Since its opening in 1836 Bristol Zoo has displayed animals from every continent except Antarctica in order to deliver amusement and instruction to its visitors. Over time, the nature of this human-animal space changed in a variety of important ways, reflecting transformations in the ways humans gave meaning to non-human animal life. This thesis engages with insights rooted in colonial, environmental, cultural and intellectual histories, principally arguing that multi-layered interspecies relationships were predominantly rooted in a complicated dyad of object-subject. Animals were seen as representative objects to be bought, sold, studied and enjoyed, as well as simultaneously individual subjects capable of communing with their human counterparts. Such relationships were frequently illustrative of a fluid balance of control and, in many ways, lay bare the uncertain philosophical boundary separating humans from the rest of the natural world. While this thesis details important changes over time, it approaches these relationships thematically. It shows that animals were objects of desire, though they had different values depending on species, age, sex and utility. Later, their value was increasingly attached to the genetic information coursing through their veins. Modes of maintaining the animal and displaying it for instructive and entertaining consumption reveal similarly complicated ways of thinking about non-human animal life. The imagination of animals in scientific and anthropomorphic ways denote entangled ontological classifications of human and nonhuman animals, and the existence of a hierarchy of species based on the possession of humanoid features. Moreover, the material influence of animals, while challenging conceptualisations of absolute human power in captive spaces, has often been interpreted in ways which reinforced the status of animals as objects of physical and imaginative manipulation. Finally, in death, animals were understood in ways that changed significantly during the period, but which remained rooted in the familiar binary of object-subject.

Inspired by the approach of the Italian microhistories, this paper explores A Biographical Tribute to the Memory of Trim – Matthew Flinders’ story of his cat – to investigate what the text reveals about humanity and animality. From the clues Flinders left behind, it seeks to piece together a picture of the co-creation of human and animal identity through the relationship between cat and crew. It uses the theory of ‘becoming in kind’ to illustrate how human identity and animal is shaped in their mutual interactions. The topics covered include masculinity, race, and the scientific colonial mission. In conclusion, the paper finds that in the writing of his narrative Flinders constructed his own identity as a maritime commander, revealed the patriarchal forces that were at work in forming this part of his character, and expressed his ideal of the sailor in his descriptions of Trim. The treatment of animals was very important for establishing racial divisions in Flinders’ text, as seen in the cases of Bongaree and the imagined slave on Mauritius. The men on the ship used play with a Trim as a form of bonding, free from the negative associations with intimacy, and were able to express their affectionate sides in conversations with him. Importantly, Trim’s ‘cathood’ was determined by his upbringing among sailors, as he developed into specifically a ship’s cat.

O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi estudar a história dos animais na cidade de São Paulo no contexto das transformações urbanas, científicas, tecnológicas e socioculturais do final do século XIX às primeiras décadas do XX. Tendo como eixo central da investigação a questão da Modernidade e da Revolução Científico-Tecnológica, procurou-se compreender as singularidades e os impactos desses eventos sobre diversas espécies de animais que existiam na capital paulista; de que maneiras elas foram usadas para o processo de \"modernização\" da cidade; e quais as múltiplas relações estabelecidas entre elas e o homem. Através de fontes diversas (registros literários e iconográficos, leis municipais, relatórios de prefeitos, periódicos, etc.) essa história foi reconstruída em cinco dimensões interpretativas: os animais e o poder público municipal; os animais e instituições de pesquisas científicas; os animais e as modernas tecnologias; os animais e o cotidiano da cidade; os animais e as práticas humanas de sensibilidade, respeito e convivência. Os estudos e reflexões de Walter Benjamin sobre a Modernidade e a metrópole moderna assim como os pressupostos da hermenêutica desenvolvidos por Hans-George Gadamer; as teorias do cotidiano e do informal de Michel Maffesoli e de Michel de Certeau; a fenomenologia da percepção de Maurice Merleau-Ponty e as múltiplas temporalidades de Reinhart Koselleck; a estocástica de Ilya Prigogine, o neo-darwinismo e a paleontologia de Stephen Jay Gould foram fontes de inspiração e pontes de compreensão para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa / The main purpose of this research is to discuss the history of animals in the city of São Paulo in the context of urban, scientific, technological and sociocultural changes occurred from the late 19th century to the first decades of the 20th century. The central point for this investigation is the issue of Modernity and the Scientific and Technological Revolution and how the particularities and impacts of such events affected the various animal species existing in the São Paulo capital; how these animals were used in the process of \"modernization\" of the city, and the multiple relationships established between them and man. Through inputs from several sources (literary and iconographic records, municipal laws, Mayors\' reports, newspapers, etc.), this history was recovered according to five interpretative dimensions: the animals and the local government; the animals and the scientific research institutions; the animals and the modern technologies; the animals and the city daily life; the animals and the human practices of sensitiveness, respect and tolerance. For the development of this research, sources of inspiration and bridges to understanding were Walter Benjamin\'s studies and reflections on modernity and the modern metropolis, hermeneutic assumptions developed by Hans-George Gadamer; theories on daily life and informality by Michel Maffesoli and Michel de Certeau; Maurice Merleau-Ponty\'s phenomenology of perception and Reinhart Koselleck\'s multiple temporalities; Ilya Prigogine\'s stochastics, and Stephen Jay Gould\'s neo-Darwinism and paleontology

O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi estudar a história dos animais na cidade de São Paulo no contexto das transformações urbanas, científicas, tecnológicas e socioculturais do final do século XIX às primeiras décadas do XX. Tendo como eixo central da investigação a questão da Modernidade e da Revolução Científico-Tecnológica, procurou-se compreender as singularidades e os impactos desses eventos sobre diversas espécies de animais que existiam na capital paulista; de que maneiras elas foram usadas para o processo de \"modernização\" da cidade; e quais as múltiplas relações estabelecidas entre elas e o homem. Através de fontes diversas (registros literários e iconográficos, leis municipais, relatórios de prefeitos, periódicos, etc.) essa história foi reconstruída em cinco dimensões interpretativas: os animais e o poder público municipal; os animais e instituições de pesquisas científicas; os animais e as modernas tecnologias; os animais e o cotidiano da cidade; os animais e as práticas humanas de sensibilidade, respeito e convivência. Os estudos e reflexões de Walter Benjamin sobre a Modernidade e a metrópole moderna assim como os pressupostos da hermenêutica desenvolvidos por Hans-George Gadamer; as teorias do cotidiano e do informal de Michel Maffesoli e de Michel de Certeau; a fenomenologia da percepção de Maurice Merleau-Ponty e as múltiplas temporalidades de Reinhart Koselleck; a estocástica de Ilya Prigogine, o neo-darwinismo e a paleontologia de Stephen Jay Gould foram fontes de inspiração e pontes de compreensão para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa / The main purpose of this research is to discuss the history of animals in the city of São Paulo in the context of urban, scientific, technological and sociocultural changes occurred from the late 19th century to the first decades of the 20th century. The central point for this investigation is the issue of Modernity and the Scientific and Technological Revolution and how the particularities and impacts of such events affected the various animal species existing in the São Paulo capital; how these animals were used in the process of \"modernization\" of the city, and the multiple relationships established between them and man. Through inputs from several sources (literary and iconographic records, municipal laws, Mayors\' reports, newspapers, etc.), this history was recovered according to five interpretative dimensions: the animals and the local government; the animals and the scientific research institutions; the animals and the modern technologies; the animals and the city daily life; the animals and the human practices of sensitiveness, respect and tolerance. For the development of this research, sources of inspiration and bridges to understanding were Walter Benjamin\'s studies and reflections on modernity and the modern metropolis, hermeneutic assumptions developed by Hans-George Gadamer; theories on daily life and informality by Michel Maffesoli and Michel de Certeau; Maurice Merleau-Ponty\'s phenomenology of perception and Reinhart Koselleck\'s multiple temporalities; Ilya Prigogine\'s stochastics, and Stephen Jay Gould\'s neo-Darwinism and paleontology

This text aims to place nonhuman animals at the core of urban space and history to provide an insight into the life and materiality of dogs in Stockholm 1824-1920. The theoretical possibilities of more-than-human enquiries into history are discussed along with non-human animals as historical beings together with humans creating a common history (Ingold 2000, Whatmore 2002). Moreover nonhuman animals are discussed and incorporated in an exploration into using what is here discussed as a multispecies narrative and used as an analytical tool to try to avoid the pitfalls of representationalism. It is also introduced as a possible new methodology to approaching the urban landscape within the field of environmental history. The main empirical material of dogs in nineteenth century Stockholm are records from the city dog pound along with records of dog tax and rabies. Other than archive material a wide range of material contemporary to the research period such as art, photography and literature is used as part of a broad exploration of nonhuman animals as integral in materiality of Stockholm and as historical beings. Findings of the study confirm that dogs and other nonhuman animals hugely impacted both the spatial structure and social space of Stockholm and that this impact transformed over the research period defined by societal changes. More specifically the study shows that dogs played an important role as free roaming scavengers and were for this reason accepted as an integral part of the city in the nineteenth century in Stockholm. Later in the research period when the city became more regulated this role started to change and dogs were not accepted loose on the streets to the same degree and transformed into pets and symbols of social mobility and class. Regarding the use of a multispecies narrative the conclusion that can be drawn form this thesis is that is opens up for discussions on the materiality of urban space and history.

No description available.