The most common form of hair loss in young and old people is androgenic alopecia. Hereditary hair loss affects both men and women. Hereditary hair loss in some women begins at the age of 30, but as a rule hair loss begins in post-menopausal women. In women the hair thins out in an oval portion of the front part of the scalp. In men, hair loss can start as early as at the age of 20. The hairline then starts to slowly creep upward along the temples and gives characteristic flaps, and on the scalp a bald spot appears that over time becomes larger and larger. Hereditary androgenic alopecia is caused by androgenic effects on the hair follicles causing the anagen phase to shorten and the telogen phase to extend while the hair follicle size decreases. Polymorphism in the androgen receptor has been linked to androgenic alopecia. Finasteride is a fat-soluble synthetic steroid originally intended for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In 1992 it was approved for BPH-treatment and in 1997 it was approved for male pattern baldness. Finasteride inhibits the function of type ІІ 5-α-reductase, and therefore inhibits the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone(DHT). The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of finasteride treatment against hereditary male pattern baldness. Six studies on finasteride were selected from searching the database PubMed in february 2013. To get the most relevant results the search terms "finasteride alopecia" were used. Out of 42 hits, six articles were selected. Only articles with clinical testing on humans were selected. The articles included in this study demonstrate that finasteride treatment slows the development of hair loss and increases hair growth. Increased hair growth, however, requires long-term treatment. After one year of treatment, or longer, with finasteride 1 mg daily the increase in hair growth is of the order 7-10% more hairs than at the beginning of the treatment. A larger increase in hair weight suggests that the treatment also increases the thickness and/or the length of hairs. Men 18-19 have been treated with finasterid in the studies. The concentration of DHT was decreased by finasteride treatment in all studies. Adverse reactions include decreased libido, erectile difficulty, ejaculation problems and depression can occur in fewer than 1 in 100 people which was also mentioned in the studies.

Diante da hipótese de que micropartículas poliméricas podem atravessar a barreira epidérmica através da rota transfolicular, e baseado na evidência de que a iontoforese é um método que consegue direcionar a liberação de fármacos para os folículos pilosos, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar in vitro a permeação cutânea do minoxidil sulfato (MXS), fármaco utilizado no tratamento da alopecia androgênica, tanto em sua forma microencapsulada como não encapsulada utilizando ou não a iontoforese, na tentativa de aumentar, controlar e direcionar a sua liberação tópica para o folículo piloso. O MXS foi primeiramente incorporado em um gel hidrofílico contendo 2,0% (m/m) do ativo e sua permeação e retenção cutânea in vitro verificada com e sem a presença de corrente elétrica durante 6 h, utilizando células de difusão e pele de orelha de porco. A quantidade de MXS retida no EC da pele foi determinada e diferenciada daquela retida nos folículos pilosos utilizando-se a técnica denominada tape stripping diferencial. Foi observado que o fluxo passivo de fármaco através da pele aumentou 150 vezes com aplicação de iontoforese anódica e que o aumento do pH da formulação de 3,5 para 5,5 restringiu 3 vezes essa permeação iontoforética e aumentou a retenção do MXS no EC e folículos pilosos. Estes resultados mostram que a iontoforese do MXS nestas condições é capaz de promover a liberação folicular do fármaco de maneira bastante significativa. Uma série de micropartículas de quitosana contendo MXS foi obtida por spray drying modificando quantidades e proporções de polímero e fármaco. O sistema selecionado para estudo foi obtido a partir de 1,50 g de polímero e 0,75 g de MXS, e apresentou alta eficiência de encapsulação (~82%), diâmetro médio igual a 3,05 µm, morfologia esférica e sem porosidades, e potencial zeta igual a + 5,87 mV. Quando incorporadas a uma formulação hidroalcoólica, essas micropartículas sofreram intumescimento, aumentando 1,5 vezes o seu diâmetro médio, mas não tiveram sua morfologia esférica alterada. Experimentos de liberação in vitro mostraram que as micropartículas obtidas foram capazes de sustentar 3,5 vezes a liberação do MXS. As micropartículas ainda restringiram a permeação passiva do fármaco, reduzindo 2 vezes seu fluxo de permeação e aumentando em 5 vezes a retenção de fármaco na região folicular, apesar das partículas em si não penetrarem a pele após administração passiva. Assim, este sistema foi capaz de promover uma liberação mais sustentada do fármaco, o que deve reduzir o número de aplicações do produto pelo paciente ao longo do dia, e garantiu a entrada de grandes quantidades do fármaco nos folículos pilosos, seu alvo de ação. A iontoforese dessas micropartículas, apesar de também não fazê-las penetrar a pele, conseguiu direcioná-las mais rapidamente para as aberturas foliculares, como mostrou os estudos de microscopia confocal de varredura a laser das micropartículas marcadas. Adicionalmente, a iontoforese aumentou 6 vezes a quantidade de MXS retida nos folículos já nas primeiras 3 h de aplicação, garantindo assim que grandes quantidades do fármaco atingissem seu local de ação mais rapidamente que quando as partículas foram aplicadas passivamente sobre a pele. / Given the hypothesis that polymeric microparticles can penetrate the skin barrier along the transfollicular route, and based on the evidence that iontophoresis is a method that can direct the delivery of drugs to the hair follicles, this work aimed to study the in vitro skin permeation of minoxidil sulfate (MXS), a drug used to treat androgenic alopecia, both in its micro-encapsulated and non-encapsulated form, using or not iontophoresis, in an attempt to increase, control and direct its topical delivery to the hair follicle. The MXS was first incorporated in a hydrophilic gel containing 2.0% (w/w) MXS and its skin permeation and retention was in vitro observed with and without the presence of electric current for 6 h, using diffusion cells and skin of porcine\'s ears. The amount of MXS retained in EC was determined and differentiated from that retained in the hair follicles using the technique called differential tape stripping. It was observed that the passive flux of drug through the skin was increased 150-fold with the application of anodal iontophoresis and, by increasing the pH of the formulation from 3.5 to 5.5, iontophoretic permeation of MXS was 3-fold restricted, whereas it increased its retention in stratum corneum and hair follicles. These results show that iontophoresis of MXS in these conditions can promote the follicular delivery of the drug quite significantly. A series of chitosan microparticles containing MXS was obtained by spray drying, modifying quantities and proportions of polymer and drug. The system selected for study was obtained from 1.50 g of polymer and 0.75 g of MXS, and showed high encapsulation efficiency (~ 82%), mean diameter of 3.05 µm, spherical morphology without porosities, and zeta potential equal to + 5.87 mV. When incorporated into a hydro ethanolic formulation, these microparticles suffered swelling, increasing 1.5 times its diameter, but their spherical morphology was not modified. Permeation experiments showed in vitro that the microparticles obtained were able to sustain 3.5 times the release of MXS. The microparticles also restricted the passive permeation of the drug, reducing 2-fold its permeation flux and increasing by 5-fold the retention of drug in the follicular region, although the microparticles themselves did not penetrate the skin after passive administration. Thus, this system was able to promote a more sustained release of the drug, which must reduce the number of product applications by the patient throughout the day, and ensured the entry of large amounts of drug in hair follicles, their target. Iontophoresis of microparticles, although not making them penetrate the skin either, was able to direct them quickly to the follicular openings, as shown by laser confocal scanning microscopy studies of the labeled microparticles. In addition, iontophoresis increased 6-fold the amount of MXS retained in the follicles within the first 3 h of application, thereby ensuring that large quantities of the drug achieved its site of action more quickly than when the particles were applied passively to the skin.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreia Cristina dos Santos Kleinhans.pdf: 1304307 bytes, checksum: b48ee8803ae01d7e3e971161a1351010 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas / A Androgenic Alopecia (AA) is characterized by progressive hair loss and thinning and it may start at any age. It is identified as a genetically determine case, in which androgenic steroid hormones play a role. The objective of this study was to verify the existence of its possible association between stress and feelings of anger, in a sample of 20 diagnosed with AA, patients at a dermatology clinic in Curitiba. The instruments utilized for data collections were: identification sheet; Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), which had the function of verifying the level of discomfort to the problem; Lipp s Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults (LSSI); and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). Data analysis was both quantitative and qualitative. For responses obtained from LSSI and STAXI, the tables and norms from their respective manuals were utilized. The analysis of the answers obtained from the question was performed according to Bardin. The results show that 85% of individuals in the sample, (n=17), presented stress. Most women with stress were in the resistance phase 55% (n=11) whereas, 15% (n= 3) were at the almost exhaustion stage, 10% (n=2) where at the exhaustion phase and only 5% (n=1) was at the alert phase, in accordance with the LSSI. In agreement with STAXI, a higher score was observed for the internal anger factor, with an average percentage of 56 (standard deviation of 18), whereas for the external anger factor, such percentage was 18 (standard deviation of 21). An important association between anger expression and the presence of stress was found (p= 0.03). There was no association between the analogue visual scale and stress. Considering the number of participants with stress and the tendency of directing anger outwardly, in addition to a high percentage for internal anger in participants of this research, there is a necessity of further studies involving psychological treatment for stress and an adequate anger management. / A Alopecia Androgen?tica (AA) ? caracterizada pela perda e afinamento progressivo dos cabelos e, pode surgir em qualquer idade. ? identificada como um quadro geneticamente determinado com a participa??o dos horm?nios ester?ides andr?genos. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a exist?ncia de poss?veis associa??es entre o stress e o sentimento de raiva, de uma amostra de 20 mulheres com diagn?stico m?dico para (AA), pacientes de uma cl?nica de Dermatologia em Curitiba. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram: ficha de identifica??o; Escala Anal?gica Visual (EVA), cuja fun??o, foi verificar o n?vel de desconforto frente ao problema; Invent?rio de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL); Invent?rio de Express?o de Raiva como Estado e Tra?o (STAXI). A an?lise dos dados foi quantitativa e qualitativa. Para respostas obtidas a partir do ISSL e do STAXI utilizaram-se as tabelas e normas dos respectivos manuais. A an?lise das respostas obtidas a partir da pergunta foi realizada de acordo com Bardin. Os resultados apontaram que 85% do total da amostra, (n=17), apresentaram stress. A maioria das mulheres com stress estavam na fase de resist?ncia 55% (n=11) enquanto, 15% (n= 3) encontravam-se em quase exaust?o, 10% (n=2) na fase de exaust?o e apenas 5% (n=1) apresentou-se na fase de alerta segundo o ISSL. De acordo com o STAXI observou-se um escore superior para o fator de raiva para dentro com percentil m?dio de 56 para o fator (desvio-padr?o de 18), ao passo que para o fator raiva para fora, o percentil m?dio foi 18 (desvio-padr?o 21). Uma importante associa??o entre a express?o da raiva para fora e a presen?a de stress foi encontrada (p= 0.03). N?o houve associa??o entre a escala anal?gica visual e stress. Levando-se em considera??o o n?mero de participantes com stress e tend?ncia em direcionar a raiva para fora, al?m do alto percentil de raiva para dentro das participantes dessa pesquisa, atenta-se para a necessidade de outros estudos que envolvam o tratamento psicol?gico para o stress e o adequado manejo da raiva.

Diante da hipótese de que micropartículas poliméricas podem atravessar a barreira epidérmica através da rota transfolicular, e baseado na evidência de que a iontoforese é um método que consegue direcionar a liberação de fármacos para os folículos pilosos, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar in vitro a permeação cutânea do minoxidil sulfato (MXS), fármaco utilizado no tratamento da alopecia androgênica, tanto em sua forma microencapsulada como não encapsulada utilizando ou não a iontoforese, na tentativa de aumentar, controlar e direcionar a sua liberação tópica para o folículo piloso. O MXS foi primeiramente incorporado em um gel hidrofílico contendo 2,0% (m/m) do ativo e sua permeação e retenção cutânea in vitro verificada com e sem a presença de corrente elétrica durante 6 h, utilizando células de difusão e pele de orelha de porco. A quantidade de MXS retida no EC da pele foi determinada e diferenciada daquela retida nos folículos pilosos utilizando-se a técnica denominada tape stripping diferencial. Foi observado que o fluxo passivo de fármaco através da pele aumentou 150 vezes com aplicação de iontoforese anódica e que o aumento do pH da formulação de 3,5 para 5,5 restringiu 3 vezes essa permeação iontoforética e aumentou a retenção do MXS no EC e folículos pilosos. Estes resultados mostram que a iontoforese do MXS nestas condições é capaz de promover a liberação folicular do fármaco de maneira bastante significativa. Uma série de micropartículas de quitosana contendo MXS foi obtida por spray drying modificando quantidades e proporções de polímero e fármaco. O sistema selecionado para estudo foi obtido a partir de 1,50 g de polímero e 0,75 g de MXS, e apresentou alta eficiência de encapsulação (~82%), diâmetro médio igual a 3,05 µm, morfologia esférica e sem porosidades, e potencial zeta igual a + 5,87 mV. Quando incorporadas a uma formulação hidroalcoólica, essas micropartículas sofreram intumescimento, aumentando 1,5 vezes o seu diâmetro médio, mas não tiveram sua morfologia esférica alterada. Experimentos de liberação in vitro mostraram que as micropartículas obtidas foram capazes de sustentar 3,5 vezes a liberação do MXS. As micropartículas ainda restringiram a permeação passiva do fármaco, reduzindo 2 vezes seu fluxo de permeação e aumentando em 5 vezes a retenção de fármaco na região folicular, apesar das partículas em si não penetrarem a pele após administração passiva. Assim, este sistema foi capaz de promover uma liberação mais sustentada do fármaco, o que deve reduzir o número de aplicações do produto pelo paciente ao longo do dia, e garantiu a entrada de grandes quantidades do fármaco nos folículos pilosos, seu alvo de ação. A iontoforese dessas micropartículas, apesar de também não fazê-las penetrar a pele, conseguiu direcioná-las mais rapidamente para as aberturas foliculares, como mostrou os estudos de microscopia confocal de varredura a laser das micropartículas marcadas. Adicionalmente, a iontoforese aumentou 6 vezes a quantidade de MXS retida nos folículos já nas primeiras 3 h de aplicação, garantindo assim que grandes quantidades do fármaco atingissem seu local de ação mais rapidamente que quando as partículas foram aplicadas passivamente sobre a pele. / Given the hypothesis that polymeric microparticles can penetrate the skin barrier along the transfollicular route, and based on the evidence that iontophoresis is a method that can direct the delivery of drugs to the hair follicles, this work aimed to study the in vitro skin permeation of minoxidil sulfate (MXS), a drug used to treat androgenic alopecia, both in its micro-encapsulated and non-encapsulated form, using or not iontophoresis, in an attempt to increase, control and direct its topical delivery to the hair follicle. The MXS was first incorporated in a hydrophilic gel containing 2.0% (w/w) MXS and its skin permeation and retention was in vitro observed with and without the presence of electric current for 6 h, using diffusion cells and skin of porcine\'s ears. The amount of MXS retained in EC was determined and differentiated from that retained in the hair follicles using the technique called differential tape stripping. It was observed that the passive flux of drug through the skin was increased 150-fold with the application of anodal iontophoresis and, by increasing the pH of the formulation from 3.5 to 5.5, iontophoretic permeation of MXS was 3-fold restricted, whereas it increased its retention in stratum corneum and hair follicles. These results show that iontophoresis of MXS in these conditions can promote the follicular delivery of the drug quite significantly. A series of chitosan microparticles containing MXS was obtained by spray drying, modifying quantities and proportions of polymer and drug. The system selected for study was obtained from 1.50 g of polymer and 0.75 g of MXS, and showed high encapsulation efficiency (~ 82%), mean diameter of 3.05 µm, spherical morphology without porosities, and zeta potential equal to + 5.87 mV. When incorporated into a hydro ethanolic formulation, these microparticles suffered swelling, increasing 1.5 times its diameter, but their spherical morphology was not modified. Permeation experiments showed in vitro that the microparticles obtained were able to sustain 3.5 times the release of MXS. The microparticles also restricted the passive permeation of the drug, reducing 2-fold its permeation flux and increasing by 5-fold the retention of drug in the follicular region, although the microparticles themselves did not penetrate the skin after passive administration. Thus, this system was able to promote a more sustained release of the drug, which must reduce the number of product applications by the patient throughout the day, and ensured the entry of large amounts of drug in hair follicles, their target. Iontophoresis of microparticles, although not making them penetrate the skin either, was able to direct them quickly to the follicular openings, as shown by laser confocal scanning microscopy studies of the labeled microparticles. In addition, iontophoresis increased 6-fold the amount of MXS retained in the follicles within the first 3 h of application, thereby ensuring that large quantities of the drug achieved its site of action more quickly than when the particles were applied passively to the skin.