Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are frequently prepared for delivery to the lung for local topical treatment of diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma, or for systemic delivery. One of the most commonly used devices for this purpose is the pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI) whereby drugs are formulated in a volatile propellant held under pressure. The compound is aerosolised to a respirably sized dose on actuation, subsequently breathed in by the user. The use of hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs) in pMDIs since the Montreal Protocol initiated a move away from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) based devices has resulted in better performing products, with increased lung deposition and a concomitant reduction in oropharyngeal deposition. The physical properties of HFA propellants are however poorly understood and their capacity for solubilising inhaled pharmaceutical products (IPPs) and excipients used historically in CFCs differ significantly. There is therefore a drive to establish methodologies to study these systems in-situ and post actuation to adequately direct formulation strategies for the production of stable and efficacious suspension and solution based products. Characterisation methods have been applied to pMDI dosage systems to gain insight into solubility in HFAs and to determine forms of solid deposits after actuation. A novel quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance method to investigate the physical chemistry of IPPs in these preparations has formed the centrepiece to these studies, accessing solubility data in-situ and at pressure for the first time in HFA propellants. Variable temperature NMR has provided thermodynamic data through van’t Hoff approaches. The methods have been developed and validated using budesonide to provide limits of determination as low as 1 μg/mL and extended to 11 IPPs chosen to represent currently prescribed inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), β2-adrenoagonists and antimuscarinic bronchodilators, and have highlighted solubility variations between the classes of compounds with lipophilic ICSs showing the highest, and hydrophilic β2- agonist/antimuscarinics showing the lowest solubilities from the compounds under study. To determine solid forms on deposition, a series of methods are also described using modified impaction methods in combination with analytical approaches including spectroscopy (μ-Raman), X-ray diffraction, SEM, chromatography and thermal analysis. Their application has ascertained (i) physical form/morphology data on commercial pMDI formulations of the ICS beclomethasone dipropionate (QVAR®/Sanasthmax®, Chiesi) and (ii) distribution assessment in-vitro of ICS/β2-agonist compounds from combination pMDIs confirming co-deposition (Seretide®/Symbicort®, GlaxoSmithKline/AstraZeneca). In combination, these methods provide a platform for development of new formulations based on HFA propellants. The methods have been applied to a number of ‘real’ systems incorporating derivatised cyclodextrins and the co-solvent ethanol, and provide a basis for a comprehensive study of solubilisation of the ICS budesonide in HFA134a using two approaches: mixed solvents and complexation. These new systems provide a novel approach to deliver to the lung, with reduced aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) potentially accessing areas suitable for delivery to peripheral areas of the lung (ICS) or to promote systemic delivery.

NKT cells are an important part of human immune system and recognize a specific set of antigens called glycolipids. Only a handful of "natural" NKT cell antigens are known till date. Although NKT cells play a protective role against pathogenic organisms, imbalances in NKT cell functions are implicated in many diseases including asthma. Allergic asthma, a Th2 driven inflammation of airways, is primarily caused by inhalation of environmental allergens. In the last decade, inhaled allergen Aspergillus fumigatus has been under scrutiny for the presence of NKT cell antigens that might trigger asthma. We successfully isolated, characterized and synthesized a "natural" antigenic glycolipid which activates NKT cells in CD1d dependent manner. When this glycolipid is administered intranasally to mice, WT but not CD1d-/- mice developed airway hyperreactivity (AHR), which is a cardinal feature of asthma. Our results indicate that this glycolipid also triggers the production of key cytokines responsible for development of airway hyperreactivity, namely IL-4 and IL-13. Widespread use of antibiotics has convoluted the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Our research group has developed a novel class of antimicrobial peptide mimics called Ceragennins. These cholic acid based antimicrobial compounds have many desirable properties including low MICs, effectiveness against biofilms, and relatively low manufacturing cost. In order to advance the clinical development of Ceragennins, we developed analytical methods for qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds in complex biological matrices. These methods were also used for carrying out the stability studies of Ceragenins under varying pH and temperatures

No description available.

Embargoed until July 2016. / Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are frequently prepared for delivery to the lung for local topical treatment of diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma, or for systemic delivery. One of the most commonly used devices for this purpose is the pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI) whereby drugs are formulated in a volatile propellant held under pressure. The compound is aerosolised to a respirably sized dose on actuation, subsequently breathed in by the user. The use of hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs) in pMDIs since the Montreal Protocol initiated a move away from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) based devices has resulted in better performing products, with increased lung deposition and a concomitant reduction in oropharyngeal deposition. The physical properties of HFA propellants are however poorly understood and their capacity for solubilising inhaled pharmaceutical products (IPPs) and excipients used historically in CFCs differ significantly. There is therefore a drive to establish methodologies to study these systems in-situ and post actuation to adequately direct formulation strategies for the production of stable and efficacious suspension and solution based products. Characterisation methods have been applied to pMDI dosage systems to gain insight into solubility in HFAs and to determine forms of solid deposits after actuation. A novel quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance method to investigate the physical chemistry of IPPs in these preparations has formed the centrepiece to these studies, accessing solubility data in-situ and at pressure for the first time in HFA propellants. Variable temperature NMR has provided thermodynamic data through van’t Hoff approaches. The methods have been developed and validated using budesonide to provide limits of determination as low as 1 μg/mL and extended to 11 IPPs chosen to represent currently prescribed inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), β2-adrenoagonists and antimuscarinic bronchodilators, and have highlighted solubility variations between the classes of compounds with lipophilic ICSs showing the highest, and hydrophilic β2- agonist / antimuscarinics showing the lowest solubilities from the compounds under study. To determine solid forms on deposition, a series of methods are also described using modified impaction methods in combination with analytical approaches including spectroscopy (μ-Raman), X-ray diffraction, SEM, chromatography and thermal analysis. Their application has ascertained (i) physical form / morphology data on commercial pMDI formulations of the ICS beclomethasone dipropionate (QVAR® / Sanasthmax®, Chiesi) and (ii) distribution assessment in-vitro of ICS / β2-agonist compounds from combination pMDIs confirming co-deposition (Seretide® / Symbicort®, GlaxoSmithKline / AstraZeneca). In combination, these methods provide a platform for development of new formulations based on HFA propellants. The methods have been applied to a number of ‘real’ systems incorporating derivatised cyclodextrins and the co-solvent ethanol, and provide a basis for a comprehensive study of solubilisation of the ICS budesonide in HFA134a using two approaches: mixed solvents and complexation. These new systems provide a novel approach to deliver to the lung, with reduced aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) potentially accessing areas suitable for delivery to peripheral areas of the lung (ICS) or to promote systemic delivery.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e metodologia cromatogrÃfica para a determinaÃÃo de bisfenol A em quatro diferentes simulantes de alimentos utilizando cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia e detector de arranjo de diodo (PDA) para suporte em enasios de migraÃÃo. Os simulantes utilizados foram A (Ãgua purificada), B (soluÃÃo aquosade Ãcido acÃtico a 3%), C (soluÃÃo aquosa de etanol a 10%) e D (soluÃÃo aquosa de etanol a 95%). A avaliaÃÃo preliminar das condiÃÃes de anÃlise foi conduzida com a finalidade de estabelecer aquelas que conferem os melhores resultados, os quais foram o sistema de fase mÃvel acetonitrila-Ãgua na proporÃÃo volumÃtrica 70:30, temperatura de 40ÂC do forno da coluna e comprimento de onda em 201 nm. O tempo de retenÃÃo do bisfenol A encontrado foi de 3,25 minutos. Para os simulantes, o mÃtodo de tratamento consistiu da evaporaÃÃo de 1 ml de amostra amostra a 60ÂC com duraÃÃo de 1 hora e 45 minutos (A e C), 2 horas (B) e 1 hora (D). Em sequÃncia, o mÃtodo foi avaliado com relaÃÃo aos parÃmetros de validaÃÃo analÃtica, incluindo linearidade, limite de detecÃÃo e de quantificaÃÃo, repetibilidade, precisÃo intermediÃria entre analistas diferentes e entre dias diferentes, recuperaÃÃo,seletividade e robustez. O mÃtodo desenvolvido para o simulante A apresentou coeficiente de determinaÃÃo (rÂ) 0,9988 ou superior no intervalo testado (50 a 2000 ppb); limite de detecÃÃo e de quantificaÃÃo , respectivamente, 14,7 ppb e 48,9 ppb; coeficiente de variaÃÃo para repetibilidade de 2,07%, para a precisÃo inter-dias de 1,05% e para a precisÃo inter-analistas de 1,76%; recuperaÃÃo de 97,9% (CV= 1,3%) (50 ppb), 99,2% (CV= 0,7%) (1000 ppb) e 103,6% (CV= 0,4%). Os resultados obtidos para o simulante B incluem coeficiente de determinaÃÃo (rÂ) 0,9972 ou superior; limite de detecÃÃo e de quantificaÃÃo, respectivamente, 7,8 ppb e 26,0 ppb; coeficientes de variaÃÃo para repetibilidade de 3,74%, precisÃo inter-dias de 0,14% e precisÃo inter-analistas de 0,2%; recuperaÃÃo de 94,8% (CV= 4,8%) (50 ppb), 99,8% (CV= 0,2%) (1000 ppb) e 92,3% (CV= 1,2%) (2000 ppb). Para o simulante C os resultados incluem coeficiente de determinaÃÃo (rÂ) 0,9988 ou superior; limite de detecÃÃo e de quantificaÃÃo, respectivamente, 4,8 ppb e 16,1 ppb; coeficiente de variaÃÃo para repetibilidade de 2,84%, precisÃo inter-dias de 1,37%e precisÃo inter-analistas de 0,14%; recuperaÃÃo de104,6% (CV= 2,5%) (50 ppb), 99,8% (CV= 1,3%) (1000 ppb) e 102,5% (CV= 2,9%) (2000 ppb). Os resultados para o simulante D foram r 0,9984 ou superior; limite de detecÃÃo e de quantificaÃÃo,respectivamente, 13,7 ppb e 45,6 ppb; coeficiente de variaÃÃo para repetibilidade de 2,0%, precisÃo inter-dias de 1,9% e precisÃo inter-analistas de1,2%; recuperÃÃo de 92,6% (CV= 1,76%) (50 ppb), 99,9% (CV= 0,9%) (1000 ppb) e 104,8% (CV= 2,7%) (2000 ppb). NÃo foram observados interferentes importantes para o mÃtodo testado, mostrando-se robusto. / This study aimed to develop and chromatographic method for the determination of bisphenol A in four different food simulants using high performance liquid chromatography and diode array detector (PDA) to support in enasios migration. The simulating used were A (purified water), B (solution aquosade 3% acetic acid), C (aqueous 10% ethanol) and D (aqueous 95% ethanol). Preliminary assessment of the analytical conditions was conducted in order to establish those that confer the best results, which were the system of mobile phase acetonitrile-water in the ratio 70:30 by volume, 40  C oven and length of the column wavelength of 201 nm. The retention time of the bisphenol A was found to be 3.25 minutes. For simulating the method of treatment consists of evaporation of sample 1 ml of sample at 60  C with duration of 1 hour and 45 minutes (A and C), 2 hours (B) and 1 hour (D). In sequence, the method was evaluated with respect to the parameters of analytical validation, including linearity, limit of detection and quantification, repeatability, intermediate precision between different analysts and between different days, recovery, selectivity and robustness. The method for simulating the coefficient for determining (r Â) or greater than 0.9988 in the range tested (50 to 2000 ppb); detection limit and quantitation, respectively, 14.7 ppb and 48.9 ppb; coefficient variation in repeatability of 2.07% for the inter-day precision of 1.05% and the accuracy of inter-Analyst 1.76%, recovery of 97.9% (CV = 1.3%) (50 ppb ), 99.2% (CV = 0.7%) (1000 ppb) and 103.6% (CV = 0.4%). The results for the simulant B includes coefficient of determination (r Â) 0.9972 or higher; limit of detection and quantification, respectively, 7.8 ppb and 26.0 ppb; coefficients of variation for repeatability of 3.74%, inter day precision, accuracy and 0.14% cross-Analyst 0.2%, 94.8% recovery (CV = 4.8%) (50 ppb) and 99.8% (CV = 0.2% ) (1000 ppb) and 92.3% (CV = 1.2%) (2000 ppb). For the simulant C results include a coefficient of determination (r Â) 0.9988 or higher; limit of detection and quantification, respectively, 4.8 ppb and 16.1 ppb, coefficient of variation for repeatability of 2.84%, accuracy inter-day precision of 1.37% and inter-analysts of 0.14%; de104 recovery, 6% (CV = 2.5%) (50 ppb), 99.8% (CV = 1.3%) ( 1000 ppb) to 102.5% (CV = 2.9%) (2000 ppb). The results for simulating D was 0.9984 r  or more, detection limit and quantitation, respectively, 13.7 ppb and 45.6 ppb; coefficient of variation of 2.0% to repeatability, accuracy of an inter-day 9% and accurate inter-de1 analysts, 2%; recuperÃÃo 92.6% (CV = 1.76%) (50 ppb) and 99.9% (CV = 0.9%) (1000 ppb) and 104 8% (CV = 2.7%) (2000 ppb). There were no significant interferences to the method tested and proved to be robust.

LINHARES JUNIOR, Gilberto Ferreira. Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia cromatográfica para determinação de bisfenol A em simulantes de alimentos de ensaios de migração. 2012. 101 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2012 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-08T15:09:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_gflinharesjunior.pdf: 1691103 bytes, checksum: 0abb8d914beb4b36dee06bc962679c7b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-08T15:09:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_gflinharesjunior.pdf: 1691103 bytes, checksum: 0abb8d914beb4b36dee06bc962679c7b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-08T15:09:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_gflinharesjunior.pdf: 1691103 bytes, checksum: 0abb8d914beb4b36dee06bc962679c7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / This study aimed to develop and chromatographic method for the determination of bisphenol A in four different food simulants using high performance liquid chromatography and diode array detector (PDA) to support in enasios migration. The simulating used were A (purified water), B (solution aquosade 3% acetic acid), C (aqueous 10% ethanol) and D (aqueous 95% ethanol). Preliminary assessment of the analytical conditions was conducted in order to establish those that confer the best results, which were the system of mobile phase acetonitrile-water in the ratio 70:30 by volume, 40 ° C oven and length of the column wavelength of 201 nm. The retention time of the bisphenol A was found to be 3.25 minutes. For simulating the method of treatment consists of evaporation of sample 1 ml of sample at 60 ° C with duration of 1 hour and 45 minutes (A and C), 2 hours (B) and 1 hour (D). In sequence, the method was evaluated with respect to the parameters of analytical validation, including linearity, limit of detection and quantification, repeatability, intermediate precision between different analysts and between different days, recovery, selectivity and robustness. The method for simulating the coefficient for determining (r ²) or greater than 0.9988 in the range tested (50 to 2000 ppb); detection limit and quantitation, respectively, 14.7 ppb and 48.9 ppb; coefficient variation in repeatability of 2.07% for the inter-day precision of 1.05% and the accuracy of inter-Analyst 1.76%, recovery of 97.9% (CV = 1.3%) (50 ppb ), 99.2% (CV = 0.7%) (1000 ppb) and 103.6% (CV = 0.4%). The results for the simulant B includes coefficient of determination (r ²) 0.9972 or higher; limit of detection and quantification, respectively, 7.8 ppb and 26.0 ppb; coefficients of variation for repeatability of 3.74%, inter day precision, accuracy and 0.14% cross-Analyst 0.2%, 94.8% recovery (CV = 4.8%) (50 ppb) and 99.8% (CV = 0.2% ) (1000 ppb) and 92.3% (CV = 1.2%) (2000 ppb). For the simulant C results include a coefficient of determination (r ²) 0.9988 or higher; limit of detection and quantification, respectively, 4.8 ppb and 16.1 ppb, coefficient of variation for repeatability of 2.84%, accuracy inter-day precision of 1.37% and inter-analysts of 0.14%; de104 recovery, 6% (CV = 2.5%) (50 ppb), 99.8% (CV = 1.3%) ( 1000 ppb) to 102.5% (CV = 2.9%) (2000 ppb). The results for simulating D was 0.9984 r ² or more, detection limit and quantitation, respectively, 13.7 ppb and 45.6 ppb; coefficient of variation of 2.0% to repeatability, accuracy of an inter-day 9% and accurate inter-de1 analysts, 2%; recuperção 92.6% (CV = 1.76%) (50 ppb) and 99.9% (CV = 0.9%) (1000 ppb) and 104 8% (CV = 2.7%) (2000 ppb). There were no significant interferences to the method tested and proved to be robust. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e metodologia cromatográfica para a determinação de bisfenol A em quatro diferentes simulantes de alimentos utilizando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e detector de arranjo de diodo (PDA) para suporte em enasios de migração. Os simulantes utilizados foram A (água purificada), B (solução aquosade ácido acético a 3%), C (solução aquosa de etanol a 10%) e D (solução aquosa de etanol a 95%). A avaliação preliminar das condições de análise foi conduzida com a finalidade de estabelecer aquelas que conferem os melhores resultados, os quais foram o sistema de fase móvel acetonitrila-água na proporção volumétrica 70:30, temperatura de 40°C do forno da coluna e comprimento de onda em 201 nm. O tempo de retenção do bisfenol A encontrado foi de 3,25 minutos. Para os simulantes, o método de tratamento consistiu da evaporação de 1 ml de amostra amostra a 60°C com duração de 1 hora e 45 minutos (A e C), 2 horas (B) e 1 hora (D). Em sequência, o método foi avaliado com relação aos parâmetros de validação analítica, incluindo linearidade, limite de detecção e de quantificação, repetibilidade, precisão intermediária entre analistas diferentes e entre dias diferentes, recuperação,seletividade e robustez. O método desenvolvido para o simulante A apresentou coeficiente de determinação (r²) 0,9988 ou superior no intervalo testado (50 a 2000 ppb); limite de detecção e de quantificação , respectivamente, 14,7 ppb e 48,9 ppb; coeficiente de variação para repetibilidade de 2,07%, para a precisão inter-dias de 1,05% e para a precisão inter-analistas de 1,76%; recuperação de 97,9% (CV= 1,3%) (50 ppb), 99,2% (CV= 0,7%) (1000 ppb) e 103,6% (CV= 0,4%). Os resultados obtidos para o simulante B incluem coeficiente de determinação (r²) 0,9972 ou superior; limite de detecção e de quantificação, respectivamente, 7,8 ppb e 26,0 ppb; coeficientes de variação para repetibilidade de 3,74%, precisão inter-dias de 0,14% e precisão inter-analistas de 0,2%; recuperação de 94,8% (CV= 4,8%) (50 ppb), 99,8% (CV= 0,2%) (1000 ppb) e 92,3% (CV= 1,2%) (2000 ppb). Para o simulante C os resultados incluem coeficiente de determinação (r²) 0,9988 ou superior; limite de detecção e de quantificação, respectivamente, 4,8 ppb e 16,1 ppb; coeficiente de variação para repetibilidade de 2,84%, precisão inter-dias de 1,37%e precisão inter-analistas de 0,14%; recuperação de104,6% (CV= 2,5%) (50 ppb), 99,8% (CV= 1,3%) (1000 ppb) e 102,5% (CV= 2,9%) (2000 ppb). Os resultados para o simulante D foram r² 0,9984 ou superior; limite de detecção e de quantificação,respectivamente, 13,7 ppb e 45,6 ppb; coeficiente de variação para repetibilidade de 2,0%, precisão inter-dias de 1,9% e precisão inter-analistas de1,2%; recuperção de 92,6% (CV= 1,76%) (50 ppb), 99,9% (CV= 0,9%) (1000 ppb) e 104,8% (CV= 2,7%) (2000 ppb). Não foram observados interferentes importantes para o método testado, mostrando-se robusto.