Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 31-35)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 27, 2006). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Interdisciplinary Studies. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-144). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11760

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_hfb_dr_jabo.pdf: 534171 bytes, checksum: e8c70be606a63dc377c4f0458a7eadd0 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a composição corporal e estimar as exigências líquidas de energia, proteína e minerais, para mantença e ganho de peso de caprinos Saanen, machos não castrados, dos 30 aos 45 kg de peso vivo. As exigências foram divididas em mantença e ganho de peso, de acordo com método fatorial. No cálculo das exigências de mantença foram utilizados 18 animais, subdivididos em três níveis nutricionais: alimentados ad libitum, com 30 e 60% de restrição, e no cálculo das exigências de ganho foram utilizados 18 animais, alimentados à vontade e abatidos com 30, 37,5 e 45 kg de peso vivo, e as avaliações foram feitas pelo método direto por meio de abate comparativo. A composição corporal dos animais variou de: 60 a 57% de água, 30 a 42% de matéria seca, 6,79 a 6,74% de matéria mineral, 8,8 a 14,6% de gordura e 24,7 a 27,5% de proteína; para animais de 30 a 45 kg de peso vivo. As exigências líquidas diárias para mantença de caprinos Saanen machos, dos 30 aos 45 kg de peso vivo, foram 0,376 g de PLm/kg PCV0,75 e 48,24 kcal de ELm/kg PCV0,75. Para ganho de peso os valores observados foram de 298 a 333 g PLg/dia/kg ganho de peso de corpo vazio, o que é equivalente a 230,32 a 292,14 g PLg/dia/kg ganho de peso vivo. E exigências de 2,7 a 3,4 Mcal ELg/kg ganho de peso de corpo vazio; o que equivale a 2,1 a 3,0 Mcal de ELg/dia/kg de ganho de peso vivo. Os resultados encontrados mostram que caprinos, machos, na fase final de crescimento requerem menos proteína e energia, que cabritos jovens na fase inicial de crescimento. Para minerais, as exigências líquidas diárias para mantença variaram de: 0,80 a 1,20 g de ferro; 0,05 a 0,07 g de potássio; 0,58 a 0,87 g de cálcio; 0,01 a 0,02 g de magnésio; 0,02 a 0,03 g de cobre; 0,02 a 0,03 g de zinco; e 0,005 a 0,008 g de manganês, para caprinos Saanen... / This experiment aimed to determine body composition and estimate the net requirements of energy, protein and minerals for maintenance and gain of Saanen kid goats, males, on final growth phase, with live weight from 30 to 45 kg. The requirements are divided into maintenance and gain, calculated by the factorial method. In the maintenance requirements were used 18 animals, subdivided into three nutritional levels: ad libitum, 30 and 60% of food restriction, and in the gain requirements were used 18 animals fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 30, 37.5 and 45 kg of live weight, and assessments were made by direct method using comparative slaughters. Animals body composition ranged from 60 to 57% water, 30 to 42% dry matter, 6.79 to 6.74% ash, 8.8 to 14.6% fat and 24.7 to 27.5% protein, for animals from 30 to 45 kg of body weight. Daily net requirements for maintenance were: 0.376 g net protein/kg EBW0.75 and 48.24 kcal net energy/kg EBW0.75, animals from 30 to 45 kg live weight. To body weight gain, values found were of 298 to 333 g daily net protein/kg of EBW gain, which the same of 230.32 and 292.14 g to daily net protein/kg live weight gain. And daily net energy requirements of 2.7 to 3.4 Mcal/kg EBW gain, which the same of 2.1 to 3.0 Mcal/kg live weight. That results showing that animals, male goats, from 30 to 45 kg of body weight needed less protein and energy than young kids. To minerals, the requirements had varied between 0.80 and 1.20 g of iron, 0.05 and 0.07 g of potassium, 0.58 and 0.87 g of calcium, 0.01 and 0.02 g of magnesium, 0.02 and 0.03 g of copper, 0.02 and 0.03 mg of zinc, 0.005 and 0.008 g of manganese, respectively, for goats with 30 and 45 kg of live weight. Gain requirements found, for each kilo live weight gain, were: 4.17 and 3.96 g of iron, 1.60 and 1.64 g... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Em roedores, as vibrissas são detectores táteis que desempenham papel importante na exploração espacial do ambiente e na discriminação de texturas. No córtex somatosensorial, os campos receptivos de cada uma das vibrissas estão organizados no hemisfério contralateral em colunas discretas denominadas barris. A lesão unilateral dos barris produz um comportamento assimétrico caracterizado pela redução no uso da vibrissa contralateral à lesão na exploração do ambiente, assimetria esta que diminui progressivamente na medida em que os animais são repetidamente testados. Em ratos, este comportamento, normalmente medido pelo número de vezes que os animais encostam as vibrissas na parede de um campo aberto, tem se mostrado uma ferramenta importante em estudos de plasticidade e recuperação funcional após lesões corticais. Contudo, em camundongos com lesões unilaterais dos barris, o registro dos toques das vibrissas na parede tem levado a resultados contraditórios. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo principal o estabelecimento de um modelo comportamental para avaliação da recuperação funcional após lesões unilaterais dos barris do córtex somatosensorial em camundongos. Para tanto, o sentido dos deslocamentos realizados próximos às quinas do campo aberto foi registrado em camundongos Suíços machos submetidos à criolesão unilateral dos barris foi avaliado em três estudos independentes. No primeiro estudo, demonstramos que no grupo Criolesado houve um predomínio dos deslocamentos em sentido contralateral na primeira vez em que foram testados no campo aberto e este resultado foi independente do fato de na primeira sessão ter sido realizada um ou nove dias após a cirurgia. Além disso, demonstramos que o predomínio de deslocamentos em sentido contralateral foi diminuindo na medida em que os animais eram repetidamente testados no campo aberto. No segundo estudo, demonstramos que os animais do grupo Criolesado que foram previamente submetidos a cinco sessões experimentais no campo aberto não apresentaram, após a cirurgia, diferenças entre os deslocamentos realizados em sentido ipsolateral e contralateral à lesão. Já no terceiro estudo, demonstramos que os animais do grupo Criolesado que não foram previamente testados no campo aberto apresentam um predomínio de deslocamentos em sentido contralateral, mesmo quando o teste foi realizado 48 dias após a lesão unilateral dos barris. Nossos dados sugerem que o sentido dos deslocamentos próximo às quinas do campo aberto pode ser uma ferramenta importante para avaliar a recuperação das lesões unilaterais nos barris do córtex somatosensorial. Além disso, para avaliar a recuperação funcional após a lesão unilateral dos barris do córtex somatossensorial, sem o viés da habituação à situação do teste, os animais devem ser testados apenas uma vez / In rodents, the vibrissae are tactile detectors that have an important role in the spatial exploration of the environment and in texture discrimination. In the somatosensory cortex, the receptive fields of each of the vibrissae are organized into discrete columns, known as barrels, in the contralateral hemisphere. The unilateral lesions of the barrels results in an asymmetric behavior characterized by the reduction in the use of the vibrissae contralateral to the lesion during the exploration of the environment. This asymmetry progressively diminishes as the animal is repeatedly tested in the same environment. In rats, this behavior, usually assessed by the number of times the animals touch the walls of an open field arena with their vibrissae, has been considered a useful tool in studies addressing plasticity and functional recovery after cortical lesions. However, in mice with unilateral lesions of the barrels, the analysis of the number of times that the vibrissae touch the walls have lead to contradictory results. The present work aims to establish a behavioral model for the evaluation of functional recovery after unilateral lesions of the barrel field located in the somatosensory cortex of the mouse. To that end, the direction of movement near the corners of the open field of Swiss male mice subjected to unilateral cryolesion of the barrel was analyzed in three independent studies. In the first study, we demonstrated that the cryolesioned animals displayed a predominance of contralateral movements in the first time that they were tested in the open field and that this result was present whether the animals was first tested one or nine days after the lesion. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the predominance of movements toward the contralateral side of the lesion diminished as the animals were repeatedly tested in the open field. In the second study, we demonstrated that the cryolesioned animals that were, prior to barrel field lesioning, subjected to five sessions in the open field did not display, after lesioning, differences between the number of ipso and contralateral movements. In the third study, we demonstrated that the cryolesioned animals that were not previously tested in the open field displayed a predominance of contralateral movements even if the first test was carried out forty eight days after the unilateral lesion of the barrels. Our data suggest that the analysis of the direction of movement near the corners of the open field can be an important tool in the assessment of functional recovery after unilateral lesions of the barrels located in the somatosensory cortex of mice. Moreover, in order to properly assess functional recovery after unilateral lesion of the barrel field without the confounding factor of habituation, animals must be tested only once

Nonverbal communication in leadership is a phenomenon which is interesting to get a greater understanding of. Animals only communicate nonverbally and have strong leadership behaviours. Therefore, this study aim is to find out in what way nonverbal communication in leaders is still connected to animal roots and what the implications for modern life are. This study tries to give an overview of the phenomenon with a theoretical approach. Different point of views of nonverbal communication and animal behaviour in leaders have been discussed. A theoretical approach was suitable because of the abundance of literature in the main fields of focus. Connecting the different studies with each other gave valuable insights into the phenomenon. Power, status, submission, territory, space, and mating behaviours are the most used categories associated with leadership behaviours in animal species. Human leadership behaviour consists of the same categories but furthermore, emotional intelligence is an integral part as well. Different postures, gestures, facial expressions as well as distances to each other gave a comprehensive overview of how leaders are naturally behaving. Deciphering the complex nonverbal communication and looking at them with aspects of communication in animals helped with showing the roots and the natural ability to lead. Further research, however, should be conducted to see how nonverbal communication influences complex group dynamics and the effect thereof. Implications for the natural instincts to lead are helpful with how leaders can further their communication skills and become more conscious of their nonverbal communication.

Animals that thrive in urban settings show a variety of adaptations to the highly disturbed, fragmented, and human-influenced environment present in cities. One adaptation is to decrease the flight response to human disturbance while increasing alert behaviors. This change increases fitness because frequent flight in response to increased human disturbance associated with a city environment would result in decreased foraging time, increased energy expenditure and increased stress levels. I tested the flight behavior of 66 woodchucks at various levels of urbanization and observed 20 woodchucks for vigilance behavior. I collected land-use and disturbance data on-site at each burrow, and recording these data in a binary code. I used hierarchical clustering to sort burrows based on similarity of landscape and behavioral features into 4 clusters of varying degrees of urbanization. Results showed that woodchucks in the urban clusters allowed a human to approach closer than rural woodchucks (i.e., shorter flight initiation distances). Although urban woodchucks spent less time fleeing, they spent more time alert while foraging, indicating increased vigilance. These results suggest that urban woodchucks have behavioral plasticity when exposed to the frequent disturbances present in urban environments. This plasticity is reflected in their ability to adjust flight behavior to minimize energy expenditure, while increasing alert behavior so that true threats can be identified.

abstract: Fundamental hypotheses about the life history, complex cognition and social dynamics of humans are rooted in feeding ecology - particularly in the experiences of young animals as they grow. However, the few existing primate developmental data are limited to only a handful of species of monkeys and apes. Without comparative data from more basal primates, such as lemurs, we are limited in the scope of our understanding of how feeding has shaped the evolution of these extraordinary aspects of primate biology. I present a developmental view of feeding ecology in the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) using a mixed longitudinal sample (infant through adult) collected at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwestern Madagascar from May 2009 to March 2010. I document the development of feeding, including weaning, the transition to solid food, and how foods are included in infant diets. Early in juvenility ring-tailed lemurs efficiently process most foods, but that hard ripe fruits and insects require more time to master. Infants and juveniles do not use many of the social learning behaviors that are common in monkeys and apes, and instead likely rely both on their own trial and error and simple local enhancement to learn appropriate foods. Juvenile ring-tailed lemurs are competent and efficient foragers, and that mitigating ecological risks may not best predict the lemur juvenile period, and that increases in social complexity and brain size may be at the root of primate juvenility. Finally, from juvenility through adulthood, females have more diverse diets than males. The early emergence of sex differences in dietary diversity in juvenility that are maintained throughout adulthood indicate that, in addition to reproductive costs incurred by females, niche partitioning is an important aspect of sex differential feeding ecology, and that ontogenetic studies of feeding are particularly valuable to understanding how selection shapes adult, species-typical diets. Overall, lemur juvenility is a time to play, build social relationships, learn about food, and where the kernels of sex-typical feeding develop. This study of the ontogeny of feeding ecology contributes an important phylogenetic perspective on the relationship between juvenility and the emergent foraging behaviors of developing animals / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Anthropology 2012

abstract: Differences between males and females can evolve through a variety of mechanisms, including sexual and ecological selection. Because coloration is evolutionarily labile, sexually dichromatic species are good models for understanding the evolution of sex differences. While many jumping spiders exhibit diverse and brilliant coloration, they have been notably absent from such studies. In the genus Habronattus, females are drab and cryptic while males are brilliantly colored, displaying some of these colors to females during elaborate courtship dances. Here I test multiple hypotheses for the control and function of male color. In the field, I found that Habronattus males indiscriminately court any female they encounter (including other species), so I first examined the role that colors play in species recognition. I manipulated male colors in H. pyrrithrix and found that while they are not required for species recognition, the presence of red facial coloration improves courtship success, but only if males are courting in the sun. Because light environment affects transmission of color signals, the multi-colored displays of males may facilitate communication in variable and unpredictable environments. Because these colors can be costly to produce and maintain, they also have the potential to signal reliable information about male quality to potential female mates. I found that both red facial and green leg coloration is condition dependent in H. pyrrithrix and thus has the potential to signal quality. Yet, surprisingly, this variation in male color does not appear to be important to females. Males of many Habronattus species also exhibit conspicuous markings on the dorsal surface of their abdomens that are not present in females and are oriented away from females during courtship. In the field, I found that these markings are paired with increased leg-waving behavior in a way that resembles the pattern and behavior of wasps; this may provide protection by exploiting the aversions of predators. My data also suggest that different activity levels between the sexes have placed different selection pressures on their dorsal color patterns. Overall, these findings challenge some of the traditional ways that we think about color signaling and provide novel insights into the evolution of animal coloration. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Biology 2012