Foram estudadas as respostas de 76 detectores Geiger-Müller, 4 detectores semicondutores e 34 câmaras de ionização. Muitos deles foram calibrados em feixes de radiação gama (37Cs e 60Co) e alguns foram testados em feixes de radiação beta (90Sr+90Y e 204Tl) e X (N-60, N-80, N-100, N-150). Para os três tipos de radiação, foram obtidos os fatores de calibração dos instrumentos e foi estudada a dependência tanto energética como angular destes detectores. Para radiação gama e beta foi estudada a dependência angular para ângulos de 00 e ± 450. Foram ainda obtidas as curvas da resposta dos instrumentos em relação a uma varredura angular de 00 e ± 900, para radiação gama, beta e X. Também foram analisados os fatores de calibração obtidos para radiação beta em relação à radiação gama. Para radiação gama, dos 66 detectores Geiger-Müller estudados, 24 apresentaram resultados para a dependência energética de acordo com a recomendação internacional da ISO 4037-2 e 56 estão de acordo com a recomendação brasileira da ABNT 10011. As câmaras de ionização e os semicondutores estão de acordo com as recomendações nacional e internacional. Todos os instrumentos apresentaram dependência angular menor que 40%. Para radiação beta, os instrumentos apresentaram resultados insatisfatórios para a dependência energética e angular; Para radiação X, as câmaras de ionização apresentaram resultados para dependência energética de acordo com a recomendação nacional, e a dependência angular foi menor que 40%. / The response of 76 Geiger-Müller detectors, 4 semiconductor detectors and 34 ionization chambers were studied. Many of them were calibrated with gamma radiation beams (37Cs and 60Co), and some of them were tested in beta radiation (90Sr+90Y e 204Tl) and X radiation (N-60, N-80, N-100, N-150) beams. For all three types of radiation, the calibration factors of the instruments were obtained, and the energy and angular dependences were studied. For beta and gamma radiation, the angular dependence was studied for incident radiation angles of 00 and ± 450. The curves of the response of the instruments were obtained over an angle interval of 00 to ± 900, for gamma, beta and X radiations. The calibration factors obtained for beta radiation were compared to those obtained for gamma radiation. For gamma radiation, 24 of the 66 tested Geiger-Müller detectors presented results for the energy dependence according to international recommendation of ISO 4037-2 and 56 were in accordance with the Brazilian ABNT 10011 recommendation. The ionization chambers and semiconductors were in accordance to national and international recommendations. All instruments showed angular dependence less than 40%. For beta radiation, the instruments showed unsatisfactory results for the energy dependence and angular dependence; For X radiation, the ionization chambers presented results for energy dependence according to the national recommendation, and the angular dependence was less than 40%.

Foram estudadas as respostas de 76 detectores Geiger-Müller, 4 detectores semicondutores e 34 câmaras de ionização. Muitos deles foram calibrados em feixes de radiação gama (37Cs e 60Co) e alguns foram testados em feixes de radiação beta (90Sr+90Y e 204Tl) e X (N-60, N-80, N-100, N-150). Para os três tipos de radiação, foram obtidos os fatores de calibração dos instrumentos e foi estudada a dependência tanto energética como angular destes detectores. Para radiação gama e beta foi estudada a dependência angular para ângulos de 00 e ± 450. Foram ainda obtidas as curvas da resposta dos instrumentos em relação a uma varredura angular de 00 e ± 900, para radiação gama, beta e X. Também foram analisados os fatores de calibração obtidos para radiação beta em relação à radiação gama. Para radiação gama, dos 66 detectores Geiger-Müller estudados, 24 apresentaram resultados para a dependência energética de acordo com a recomendação internacional da ISO 4037-2 e 56 estão de acordo com a recomendação brasileira da ABNT 10011. As câmaras de ionização e os semicondutores estão de acordo com as recomendações nacional e internacional. Todos os instrumentos apresentaram dependência angular menor que 40%. Para radiação beta, os instrumentos apresentaram resultados insatisfatórios para a dependência energética e angular; Para radiação X, as câmaras de ionização apresentaram resultados para dependência energética de acordo com a recomendação nacional, e a dependência angular foi menor que 40%. / The response of 76 Geiger-Müller detectors, 4 semiconductor detectors and 34 ionization chambers were studied. Many of them were calibrated with gamma radiation beams (37Cs and 60Co), and some of them were tested in beta radiation (90Sr+90Y e 204Tl) and X radiation (N-60, N-80, N-100, N-150) beams. For all three types of radiation, the calibration factors of the instruments were obtained, and the energy and angular dependences were studied. For beta and gamma radiation, the angular dependence was studied for incident radiation angles of 00 and ± 450. The curves of the response of the instruments were obtained over an angle interval of 00 to ± 900, for gamma, beta and X radiations. The calibration factors obtained for beta radiation were compared to those obtained for gamma radiation. For gamma radiation, 24 of the 66 tested Geiger-Müller detectors presented results for the energy dependence according to international recommendation of ISO 4037-2 and 56 were in accordance with the Brazilian ABNT 10011 recommendation. The ionization chambers and semiconductors were in accordance to national and international recommendations. All instruments showed angular dependence less than 40%. For beta radiation, the instruments showed unsatisfactory results for the energy dependence and angular dependence; For X radiation, the ionization chambers presented results for energy dependence according to the national recommendation, and the angular dependence was less than 40%.

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Physics, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 38).

A method of measuring angular dependence of acoustic transmission through supercritical plates in air is discussed. The coincidence effect occurs in a supercritical plate when the component of the acoustic wave number parallel to the plate matches the bending wave number in the plate. The transmission of sound is a maximum at the angle where this trace wave number matching occurs. The theory of the coincidence effect is well-defined for unbounded thin plates using plane-wave excitation. However, experimental results for finite plates are known to diverge from theory, especially near grazing angles. An experimental setup has been developed in order to observe the coincidence effect using continuous-wave excitation and phased-array methods. Experimental results through a 0.5 mm thick aluminum bar exhibit strong maxima at the predicted coincidence angles, showing that coincidence is observable using continuous waves. Also, transmission near grazing angles is seen to diverge from infinite plate theory. Further work is suggested to improve the measurement setup and explore the source of the divergence.

No description available.

Phospholipid vesicles are common model systems for cell membranes. Important aspects of the membrane function relate to its mechanical properties. Here we have investigated the deformation behaviour of phospholipid vesicles in a dual-beam laser trap, also called an optical stretcher. This study explicitly makes use of the inherent heating present in such traps to investigate the dependence of vesicle deformation on temperature. By using lasers with different wavelengths, optically induced mechanical stresses and temperature increase can be tuned fairly independently with a single setup. The phase transition temperature of vesicles can be clearly identified by an increase in deformation. In the case of no heating effects, a minimal model for drop deformation in an optical stretcher and a more specific model for vesicle deformation that takes explicitly into account the angular dependence of the optical stress are presented to account for the experimental results. Elastic constants are extracted from the fitting procedures, which agree with literature data. This study demonstrates the utility of optical stretching, which is easily combined with microfluidic delivery, for the future serial, high-throughput study of the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of phospholipid vesicles.

Parallel-plate avalanche counters, PPACs, are commonly used to detect fission fragments. The PPAC detects them and mark (very accurately) the time of detection. Such measurements can be used to measure the neutron energy (via time-of-flight) to study neutron-induced fission.This project report provides a method that, together with the discussed improvements, allows the fabrication of good quality PPAC detectors. Several PPACs are manufactured and the electrodes are built from 0.9 µm thick mylar foils which are evaporated with a 40-80 nm thin layer of aluminum.The developed PPACs are characterized with well known radioactive Cf and Am sources (the source characterization also found in this report), and compared against each other. Additionally, the PPAC signal amplitude spectrum are found to follow theoretical expectations with regards to angular dependence, gas pressure and an applied electrode voltage.At a specific applied electrode voltage and range of gas pressures (3-9 mbar), the measured time resolutions are 2.24-1.38 ns. A trend is observed for finer time resolutions at higher gas pressures. / Parallel-plate avalanche counters, PPACs, används ofta för att detektera fissionsfragment. PPAC:en detekterar fragmenten med väldigt god tidsupplösning och således kan PPAC detektorer användas till att mäta neutron energier (mha. flygtidsmetoden), vilka uppmätts för att studera neutroninducerad fission.Det här projektet och den här rapporten beskriver en metod, med föreslagna förbättringar, som möjliggör tillverkning av PPAC detektorer av bra kvalitet. Under projektet har flera PPACs byggts med elektroder gjorda av 0.9 µm tunn mylar förångade med 40-80 nm aluminium. De tillverkade PPAC detektorerna är karaktäriserade med väl kända radioaktiva Cf- och Am-källor (dessa karaktäriseras även i den här rapporten). Detektorerna är sedan jämförda mot varandra och är funna att följa teoretiska förväntningar med avseende på vinkel-, gastryck- och pålagd elektrodspänningsberoende.Resultaten av projektet, som besvarar flera tidigare frågeställningar och bekräftar vissa antaganden, flyttar utsikten och förståelsen framåt för hur PPACs fungerar och vad forskarna kan uppnå med dem.