Lee Ting Yim, Margaret. / "Running head: Emotional responses to being harmed." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-50). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Emotional Responses to Harmful Events as being Functional --- p.2 / The Cognitive Appraisal Theory of Emotions --- p.3 / Responsibility and controllability --- p.4 / Justification (legitimacy) --- p.5 / Norm violation --- p.6 / Other Social Factors --- p.7 / Relationship closeness --- p.7 / Gender --- p.8 / Culture --- p.8 / Culture and emotion antecedent events --- p.9 / Culture and appraisals --- p.10 / The Present Study --- p.11 / Chapter 2. --- METHOD --- p.14 / Participants --- p.14 / Materials --- p.14 / Chapter 3. --- RESULTS --- p.16 / Factor Analyses & Reliabilities --- p.16 / Recalled emotional responses --- p.18 / Perceived norm violation --- p.18 / Responsibility and controllability of the harm-doer --- p.18 / Justification of the harm-doer's action --- p.19 / Relationship closeness with the harm-doer --- p.19 / Correlations --- p.19 / "Cognitive appraisals, social factors, and emotions" --- p.19 / ANOVAs on Intensities of Emotional Experiences among Cultural and Gender Groups --- p.20 / Multiple Regression: Predicting Depressive Emotions --- p.23 / Multiple Regression: Predicting Hostile Emotions --- p.26 / "ANOVAs on Cognitive Appraisals of Norm Violation, Responsibility & Controllability, Justification, and Relationship Closeness among Cultural Groups" --- p.27 / Norm violation --- p.27 / Responsibility and controllability --- p.27 / Justification --- p.28 / Relationship closeness --- p.28 / Structural Equation Model --- p.28 / Structural Equation Model: Multisample Analysis --- p.32 / Test for equivalence in factor loadings --- p.32 / Test for equivalence in factor structure --- p.32 / Chapter 4. --- DISCUSSION --- p.33 / A Two Factor Model of Emotions --- p.33 / Cognitive Appraisals and Relationship Closeness in Predicting Emotions --- p.34 / Relative Significance of Cognitive Appraisals in Predicting Depressive and Hostile Emotions --- p.36 / Gender Differences --- p.37 / Cultural Differences: Intensities of Experienced Emotions --- p.38 / Cultural Differences: Evaluation of the Event using Cognitive Appraisals --- p.38 / Culture: Universality --- p.40 / The Japanese: High Intensity of Hostile Emotions --- p.41 / Future Directions --- p.42 / Limitations --- p.43 / REFERENCES --- p.45 / APPENDIX --- p.51

A series of five individual studies explored: (1) Whether a treatment focus emphasizing active anger expression would alter the subject's awareness of and ability to express anger and (2) Whether such a treatment focus would alter the subject's experience of illness in the form of her report of pain and stiffness as "better", "the same", or "worse" than yesterday's experience. The treatment strategy utilized general Gestalt principles and was further focused on specific techniques of Anger Therapy as an agent of change. Evaluation of outcome in this time-lagged multiple baseline design viewed the overall process from the beginning of a baseline observation period through a maximum of one week following the conclusion of the last six weekly treatment sessions; daily measurement of the process of change during treatment; and clinical description of the subjects and of the treatment process itself. The overall process was formally assessed in pre and post treatment testing which included the Novaco Anger Inventory, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and FIRO-B. Daily telephone interview measured the frequency of anger awareness, anger expression; and ratings of anger intensity, overall daily mood, pain, and stiffness. Information from the treatment process was integrated with that obtained from other sources in discussing the outcome for each subject. It was concluded that intense anger expression appeared to effect temporary or transitory improvement in pain; that there was a relationship between each subject's perceived daily anger intensity and pain which appeared consistent for all subjects studied; and that issues of need for approval and control appeared related to anger awareness and expression as measured by the psychometrics utilized. These were recommended as potentially fruitful areas of future investigation. Background data revealed striking similarities in birth order and parenting practices which seemed worthy of further study as well.

This thesis operates, unashamedly, from the premise that every act of criticism involves a self-reflexive gesture of one's own concerns and ideological imprintings. For this reason Chapter One establishes the writer's own involvement - both autobiographical and theoretical - in notions of male rage and the 'working through' of these concerns. Chapter Two conducts an overview of male rage and the extant systemic literature on the subject. It sets out the various positions on the subject and posits the importance of gender (over generation) in the praxis of therapy. Furthermore, it explores the possibility that the male is equally, but differently, troubled by the hegemonic forces of patriarchy as is the woman. Without diminishing the legitimacy of the woman's experience in the face of male rage, the argument is forwarded that the male is caught in a similar struggle but without the feminine articulatory resources. This chapter details the lack of male power in the face of his supposed muscular omnipotence. Seminal analytic approaches to the question of gender are raised in Chapter Three. Working through Freud, Klein, Lacan and Masters and Johnson an attempt is made to plot the 'evolution' of the feminine and the masculine. Central to this debate is the bi-polarization of gender relations within the same sex (biology/construction) and without (phallic/vaginal, clitoral, passive/active). What emerges is that femininity is bi-focal and that the woman has more resources at her disposal that hitherto acknowledged. While the woman is always double - as both clitoral and vaginal, as lover and mother- it appears that male sexuality is far more precarious than generally perceived. It is this dis-ease on the part of the male that translates itself into envy and, with it, the need to denigrate and belittle woman as the object of that envy. In Chapter 4 an attempt is made to overlap the seemingly divergent fields of analytic and systemic methodologies via the involvement of the therapist in the eco-system of analysis. The substantial role of the therapist -- and the coercive forces placed on him/her by the couple -- is used to modify Elkaim's model and to introduce the need for a telling of the particular stories that concentrate on the unique narratives of the warring couple rather than the patriarchal regime under which these stories are constrained. Before encountering these narratives an essay is made at establishing a methodology of sorts. Newton's scientific formulations are used in order to question the binary opposition that has been, historically, established between quantitative (male) and qualitative (female) methodologies. In the process of questioning this binary opposition it becomes clear that any form of objectifying approach constitutes a refuge from the messiness that is intrinsic to the therapeutic process. The experimental methodology that is posited is precisely one that engages in the narratives of male violence - four extracts are considered, each exposing different articulations of male violence. The question of female subjectivity (and the attendant power of the sorority) is returned to in light of these stories. Central to this section is the notion that male subjectivity is far more convoluted - perhaps more that the feminine counterpart - than initially conceived. The original identification with the (m)other forever displaces him in that the later identification with the father remains distant and contrived. For the purposes of maintaining the dialogic nature of this work, a feminist appraisal of the rage narratives concludes the thesis. Don Quixote is used, by way of an Epilogue, to offer three representations of male subjectivity and to look towards alternative subject positions for the male under patriarchy. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

This thesis operates, unashamedly, from the premise that every act of criticism involves a self-reflexive gesture of one's own concerns and ideological imprintings. For this reason Chapter One establishes the writer's own involvement - both autobiographical and theoretical - in notions of male rage and the 'working through' of these concerns. Chapter Two conducts an overview of male rage and the extant systemic literature on the subject. It sets out the various positions on the subject and posits the importance of gender (over generation) in the praxis of therapy. Furthermore, it explores the possibility that the male is equally, but differently, troubled by the hegemonic forces of patriarchy as is the woman. Without diminishing the legitimacy of the woman's experience in the face of male rage, the argument is forwarded that the male is caught in a similar struggle but without the feminine articulatory resources. This chapter details the lack of male power in the face of his supposed muscular omnipotence. Seminal analytic approaches to the question of gender are raised in Chapter Three. Working through Freud, Klein, Lacan and Masters and Johnson an attempt is made to plot the 'evolution' of the feminine and the masculine. Central to this debate is the bi-polarization of gender relations within the same sex (biology/construction) and without (phallic/vaginal, clitoral, passive/active). What emerges is that femininity is bi-focal and that the woman has more resources at her disposal that hitherto acknowledged. While the woman is always double - as both clitoral and vaginal, as lover and mother- it appears that male sexuality is far more precarious than generally perceived. It is this dis-ease on the part of the male that translates itself into envy and, with it, the need to denigrate and belittle woman as the object of that envy. In Chapter 4 an attempt is made to overlap the seemingly divergent fields of analytic and systemic methodologies via the involvement of the therapist in the eco-system of analysis. The substantial role of the therapist -- and the coercive forces placed on him/her by the couple -- is used to modify Elkaim's model and to introduce the need for a telling of the particular stories that concentrate on the unique narratives of the warring couple rather than the patriarchal regime under which these stories are constrained. Before encountering these narratives an essay is made at establishing a methodology of sorts. Newton's scientific formulations are used in order to question the binary opposition that has been, historically, established between quantitative (male) and qualitative (female) methodologies. In the process of questioning this binary opposition it becomes clear that any form of objectifying approach constitutes a refuge from the messiness that is intrinsic to the therapeutic process. The experimental methodology that is posited is precisely one that engages in the narratives of male violence - four extracts are considered, each exposing different articulations of male violence. The question of female subjectivity (and the attendant power of the sorority) is returned to in light of these stories. Central to this section is the notion that male subjectivity is far more convoluted - perhaps more that the feminine counterpart - than initially conceived. The original identification with the (m)other forever displaces him in that the later identification with the father remains distant and contrived. For the purposes of maintaining the dialogic nature of this work, a feminist appraisal of the rage narratives concludes the thesis. Don Quixote is used, by way of an Epilogue, to offer three representations of male subjectivity and to look towards alternative subject positions for the male under patriarchy. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)