Inca rule in the Southern Andes was based on the simultaneous management of military control, ideology and ceremonial hospitality. Food and public celebrations were essential both to the emergence of social hierarchies and to the negotiation of power by building alliances and reciprocity relationships. In Northwest Argentina, Inca administration was exercised through the direct government of key locations. In order to approach micropolitical processes developed in some temperate valleys of NOA under Inca rule we intend to know the importance that feasts or ceremonies held for state elites by creating social limits through the consumption of special food and distinct ceramic shapes. To that end, the Inca state invested energy in widening agricultural fields as an strategy of production and administration of goods and services through the domination of the productive space, which was appropriated by the Inca through the previous relationship between pukara-ancestors-chacras-small farms-fertility. / El dominio inca en los Andes del sur se basó en el manejo simultáneo del control militar, la ideología y la hospitalidad ceremonial. La comida y las celebraciones públicas fueron fundamentales para el surgimiento de jerarquías sociales y en la negociación del poder mediante la creación de alianzas y relaciones de reciprocidad. En el Noroeste Argentino, la administración inca ejerció un gobierno directo en ubicaciones clave. Para poder obtener una visión más clara de los procesos micropolíticos que se desarrollaron en algunos valles mesotermales del Noroeste Argentino bajo el dominio inca se intentará conocer la importancia que las fiestas o ceremonias tuvieron para las elites estatales al crear límites sociales por medio del consumo de alimentos especiales y del uso de formas cerámicas distintivas. Para ello, el Estado invirtió energía en ampliar las áreas agrícolas como una estrategia de producción y administración de bienes y servicios mediante el dominio del espacio productivo, el cual fue apropiado por el Inca a partir del ya existente vínculo pukara-ancestros-fertilidad de las chacras.

Abstract_Dissertation Martin Krčmář Program of Study: Theoretical Legal Sciences - European Law Dissertation topic: Competition Law Aspects of the EU Trade Agreement with Peru and Colombia Student: Mgr. Martin Krčmář Dissertation Abstract The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the Competition Law provisions of the Trade Agreement between the European Union, Peru and Colombia (Agreement) and to assess their relevance and expectations related therewith. Within the text of this dissertation I provide general explanation on the role of the Competition Law provisions in international free trade agreements and reasons for including them in this type of international arrangements. Likewise, in the initial part of this work I provide a brief overview concerning the characteristics of the Agreement and its place in the EU legislation hierarchy with regard to its content, bodies responsible for the negotiation and an involvement of the Member States in the final approval thereof. Given the general aspect of individual Competition Law provisions of the Agreement I have focused on providing a detailed analysis on every single provision in question. I took the specific character of all jurisdictions involved as well as their geopolitical and socio - economic environment as a main starting point for this work. By...

The Chimu culture developed on the North Pacific coast of today's Peru in the so-called Late Intermediate Period, i.e. approximately AD 1000 - 1476, after which it was dominated by the Inca. Brief characterization of the Chimu culture, supported by ethnohistorical and archaeological sources, is followed by description of its crafts, especially ceramic technology, morphology and iconography. Artifacts, i.e. object used, modified or made by people, may serve apart from practical also social and symbolic roles. Based on the theoretical background of evolution of power and society, different approaches to the study of artifacts' function, specialization, exchange and social complexity are outlined and tested on the Chimu pottery assemblage from the Ethnologisches Museum in Berlin. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the 1832 available ceramic vessels, lacking the contextual find information, had to focus solely on the formal aspects of the specimens. Interpretation of the obtained results disproves primary position of pottery as means of social - political organization in the Chimu and Chimu-Inca societies (occupied by fine textiles and metal items), but still points out certain non-utilitarian aspects of both Chimu and Chimu - Inca styled pottery which probably represented a secondary socio -...

El consumo de los granos andinos en nuestro país ha ido en aumento conforme se han dado a conocer sus propiedades nutritivas. Para el año 2019 el MINAGRI publicó que el consumo de granos andinos en el Perú alcanzó el 2.3 kilogramos per cápita, sin embargo, la meta es alcanzar una cifra superior por eso se debe tener en cuenta que no todas las personas tienen el conocimiento de sus beneficios nutricionales y la importancia de su consumo. Por ello en el país actualmente se fomentan las actividades como el “Mes de la Agricultura” o el “Día Nacional de los Granos Andinos” con el objetivo de impulsar su consumo cada año. Atendiendo a esta necesidad, se crea Qhali, una premezcla de los principales granos andinos del Perú. La propuesta de valor que ofrece Qhali a sus consumidores se manifiesta en un sabor avellanado, de fácil preparación, compuesto principalmente por quinua y avena, y sin ningún aditivo artificial. Por otro lado, su consumo no resulta nocivo para la salud, ya que sus principales ingredientes contienen altos componentes nutricionales. El público objetivo está compuesto por los padres de familia de los sectores socioeconómicos A y B de las zonas 6 y 7 de Lima Metropolitana que buscan mejorar la alimentación de sus hijos de una forma creativa en la presentación de estas. Asimismo, va dirigido al público en general. Los canales por los cuales Qhali se acercará a su público son: redes sociales, venta directa y delivery. / The consumption of Andean grains in our country has been increasing as its nutritional properties have been revealed. For 2019, The peruvian Department of Agriculture (MINAGRI) published that the consumption of Andean grains in Peru reached 2.3 kilograms per capita. However, the goal is to reach a higher number, we must understand that not all people have knowledge of their nutritional benefits and the importance of its consumption. For this reason, yearly activities such as "Agriculture Month" or "National Day of Andean Grains" are currently being promoted in the country with the aim of promoting their consumption each year. In response to this need, we have created Qhali, a premix of the main Andean grains of Peru. The value proposition that Qhali offers to its consumers is hazelnut flavor, easy to prepare, composed mainly of quinoa and oats, and without any artificial additives. On the other hand, its consumption is not harmful to health, since its main ingredients contain high nutritional components. Our target audience are parents from socioeconomic sectors A and B of zones 6 and 7 of Lima who seek to improve the nutrition of their children in a creative way in their presentation. It is also aimed at the general public and the channels through which Qhali will reach its audience are: social networks, direct sales and delivery. / Trabajo de investigación

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Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are expressed in response to environmental stresses. Compared to other kingdoms, plant HSP families are larger, presumably the result of adaptation to a wide range of stresses. Following on an analysis of drought stress characteristics in loblolly pine (Watkinson et al., 2003), expression patterns of HSP gene expression during photosynthetic acclimation were examined. One cycle of mild (-1Mpa) followed by two cycles of severe stress (-1.7Mpa) were probed for conditioning effects. Photosynthetic acclimation occurred after the first cycle. No acclimation occurred without the first mild cycle. Microarray/RT-PCR analyses showed that a pine homolog to GRP94 (ER-resident HSP90) was up-regulated after rehydration coincident with acclimation. This GRP94 is closely related to GRP94 from the desiccation tolerant plant X. viscosa, supporting the importance of this gene during acclimation to water deficit. HSP genes whose products localized to the mitochondrion showed gradual up-regulation after consecutive cycles of severe drought. The Arabidopsis pine GRP94 homolog, (AtHSP90-7) was then analyzed, using bioinformatics (Pati et al., 2006) and laboratory tools. Genes encoding putative candidate co-chaperones for GRP94 and other HSP90s were discovered, which contained water stress-related cis-elements. Arabidopsis (Col-0) wild type and two T-DNA insertion mutants in HSP90-7 were used to study the importance of this gene for photosynthetic acclimation. Only the mutants were able to acclimate to drought stress, with the level of AtHSP90-7 expression in the mutants being reduced compared to the wild type. AtHSP90-7 may have a different role in Arabidopsis, and its reduced expression activated other protective genes (Klein et al., 2006). Responses to extreme drought in resistant (Sullu) and susceptible (Negra Ojosa) lines of Andean potatoes were also compared in order to identify relationships between HSPs gene expression, and tolerance, defined as the ability to maintain photosynthesis at 50% after 25 days of drought and to recover from the stress. Tolerance was correlated with up-regulation of HSPs (mostly chaperonins) and antioxidant genes all of whose gene products are located in the chloroplast. / Ph. D.

Le bassin amazonien est considéré au niveau mondial comme l'un des principaux apports de sédiments à l'Océan Atlantique. Comprendre la distribution spatiale et temporelle des flux sédimentaires est l'objectif de cette étude pour laquelle on a choisi quatre stations hydrométriques de suivi réparties tout au long de l'Amazone depuis sa formation au Pérou jusqu'à environ 800 km de son embouchure au Brésil (Óbidos). Pour atteindre cet objectif, on a mis en place pour chaque station un échantillonnage décadaire en surface et une exploration totale de leur section à différentes périodes de l'année. Des profils de turbidité et des échantillons pour la granulométrie sur toute la section faisaient également partie de ce suivi. Sur les stations andines et sub-andines, la turbulence de l'écoulement jointe aux faibles profondeurs permet l'ascension de sédiments grossiers vers la surface. Par conséquent, on observe une relation directe entre la concentration de sédiments en suspension de surface et la concentration moyenne dans la section, ce qui permet un calcul simple des flux sédimentaires et d'arriver à une valeur de 540 Mt/an pour qui concerne l'apport du basin péruvien de l'Amazone. Dans la plaine brésilienne, le contexte change, les profondeurs moyennes se situent entre 40 et 100 m de telle sorte que la présence de sable en surface est quasi nulle. Cependant, l'analyse des résultats à la station d'Óbidos montre qu'il existe une relation directe entre la concentration de sédiments de surface et la concentration moyenne de sédiments fins dans la section alors que la concentration moyenne de sédiments grossiers dans la section est, elle, em relation directe avec le débit liquide. En différenciant ainsi le calcul suivant ces deux types de sédiments, on arrive à une valeur de flux de 1100 Mt/an transitant par Óbidos, dont 60% correspond au flux des sédiments fins et 40% aux grossiers. On a utilisé la turbidité pour par courbes de calibration em funtion da granulometrie parvenir aux valeurs de concentration. On a utilisé le modèle de Rouse pour différencier le signal de concentration obtenu avec la turbidité résultat du signal de le deux types de sediment. On a constaté que les granulométries en présence sont les mêmes tout au long du régime hydrologique mais que ce sont les proportions de chacune d'entre elles qui varient. Aussi a-t-on abouti à des profils de concentration pour sédiments fins et des profils pour sédiments grossiers. En montée de crue, les profils de concentration présentent un gradient bien marqué pour les sédiments fins, alors qu'en période de crue ce gradient est contrôlé par les sables et les profils de fines sont alors verticaux et constants sur toute la section. Ces résultats montrent qu'il est possible de prédire, en Amazonie, les profils de concentration à partir de la turbidité. / The sediments flux in Amazon Basin have an important role on the aquatic biodiversity and richness in the floodplains because the nutrients and organic matter attached on suspended sediments are deposited in these zones. The aim of this study is to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of sediments flux in the Amazon River, therefore were select four gauging station located along of Amazon Riven from Peru to Brazil. In each gauging station was make superficial samples each ten days and samples in the section in different times of hydrological period. Turbidity profiles and granulometry measuring were made too in each gauging station. In the Andean region, it is observed a relationship between the suspended sediments concentration and discharge, however, this relationship become a hysteresis in the plain especially in the Óbidos gauging station located at 870 km before of mouth. This result can be by the contribution of influx poor in suspended sediments from Guyanese and Brazilian shields. In 3000 km of long from Peru to Brazil plain, the suspended sediments is composed by two well-defined types of suspended sediments: fine sediments (10-20 µm) and coarse sediments (100-250 µm). The percentage of each type of sediments in the main river is different during the hydrologic regime. Peak of fine sediments is observed in the same period of peak of rainfall (December to March) and peak of coarse sediments is observed in flood period (May to July). The Andean and sub-Andean basin gauging station show the coarse sediments in surface due to great turbulence and low depths. Therefore, this gauging station show a relationship between the suspended sediments concentration in surface and average suspended sediments concentration in section, with this relation is possible to calculate the suspended sediments flux. Hence the Peruvian basin provide 540 Mt year -1. However in the Brazilian plain the context is different, the depth is from 40 to 100 m, becoming almost null the presence of coarse sediments in the surface. Therefore, cannot use the relationship between suspended sediments concentration in surface and average suspended sediments concentration in section. When the Óbidos gauging station is analysed, it found there is a relationship between suspended sediments concentration in surface and average of fine suspended sediments concentration. It is observed too, that there is the relationship between coarse suspended sediments concentration and discharge. Therefore, it is possible to calculate of suspended sediments flux using these two relationships. The Amazon River export 1100 Mt year-1 of suspended sediments at Óbidos gauging station, of which 60% correspond at fine sediments flux and 40% to coarse sediments flux. It is observed that the suspended sediments are sensitivity of climate variability, generally El Niño events is associate with increase of fine suspended sediments and La Niña events increase a percentage of coarse sediments in Amazon River. It is using the turbidity for determinate of suspended sediments concentration, we use this technique due the high frequency in acquisition of data. However for use the turbidity is necessary the previous calibration. It was observed that the turbidity signal is an addition to the signal emitted by the particles in one sample and with this assumption the Rose model was used to separate the concentration signal obtained by the turbidity of the two types of sediments present in the Amazon River, fine particles and sand. Therefore, it was obtained the concentration profiles to fine sediments and the concentration profiles to the sand. It is observed during the rising period that the fine sediments profiles show a strong gradient, however in the flood periods this gradient reduce come a constant in all section. These results show that turbidity and Rouse model can be used for prediction of suspended concentration in Amazon River.

The purpose of this investigation is to examine the political factors which came into the creation and implementation of the Andean Foreign Investment Code. This study analyzes the political forces in the creation of the Code and examines the implementation of the Code in each of the Andean countries. This investigation concludes that although the Code has not been implemented uniformly in the Andean countries, it remains an important part of the Andean Common Market. In addition, the continual political consensus among the member countries is emphasized for the continuation of the Andean integration effort.

In this article the author compares from an archaeological perspective two models used in paleo-linguistic studies. The first is inspired by the discussion on the formation of the Indo-European family and is diffusionist and evolutionary in nature. The second emerges from debates on the history of the Semitic language family in which the emphasis is on mechanisms of interaction: between core and periphery, and, lingua franca with local languages and dialects. The author concludes that it is the second model that might allow us to describe properly the environmental characteristics and particular causes which determined the transformations of the linguistic map of the prehistoric Central Andes. To judge from the impressive stability of cultural boundaries which overlap with hypothetical language frontier, the distribution of pre-Hispanic languages in Colonial times reconstructed by linguists ought to coincide with a map of the proto-languages in the mid-first millennium BC (cal.). New relationships at different levels — and also certain distances — seem to have been established during two periods of instability, after the decline of Chavín, and, after the collapse of Huari and Tiahuanaco. It is likely that both proto-Quechua and proto-Aimara, began to assume the role of general languages for Huari and Tiahuanaco, respectively, starting in the Middle Horizon. The exceptional spread of these languages is likely due to their role as general languages. / En el presente artículo comparo, desde la perspectiva arqueológica, dos modelos utilizados en los estudios paleolingüísticos. Uno está inspirado en la discusión sobre la formación de la familia indoeuropea y tiene carácter difusionista y evolutivo. En el segundo, alimentado por los debates sobre la historia de la familia semita de lenguas, el énfasis radica en los mecanismos de interacción: centro-semiperiferia, lengua franca respecto a lenguas y dialectos locales. Por este medio, llego a la conclusión de que solo el segundo modelo permite describir a plenitud las características del entorno y las causas particulares que condicionaron las transformaciones del mapa de los idiomas en los Andes centrales prehistóricos. La distribución de las lenguas prehispánicas en tiempos coloniales, reconstruida por los lingüistas, debió coincidir, en buen grado, con el mapa de las protolenguas a mediados del primer milenio a.C. (calib.), a juzgar por la impactante estabilidad de las fronteras culturales a las que se sobreponen las hipotéticas fronteras lingüísticas. Nuevas relaciones de parentesco en diferentes ámbitos —y, también, algunas distancias— parecen haberse establecido en dos periodos de inestabilidad: luego del ocaso de Chavín y después del colapso de Huari y de Tiahuanaco. Es probable que tanto el protoquechua como el protoaimara empezaran a tener el papel de lenguas generales para Huari y para Tiahuanaco, respectivamente, a partir del Horizonte Medio. La excepcional difusión de ambos idiomas se puede atribuir a esta función.

El trabajo de investigación se basa principalmente en el desarrollo de la marca Wayu, la cual consiste en la producción y comercialización vía online y en tiendas especializadas de granola de cereales andinos con fruta liofilizada. Esto en respuesta a la problemática de no encontrar un snack saludable que brinde las energías necesarias para realizar sus actividades diarias a nuestro público objetivo, el cual está compuesto por hombres y mujeres entre 18 y 35 años de Lima Metropolitana de los niveles socioeconómicos A y B que llevan un estilo de vida saludable. Para ello, el trabajo busca solucionar la problemática de nuestros consumidores mientras que consideramos una cuota de responsabilidad social al trabajar de cerca con las comunidades andinas de la zona Puerto Inca de Huancayo. Los experimentos realizados nos permitieron validar la intención de los consumidores finales mediante sus comentarios en las publicaciones de redes sociales y mensajes directos, asimismo, se validó el interés por parte de las tiendas especializadas de contar con nuestro producto como parte de su catálogo de bienes ofrecido al público objetivo que apuntamos. La estructura del trabajo se divide inicialmente en la descripción de la problemática a solucionar y el respectivo diseño del modelo del negocio. Todas las fases del trabajo llegan a un punto en común: justificar la viabilidad del negocio. Por último, se quiere demostrar si la inversión del proyecto puede ser recuperada en el tiempo trazado. / The research work is mainly based on the development of the Wayu brand, which consists of the production and mainly online and in specialized stores of Andean cereal granola with lyophilized fruit. This in response to the problem of not finding a healthy snack that provides the calories necessary to carry out their daily activities to our target audience, which is composed of men and women between 18 and 35 years of Metropolitan Lima from socioeconomic levels A and B who leads a healthy lifestyle. For this, the work seeks to solve the problems of our consumers while we consider a share of social responsibility when working near the Andean communities in the Puerto Inca area of Huancayo. The experiments carried out allow us to validate the intention of the final consumers through their comments in the social media publications and direct messages, specifically, the interest on the part of the specialized stores to have our product as part of their catalog of offered goods is validated. the target audience we are targeting. The work structure is divided into the description of the problem to be solved and the respective design of the business model. All the phases of the work to a common point: justify the viability of the business. Finally, it is wanted to demonstrate if the investment of the project can be recovered in the plotted time. / Trabajo de investigación