rsquo;s heroine, Mrs. Wiggs, was based on the life of a real woman, who inhabited the one of the poorest neighborhoods in Louisville, Kentucky at the turn of the twentieth-century, a slum known as the Cabbage Patch. Shortly after the book&rsquo;s publication it became well-advertised that Mary Bass, a widowed mother of five children living in poverty in the Cabbage Patch, was the prototype for the beloved character of Mrs. Wiggs and subsequently and quite undesirably became fetishized by an overenthusiastic public. Mary Bass would end up suing Alice Hegan Rice for libel. The Bass/Rice story supplies an uncommon historical opportunity to analyze the portrayal of poverty in popular fiction in the Progressive Era United States and the classist values behind those representations.</p>

<p> This dissertation explores U.S.-Brazilian relations through the prism of naval diplomacy between 1893 and 1930. Broadly, this dissertation explains the growth of U.S. naval involvement in Brazil, emphasizing the motives of Brazilian and American policymakers, and the role of naval officers in strengthening bilateral relations. This study begins by examining the Brazilian Navy Revolt of 1893-94, contextualizing it within the formative years of the Brazilian Republic, while discussing U.S. naval intervention in the conflict. It then explores U.S.-Brazilian naval relations in the early twentieth century, explaining the growing association between the two countries&rsquo; navies after the turn of the century. That collaboration culminated in cooperation during World War I, and with the establishment of an American Navy Commission to teach at the Brazilian Naval War College. Finally, this dissertation explores the dynamics of the U.S. Navy Mission in Brazil during the first formative years after its establishment in 1922. Introducing naval diplomacy to the historiography of U.S.-South American relations illuminates the origins of American influence in Brazil, including the crucial role of Brazilians in pursuing closer ties, as well as the development of a U.S. policy focused on reducing European influence, promoting regional security, and increasing U.S. commercial power in the region.</p>

<p> During the mid-to-late 19th century, Roxbury, Massachusetts experienced a dramatic change from a rural farming area to a vibrant, working-class, and predominantly-immigrant urban community. This new demographic bloomed during America&rsquo;s industrial age, a time in which hundreds of new mass-produced goods flooded consumer markets. This thesis explores the relationship between working-class consumption patterns and historic advertising in 19th-century Roxbury, Massachusetts. It assesses the significance of advertising within households and the community by comparing advertisements from the <i> Roxbury Gazette</i> and <i>South End Advertiser</i> with archaeological material from the Tremont Street and Elmwood Court Housing sites, excavated in the late 1970s, to determine the degree of correlation between the two sources. Separately, the archaeological and advertising materials highlight different facets of daily life for the residents of this neighborhood. When combined, however, these two distinct data sets provide a more holistic snapshot of household life and consumer choice. Specifically, I examine the relationship between advertisers and consumers and how tangible goods served as a medium of communication for values, social expectations, and individual and group identities. </p><p> Ultimately, this study found that there is little direct overlap between the material record from the Southwest Corridor excavations and the historic <i> Roxbury Gazette</i> advertisements. The most prevalent types of advertisements from an 1861-1898 <i>Roxbury Gazette</i> sample largely did not overlap with the highest artifact type concentrations from the Southwest Corridor excavations. This disconnect may be the result of internal factors, including lack of purchases or extended use lives for certain objects. External factors for disconnect include archaeological deposition patterns, as well as the ways in which the archaeological and advertising data is categorized for analysis. Most importantly, this study emphasizes that the lives of Tremont Street and Elmwood Court&rsquo;s residents cannot be neatly summed up by the materials they discarded. Only through the consideration of material culture, documentary resources, and other historic information can we begin to understand the experiences these individuals endured.</p>

<p>When addressed with military strategy the first thought is to drift towards the big name battlefields: Shiloh, Perryville, Stones River, Chickamauga, and Chattanooga. Our obsession with tactics and outcomes clouds our minds to the social, cultural, and political factors that took place away from the front lines. Less appealing, but no less important to understanding the war as a whole, this study incorporates non-military factors to explain the shift of Confederate military strategy in the Western Theater. Southern citizens experienced a growth of military awareness, which greatly influenced the military policies of Richmond, and altered how Confederate generals waged war against Union armies. The geography of Mississippi and Tennessee, and the proximity of these states to Virginia, also forced Western generals to pursue aggressive military campaigns with less than ideal military resources. Finally, the emotions and personal aspirations of general officers in the Army of Tennessee, and the Western Theater as a whole, produced a culture of failure, which created disunion and instability in the Western command structure. Confederate generals pursued aggressive military campaigns due to a combination of social, cultural, political, and military factors.