The aim of the present work has been to analyze the ways of adolescents’ anger expression and to estimate the relations between emotional and behavioral problems. There was collected data about 198 11-18 years old adolescents. In the research there were used YSR 11/18: Youth self – report (Achenbach, 1991), TRI - Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1980) and STAXI – C/A– State - Trait Anger Expression Inventory – 2 For Children and Adolescents (Spielberger, 1999). The results of the research show that there is a positive correlation between anger expression index and internal behavioral problems (value of p is 0.00) and external behavioral problems (value of p is 0.00). Internal behavioral problems also correlate with anger as a state (value of p is 0.00), anger as a trait (value of p is 0.00), internal (value of p is 0.00) and external (value of p is 0.00) anger expression, internal anger control (value of p is 0.02). External behavioral problems correlate with anger as a state (value of p is 0.00), anger as a trait (value of p is 0.00) and external anger expression (value of p is 0.00). There was estimated a negative correlation between adolescents’ anger as a state and their competence (value of p is 0.02). A positive correlation estimated between external anger expression and social activity (value of p is 0.01). A positive correlation also estimated between internal anger control and learning (value of p is 0.03). Anger of adolescents is also related with... [to full text]

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Recently, social media has become a sociopolitical hotbed for discussions of racism. However, no extant studies have questioned if social media use increases how often African Americans vicariously and/or personally experience discrimination in America. The current study sought to answer this question. By examining the relationships between social media use, general stress, race-related stress, and anger expression, and the mediating role of perceived racism, this study explored if frequent social media use influences young African American adults’: a) perceptions of racism, b) experiences with general and race-related stress, and/or c) expressions of anger. The current study conducted an online survey of 199 young African American adults between the ages of 18-29 using Amazon Mechanical Turk (M-Turk). Results showed Facebook interactive use significantly predicted anticipatory bodily alarm response and anger expression, but not anticipatory race-related stress. Facebook and Twitter use predicted anticipatory race-related stress, anticipatory bodily alarm response, and anger expression. Neither Facebook interactive use or Facebook and Twitter use predicted general stress. However, serial multiple mediation analyses revealed perceived racism and everyday discrimination fully mediated the relationship between Facebook interactive use and anger expression, such that the more young African Americans perceive racism and everyday discrimination via social media the more anger they experience. Findings also revealed perceived racism and everyday discrimination indirectly affected relations between Facebook interactive use and anticipatory bodily alarm response, anticipatory race-related stress, and general stress. Health implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Anger is often associated with poor physical and mental health, including suicidal behaviour. Anger expression is typically conceptualised as inward or outward-directed, with each mode of expression having potentially different aetiologies and health manifestations. Individual characteristics such as religion or spirituality may buffer against the effects of anger. One such characteristic, forgiveness, is the voluntary process of changing ones’ beliefs, behaviours, and emotions towards a transgressor from negative to positive. We examined forgiveness of self, forgiveness of others and feeling forgiven by God as moderators of the relationship between anger expression and suicidal behaviours in a sample of 372 ethnically diverse college students. In independent and full models, we found that forgiveness of self was a significant moderator of the association between inward and outward anger and suicidal behaviour. Interventions targeting anger via the promotion of forgiveness may be useful in the prevention of suicide ideation and attempts.

Hwa-Byung, known as an anger illness, was conceptualized in Korean culture and listed in the glossary under Culture-Bound Syndromes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Hwa-Byung develops when the emotions of anger have been suppressed for a long period of time and it becomes difficult to control those feelings. Common complaints of Hwa-Byung have two dimensions, psychological and physical symptoms. The prevalence of Hwa-Byung exhibits gender differences in that the majority of individuals who experience Hwa-Byung are women between the ages of 40 and 60. However, as the number of Korean immigrants in the United States continues to increase and their issues draw attention from researchers, the topic of Hwa-Byung receives little. Because Korean immigrants in the United States share a cultural background with their origin of ethnicity, and at the same time, may also assimilate the American culture during the acculturation process, this study will address the cultural differences in Hwa-Byung between native Koreans who live in South Korea and Korean immigrants in the United States. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the differences and similarities of Hwa-Byung in native Korean middle-aged women in South Korea and Korean immigrants in the United States, roughly between the age range of late-30's to middle 60's, by investigating the influencing factors of stressful life events, stress response, anger expression, and demographic background. A sample size of at least 200 participants, required for each group, using both paper-pencil and web-based methods, depended on participants' preferences, which were influenced by a gap in ages and the level of familiarity with and/or ability to access Internet. Participants were randomly selected from major cities, both in South Korea (including Seoul, Incheon, Busan, Daejeon, and Gyeonggi Province) and the United States (including Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles), using similar proportions of ages for both groups for the equivalences of participants in cross-cultural research. Survey measures included five instruments: (a) the Hwa-Byung scale (Kwon, Kim, Park, Lee, Min, & Kwon, 2008); (b) Life Stress for Korean women (Chon & Kim, 2003); (c) stress response inventory (SRI) (Koh, Park, & Kim, 2000); (d) anger expression (Hahn, Chon, Lee, & Spielberger, 1997), and (e) demographic background that measured the variables used in this study. To minimize the weakness of language differences used in the different cultural contexts, survey packages for Korean immigrant participants in the United States were formatted in both Korean and English for each item. Thus, a translation process became necessary, especially for the Korean instruments of the Hwa-Byung Scale, Life Stress for Korean women and Stress Response Inventory (SRI), from Korean into Englishtwo of which were (originally developed by Korean researchers) . On the other hand, native Koreans submitted only the Korean version of questionnaires because they fully understood the meaning of questionnaire statements, as well as in order to get rid of possible distractions by the inclusion of English sentences.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oxford Graduate School, 2001. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 420-447).

Lately scientists highlight the necessity of better understanding the subjective side of psychotherapeutic process. The aim of this research was to reveal subjectively important psychotherapeutic changes, significant therapeutic factors, and the transformation of anger expression in psychotherapy. Seven female clients, who had accomplished their long-term therapy course and finished it in 1 – 3-year period, participated in the study. Data were collected using the method of psychotherapeutic story. Participants were asked to tell their psychotherapy story, mentioning what was most important in the process of their psychotherapy. The processing of data was based on the principles of thematic analysis (Braun, Clarke, 2006). The analysis of psychotherapeutic stories revealed a dynamic and miscellaneous picture of the respondents’ therapeutic change, encompassing their direct therapeutic experience, its prehistory, and after-therapy processes. Emotional experiences, the development of interpersonal relationship, awareness of the motivational sphere of needs are mentioned as subjectively important therapeutic changes. Psychotherapeutic stories revealed the importance of change of anger expression in subjective psychotherapeutic experience. Respondents relate psychotherapeutic changes to their own active involvement, the quality of therapeutic relationship, and the dynamics of inner processes. / Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais pabrėžiama būtinybė tyrinėti psichoterapijos pokyčius bei veiksnius pasitelkiant kokybinius tyrimo metodus, pažvelgti į psichoterapijos procesą per kliento prizmę. Šiame darbe siekiama atskleisti subjektyviai išgyvenamus psichoterapinius pokyčius, su jais siejamus terapinius veiksnius ir pykčio kaitą psichoterapiniame procese. Tyrime dalyvavo septynios moterys, per pastarųjų 1-3 metų laikotarpį baigusios ilgalaikę psichoterapiją. Tyrime buvo pritaikyta nauja interviu struktūruojanti forma – psichoterapinės istorijos pasakojimas. Tiriamųjų buvo prašoma papasakoti savo psichoterapijos istoriją įvardijant tai, kas joms buvo svarbiausia terapijoje. Tyrimo rezultatai buvo analizuojami remiantis teminės analizės metodu (Braun, Clarke, 2006). Psichoterapinių istorijų analizė atskleidė dinamišką ir daugialypį terapinių pokyčių vaizdą, apimantį tiek tiriamųjų tiesioginę terapinę patirtį, tiek jos priešistorę bei po terapijos vykstančius procesus. Subjektyviai išgyvenami terapiniai pokyčiai apima emocinius išgyvenimus, tarpasmeninių santykių kaitą, motyvacinės poreikių srities įsisąmoninimą. Pykčio raiškos kaita subjektyviai patiriama kaip svarbus terapinis pokytis. Kalbėdamos apie terapinius veiksnius, tiriamosios akcentuoja savo aktyvaus indėlio į terapiją svarbą, kalba apie terapinių santykių kokybę, vidinių procesų dinamiką.

Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais pabrėžiama būtinybė tyrinėti psichoterapijos pokyčius bei veiksnius pasitelkiant kokybinius tyrimo metodus, pažvelgti į psichoterapijos procesą per kliento prizmę. Šiame darbe siekiama atskleisti subjektyviai išgyvenamus psichoterapinius pokyčius, su jais siejamus terapinius veiksnius ir pykčio kaitą psichoterapiniame procese. Tyrime dalyvavo septynios moterys, per pastarųjų 1-3 metų laikotarpį baigusios ilgalaikę psichoterapiją. Tyrime buvo pritaikyta nauja interviu struktūruojanti forma – psichoterapinės istorijos pasakojimas. Tiriamųjų buvo prašoma papasakoti savo psichoterapijos istoriją įvardijant tai, kas joms buvo svarbiausia terapijoje. Tyrimo rezultatai buvo analizuojami remiantis teminės analizės metodu (Braun, Clarke, 2006). Psichoterapinių istorijų analizė atskleidė dinamišką ir daugialypį terapinių pokyčių vaizdą, apimantį tiek tiriamųjų tiesioginę terapinę patirtį, tiek jos priešistorę bei po terapijos vykstančius procesus. Subjektyviai išgyvenami terapiniai pokyčiai apima emocinius išgyvenimus, tarpasmeninių santykių kaitą, motyvacinės poreikių srities įsisąmoninimą. Pykčio raiškos kaita subjektyviai patiriama kaip svarbus terapinis pokytis. Kalbėdamos apie terapinius veiksnius, tiriamosios akcentuoja savo aktyvaus indėlio į terapiją svarbą, kalba apie terapinių santykių kokybę, vidinių procesų dinamiką. / Lately scientists highlight the necessity of better understanding the subjective side of psychotherapeutic process. The aim of this research was to reveal subjectively important psychotherapeutic changes, significant therapeutic factors, and the transformation of anger expression in psychotherapy. Seven female clients, who had accomplished their long-term therapy course and finished it in 1 – 3-year period, participated in the study. Data were collected using the method of psychotherapeutic story. Participants were asked to tell their psychotherapy story, mentioning what was most important in the process of their psychotherapy. The processing of data was based on the principles of thematic analysis (Braun, Clarke, 2006). The analysis of psychotherapeutic stories revealed a dynamic and miscellaneous picture of the respondents’ therapeutic change, encompassing their direct therapeutic experience, its prehistory, and after-therapy processes. Emotional experiences, the development of interpersonal relationship, awareness of the motivational sphere of needs are mentioned as subjectively important therapeutic changes. Psychotherapeutic stories revealed the importance of change of anger expression in subjective psychotherapeutic experience. Respondents relate psychotherapeutic changes to their own active involvement, the quality of therapeutic relationship, and the dynamics of inner processes.

In Primary Aldosteronism (PAL) excessive amounts of aldosterone cause sodium and water retention and, in many individuals, this leads to moderate to severely high blood pressure. Although the chemistry and physiology are increasingly well understood, including the outcomes of treatment on physical health, there has been no systematic study of the psychological dimension of PAL. Anecdotally, patients exhibit symptoms such as angry outbursts, irritability, anxiety and defensiveness, and partners of these patients sometimes mention poor anger control and brittle or unpredictable moods. This thesis reports a systematic study of anger and anxiety among patients undergoing treatment for PAL. Eighty-three patients were recruited over an 11-month period to a prospective, pre-post design study to determine if treatment was associated with change in psychological state. Participants completed the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS) questionnaires. Adrenal Vein Sampling confirmed overproduction of aldosterone in one or both adrenal glands. Patients with Aldosterone Producing Adenoma (APA) were offered adrenalectomy. As per usual treatment protocols, patients with Bilateral Adrenal Hyperplasia (BAH) were prescribed spironolactone or amiloride depending predominantly on severity of blood pressure and potassium levels. Post-test questionnaires were completed after 6-8 months. Analysis was by mixed design (between-within subjects) ANOVA. Participant numbers in the adrenalectomy group fell far short of expectations. Fourteen past patients who had undergone unilateral adrenalectomy completed a retrospective semi-structured questionnaire. This qualitative data was analysed to identify themes similar to quantitative data. At baseline, 'non-completers' (ie those who did not complete the post-test; n=19), were significantly more angry than 'completers' (n=50) in State Anger (p< .01), Trait Anger (p< .05) and Anger Expression Index (p< .001). Trait Anxiety was also higher (p< .05), as was Psychological Distress (p< .05). Among those who participated at both interviews, there was small but statistically significant adverse treatment effect with higher scores for State Anger (p< .05), and Feeling Angry (p< .05). However for Trait Anger (p< .01), and 2 of its 3 sub-scales Angry Temperament (p< .05) and Angry Reaction (p< .01) there was a slight to moderate decrease in negative affect with treatment. Psychological Distress scores also improved (p< .05). Across all ANOVAs, there were no significant interaction effects, suggesting that any treatment effect was equivalent for the two drugs. Qualitatively collected data elucidated participants' changes in approach to life and relationships since adrenalectomy. Themes that emerged in the data included improved ability to cope with external stress, better control of emotions, more relaxed relationships and attitude to work, and a greater vitality and quality of life. Generally the comments were consistent with the drug treatments; there was noticeable benefit, including perceived better anger control and less anxiety. Positive psychological effects of treatment observed in the two drug groups were triangulated with data from a qualitative study. The combined evidence suggests that when excess circulating aldosterone is reduced (adrenalectomy), or blocked (spironolactone), or aldosterone's salt and water retaining effects are minimised (amiloride), then nervous irritability and its subsequent psycho-behavioural manifestations are reduced. The effect however is slight and the conclusions are weakened by an apparent attrition bias, and the absence of a control group. Implications for further research are discussed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oxford Graduate School, 2001. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 420-447).