No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

The aggregation of misfolded proteins into amyloid fibrils is implicated in the pathogenesis of several human degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Type II diabetes. Links between the deposition of amyloid fibrils and the progression of these diseases are poorly understood, with much of the current research focused on monomer misfolding and subsequent assembly of oligomers and mature fibrils. This project examines the formation of human apolipoprotein (apo) C-II amyloid fibrils, with a focus on the stability and reversibility of amyloid fibril assembly. / The initial stages of the project were to develop a model for apoC-II amyloid fibril formation. This was achieved by analysis of the concentration dependent kinetics of apoC-II amyloid fibril formation, and correlation of these data with the final size distribution of the fibrils, determined by sedimentation velocity experiments. On the basis of these studies, a new reversible model for apoC-II amyloid fibril formation is proposed that includes fibril breaking and re-joining as integral parts of the assembly mechanism. The model was tested by rigorous experimentation, with antibody-labelling transmission electron microscopy providing direct evidence for spontaneous fibril breaking and re-joining. / The development of this model for apoC-II fibril assembly provided the foundation for experiments to investigate factors that promote, inhibit or reverse amyloid fibril formation. Factors that were considered include a molecular chaperone protein, αB-crystallin, and a chemical modification, methionine oxidation. Investigations on the effect of αB-crystallin revealed that the inhibition of apoC-II fibril formation occurs by two distinct mechanisms: transient interaction with monomer preventing oligomerisation, and binding to mature fibrils, which inhibits fibril elongation. Studies on the effect of methionine oxidation on apoC-II fibril formation showed that both the assembly and stability of the fibrils was affected by this modification. ApoC-II contains two methionine residues (Met-9 and Met-60), and upon oxidation of these residues fibril formation was inhibited. In addition, the treatment of pre-formed fibrils with hydrogen peroxide caused dissociation of the fibrils via the oxidation of Met-60, located with the fibril core structural region. The final chapter details the development of antibodies that specifically recognise the conformation of apoC-II amyloid fibrils, which provide the foundation for future studies to examine the role that apoC-II amyloid fibrils play in disease. / Overall, this thesis reveals the dynamic and reversible nature of amyloid fibril formation. New insight is also obtained of the general stability of amyloid fibrils and the processes that may regulate their formation, persistence and disease pathogenesis in vivo.

Diss. Linköping : Univ., 2001.

No description available.

abstract: A new challenge on the horizon is to utilize the large amounts of protein found in the atmosphere to identify different organisms from which the protein originated. Included here is work investigating the presence of identifiable patterns of different proteins collected from the air and biological samples for the purposes of remote identification. Protein patterns were generated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Patterns created could identify high-traffic and low-traffic indoor spaces. Samples were collected from the air using air pumps to draw air through a filter paper trapping particulates, including large amounts of shed protein matter. In complimentary research aerosolized biological samples were collected from various ecosystems throughout Ecuador to explore the relationship between environmental setting and aerosolized protein concentrations. In order to further enhance protein separation and produce more detailed patterns for the identification of individual organisms of interest; a novel separation device was constructed and characterized. The separation device incorporates a longitudinal gradient as well as insulating dielectrophoretic features within a single channel. This design allows for the production of stronger local field gradients along a global gradient allowing particles to enter, initially transported through the channel by electrophoresis and electroosmosis, and to be isolated according to their characteristic physical properties, including charge, polarizability, deformability, surface charge mobility, dielectric features, and local capacitance. Thus, different types of particles are simultaneously separated at different points along the channel distance given small variations of properties. The device has shown the ability to separate analytes over a large dynamic range of size, from 20 nm to 1 μm, roughly the size of proteins to the size of cells. In the study of different sized sulfate capped polystyrene particles were shown to be selectively captured as well as concentrating particles from 103 to 106 times. Qualitative capture and manipulation of β-amyloid fibrils were also shown. The results demonstrate the selective focusing ability of the technique; and it may form the foundation for a versatile tool for separating complex mixtures. Combined this work shows promise for future identification of individual organisms from aerosolized protein as well as for applications in biomedical research. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Chemistry 2011

No description available.

No description available.

Lead (Pb) is one of the most well known toxic heavy metals in human beings and animals, which leads to toxic neurological disorders, cognitive problems, learning and memory disabilities. Epidemiological studies revealed that chronic lead exposure is one of the environmental risk factors which may cause Alzheimer¡¦s Disease, which were speculated for the observation of cellular necrosis, apoptosis, and £]-amyloid deposition frequently occuring altogether after chronic lead exposure. Recent studies have shown that the £]-amyloid formed during autophagic turnover of APP-rich organelles supplied by both autophagy and endocytosis. Therefore, we will conduct the new perspective for studying the possible role of autophagy on amyloidogensis disorders after lead exposure. SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, used in this study, were differentiated to a neuronal phenotype by retinoic acid (RA) to the culture medium at 10 £gM for 1, 2, 3 and 4 days. Doses of lead acetate with of lead acetate were 5 £gM and applied to the neuronal culture and then cell viability measurement by MTT assay. The apoptotic effect of non-differentiation and differentiation neuroblastoma cells after lead exposure was determined by cleaved DNA fragments. Furthermore, APP, intracellular A£]1-40 and A£]1-42 expression were quantified by Real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. The autophagy process and variation of total and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) forms were determined after lead exposure in non-differentiation and differentiation neuroblastoma cells by western blot. The results indicate that lead exposure enhances autophagy response in both non-differentiation and differentiation SH-SY5Y cells, which might cause neuronal apoptosis associated with £]-amyloidgenesis. Otherwise, lead exposure resulted in the inhibition of mTOR signaling, which correlated with the autophagic process. Besides, in our studies, non-differentiated cells exhibited more toxic vulnerability than RA induced differentiated neuron is congruous to previous finding that lead exposure during fetal development might be a potential risk factor for AD in the adulthood.

La complémentarité des outils de neuroimagerie et de neuropsychologie permettent de mieux comprendre les liens complexes entre le syndrome clinique et les lésions pathologiques de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de mieux caractériser la nature des déficits mnésiques au stade prodromal de la MA et leurs liens avec les biomarqueurs d’imagerie. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l’atteinte des souvenirs récents versus anciens en mémoire autobiographique au stade prodromal et ses corrélats cognitifs, cérébraux structuraux et fonctionnels. Nos résultats suggèrent une atteinte plus précoce des souvenirs récents et de ses substrats cérébraux et cognitifs. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux différences quantitatives et qualitatives entre les patients amyloïdes positifs et négatifs au niveau cognitif (avec un focus sur la mémoire épisodique) et cérébraux structuraux et fonctionnels. Nos travaux montrent que la présence d’amyloïde chez les patients au stade prodromal se répercute par des profils particuliers au niveau cognitif et plus particulièrement en mémoire épisodique (score global, autobiographique et effet de primauté) ce que la neuroimagerie ne parvient pas à mettre en évidence. Dans une dernière étude, nous avons évalué les modifications lors du vieillissement normal et pathologique (MA) de la concentration plasmatique de tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), une molécule impliquée dans les processus de mémoire, neurodégénérescence, inflammation et dans l’élimination des dépôts amyloïde. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que la concentration plasmatique de tPA augmentait avec l’âge alors qu’elle n’est pas affectée par la pathologie. Une augmentation du niveau de tPA aurait un effet négatif sur le cerveau. En conclusion, une évaluation neuropsychologique détaillée particulièrement en mémoire épisodique pourrait refléter la présence de la pathologie amyloïde au stade prodromal de la MA et ceci de façon plus efficace que les biomarqueurs d’imagerie classiques. / The complementarity of neuroimaging and neuropsychological tools allows to better understand the complex links between the clinical syndrome and the neuropathological lesions of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The objectives of this thesis were to better characterize the nature of memory deficits at the prodromal stage of AD and their links with imaging biomarkers. First, we studied the alterations and the cognitive and brain substrates of recent versus remote autobiographical memories in prodromal AD. Our results reveal that there is an earlier alteration of recent memories and of their cognitive and brain substrates. Secondly, we were interested in quantitative and qualitative differences between amyloid positive and negative patients on cognitive (focusing on episodic memory) and brain structural and functional measures. We demonstrated that the presence of amyloid in the brain of patients at the prodromal stage is associated with a specific cognitive profile including greater episodic memory deficits (global score, autobiographical memory, and primacy effect), more than to a specific profile of brain alteration. Then, we evaluated the changes in normal and pathological aging (AD) in the plasma concentration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA; a molecule implicated in memory neurodegeneration, inflammation and amyloid degradation processes) and their impact on brain integrity. We showned that tPA plasma concentration was increased with age, with a negative effect on brain structure, while it was not affected by AD. Overall, this thesis highlights that a detailed neuropsychological evaluation particularly in episodic memory could reflect specific AD-related brain alterations in the prodromal stage, more efficiently than classical imaging biomarkers.