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This dissertation seeks to expand our conception of what constitutes Native American letters by examining how the periodical became a prominent form in Native American literary production in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. With its focus on the boarding school, Writing against Erasure provides insight into the context in which students first learned how to make complex and sophisticated choices in print. Within the contested disciplinary space of the boarding school, the periodical press functioned as a site for competing discourses on assimilation. Whereas school authorities used the white-run school newspapers to publicize their programs of cultural erasure, students used the student-run school newspapers to defend and preserve Native American identity and culture in the face of the assimilationist imperatives of the boarding schools and the dominant culture. Writing against Erasure highlights the formative impact of students' experiences with the boarding school press on the periodical practices and rhetorical strategies of two well-known Native American literary figures, Zitkala-Sa and Charles Eastman. By treating the periodical writings of these two prominent boarding school graduates alongside the periodical writings produced by boarding school students while they were still at school, Writing against Erasure provides a literary genealogy that reveals important continuities between these writers' strategic and political uses of the periodical press. Writing against Erasure argues that Native American boarding school students and graduates used the periodical press not to promote the interests of school authorities as some scholars have argued, but rather to preserve their cultural traditions, to speak out on behalf of indigenous interests, and to form a pan-Indian community at the turn of the twentieth century. / English

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The religious revivals of the mid-eighteenth century in America, Scotland, Wales, England, and parts of Continental Europe have attracted a growing number of historians during the last ten years, and have been recognized as mass movements heralding a new type of religious life. Having begun their questioning within national and denominational frameworks, attempting to determine the significance of the revivals on these levels, students have subsequently looked to detailed local and regional studies to provide new insights into the nature, cause and meaning of the revivals. The thesis is an attempt to move in the opposite direction: to establish the revivals not as local or regional, nor even denomination or national phenomena but as international, involving the whole of the Protestant world during the middle three decades of the eighteenth century. It does not set out to explain why these events occurred simultaneously over a wide area, nor to give a history of intellectual developments in Western Europe and America. Rather, it seeks to establish through an examination of the personal connections and links between revivalists in each country, that they were all part of the same phenomenon. It seems necessary to assert the supranationalism of this religious resurgence before it becomes lost in the detail of local explanation. From the English angle, the neglect of transatlantic revivalism is easily explained by the fact that John Wesley did not participate in it. This makes the connections more, not less interesting, because they throw light in the evangelical alternatives to Wesleyan Methodism. Such a study is also of value for the understanding of nineteenth century Nonconformity throughout the Protestant world. The method employed in establishing the connections between revivalism is necessarily intricate and laborious. It involves working out the evangelical personnel and relationships within and between each country, and energy which has been spent tracking these down has been given at the expense of detailed understanding of national histories. The arrangement of the thesis reflects the importance of literature, and in particular, the evangelical magazine, in the relationship and contact between revivalists. After a background chapter designed to show the state of the various denominations before the revival, Chapters III, IV and V deal exclusively with the revival literature and cornrnunications of a transatlantic nature. This is then followed by first a general, and then a detailed chapter attempting to draw out the significance of this transatlantic dimension through comparisons. The materials for establishing the transatlantic contacts were not easy to come by. Only the evangelical magazines provided a consolidated body of material for study, the rest has been discovered as a result of a sustained search in miscellaneous letter collections in Britain and America, as well as in the records of the denominations involved in the revival. In quoting from contemporary material I have updated, the spelling, punctuation and capitals and have followed the dating system of the reformed calendar.

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This study seeks to understand the ways in which colonial settlements, located within the Municipality of Gurupá, in the Lower Amazon Basin in Brazil, played a key role in the formation of ribeirinho culture. The term ribeirinho, meaning âriverbank dweller,â is a designation that is widely used throughout the Brazilian Amazon to identify the descendants of mixed Portuguese, African and indigenous heritage who today predominate the Lower Amazon Basin landscape. In this thesis, I design arguments for potential avenues of archaeological research at sites such as forts, settler villages, and missions, in order to understand how unequal power relations within the colonial encounter would have taken shape through practice, and would have subsequently been inscribed in both objects and on the cultural landscape. By utilizing this framework, archaeological correlates have the potential to reveal the complex cultural and ethnic transformations experienced by colonial inhabitants, thus defying overarching and essentializing generalizations commonly found in cultural change and continuity dichotomies. Through the exploration of the material culture found in the archaeological record, investigations into historical source material, and direct involvement of community members, future results may help to shed light on the formation of a proto-Amazonian society made up of different groups experiencing varying forms of cultural change and/or continuity, simultaneously, both across and within sites.

The objectives of this thesis are to examine the events and issues which were a part of the strike against San Francisco State College during the 1968-1969 academic year. Led by the Black Students Union, students and faculty joined forces against local San Francisco State administrators, the trustees of the college, the Chancellor, and Governor Reagan, those, students and faculty charged were not being responsive to their needs. San Francisco State faculty complained that their rights were being usurped by their governing board. Students wanted the college to be more responsive to the times of a fast- changing world. The Black Students Union's charge was racism. The Black Students Union's demand for a Black Studies Department, under the guise of control, and by extension, freedom, at a time when the cry for "Black Power” was being reverberated all over the country, makes the activities at State particularly important. The implications of State's 1968-1969 strike is especially important when one considers the aims of the larger Black Liberation Movement to rid the country of racism and all forms of injustice. It was at San Francisco State that the first notion of a Black Studies Department at a pre-dominantly white campus was heard. It was at State that a protracted struggle, with the aid of thousands of faculty, students and members of the adjacent communities, was waged. In spite of the daily encampment of several hundred police, and the insistence by Governor Reagan that the campus remain open, the student-faculty coalition succeeded in bringing the normal activities of the college to a screeching halt. After four months of "non-negotiable" demands by Black and Third World students, as well as those from the faculty, the strike ended. With the strike’s end, a Black- Studies Department was officially established. However, those most instrumental in initiating and maintaining the strike were either imprisoned or run out of the state. With the rights enjoyed by faculty and students before the strike substantively harnessed with the strike's end, Reagan and his allies seemed to have scored the last and greatest victory. But strike strategists argue that although repressive measures launched by the state legislature and San Francisco local administrators seriously undermined many of the basic strike issues, they argue that the radicalization of thousands of faculty and students made the four-month long struggle worth it all.

This study examined the factors that tend to lead to intentional single parenting of educated African-American and South African women. The study was based on the premise that four factors were the dominating dynamics behind a woman’s decision to intentionally single parent. A case study analysis approach was used to document data gathered from twelve women from America and South Africa. An interview scale and an interview grid were developed. The researcher found that the four factors were significant elements in determining intentional single parenting. These factors are l) the belief of an available mate shortage, 2) educational and financial attainment, 3) the age of a woman, and 4) the desire to mother. The conclusion drawn from the findings suggest that one factor, educational and financial attainment, outweighed the others with the respondents and that each country selected a different factor that determined its decision toward intentional single parenting. The results of this study clearly identified a Stages-of-Development model for Intentional Single Parenting.

<p>This research involved low powered microscopic analysis of usewear patterns on the utilized edges of formal and informal tools sampled from the Nenana component (C1) and the Denali component (C2) of the Dry Creek Site. Dry Creek is one of the type sites for the Nenana Complex, which is often contrasted with the Denali Complex in Late Pleistocene archaeological studies of central Alaska (12,000&ndash;10,000 B.P.). There are twice as many unifacial scrapers than bifacial tools in the C1 formal tool assemblage. The C1 worked lithic assemblage contains a relatively high number of unifacially worked endscrapers and side scrapers when compared to the number of bifacial knife and point technology. The technological makeup of the formal tools sampled from the Denali component is characterized by the manufacture and use of a higher number of bifacial knives and projectile points. The presence of microblades within C2 and the absence of microblades in C1 are often cited as the most significant technological difference between these two tool kits. The analysis presented here suggests that with or without microblades, the Nenana and Denali components are different tool kits. However, differences in utilization signatures between formal bifacial knives and scrapers tools indicate that technological variability within C1 and C2 at Dry Creek may largely be shaped by early hunting and butchering versus later stage butchering and processing activities. </p>