X-ray fluorescence is a fast, non-destructive method to measure substances. This method can be used to detect elements in an environmental sample for elemental analysis. Commercially available XRF units exists, but their scope of application is limited. In the university lab, a more generalized XRF setup is available. At present, the environmental samples can only be sampled and brought into the laboratory for testing. During the sample transport, some changes may occur in the sample. At the same time, in the laboratory test, the sample parameters in the current environment cannot be obtained in real time. So we consider the design of a battery power supply. At the same time, there are different ways to reduce power consumption. This paper considers usability and reduction of power consumption in various aspects to bring the X-ray source and spectrometer to the environment for element detection. We have to choose the battery to achieve the best length of operating time. The system design includes the selection of a DC/DC converter boost regulator to adjust the battery output to meet the input voltage requirements of the X-ray source and of the X-ray spectrometer.

The need for complex software to coordinate the activities of modern enterprises has become a necessity for their success. As business sectors are rapidly reshaped, organizations become global, and consumers have a seemingly endless degree of choice, these competitive conditions require software engineers to incorporate consumer values—personal judgments based on comparative, preferential experiences—into the design of such supporting software. Traditional modes of thinking, whose primary focus was often on economic value, are being left behind, as consumers are requiring more qualitative experiences than ever before. And while the impact of quantitative values on IT is readily seen and acknowledged within software engineering, such qualitative values, and in particular consumer values, have been researched to a lesser degree. To foster greater alignment between business and its supporting IT infrastructure, requirements engineers operating under such conditions need new means to both capture real preferences of consumers and then relate such preferences to requirements for next-generation software.  To address this problem, this thesis establishes a conceptual link between the preferences of consumers and system requirements by systematically accommodating the variations between them. It accomplishes this by following a design science research paradigm to support the development of the works' primary artifact—the Consumer Preference-aware Meta-Model (CPMM). CPMM is designed to improve alignment between business and IT by both capturing the real preferences of consumers and then relating such preferences to the requirements engineering process. It relies on research contributions within three areas in information systems—Business Strategy, Enterprise Architecture, and Requirements Engineering—whose relationships to consumer values have been under-researched and under-applied. These support the design and development of CPMM and its relevance to the problem area. The benefits it provides towards solving the problem are then exemplified in three demonstrations: via logical mappings between CPMM and a common approach to business strategy (strategy maps/balanced scorecards); the application of CPMM to generate requirements for a Patient Health Record (PHR) system; and an empirical study of the development of a consumer preference-based system for online education for foreign and domestic students at Swedish universities. / I moderna företag har behovet av komplex mjukvara för att samordna verksamheten blivit en nödvändighet för att uppnå framgång. Då branscher snabbt omformas, organisationer globaliseras och konsumenter ges till synes oändliga valmöjligheter; krävs att mjukvaruingenjörer införlivar konsumentvärden - personliga bedömningar baserade på jämförande förmånliga upplevelser - i utformningen av dylik stödjande mjukvara. Traditionella sätt att tänka, primärt fokuserade på ekonomiska värden; hamnar lätt på efterkälken eftersom konsumenterna i högre utsträckning kräver alltmer kvalitativa upplevelser. Och medan det kvantitativa genomslaget av IT lätt kan observears och bekräftas med mjukvaruvaruteknik; är forskning kring kvalitativa värden, särskilt konsumentvärden, betydligt ovanligare. För att underlätta överensstämmelsen mellan företag och dess stödjande IT-infrastruktur, måste kravställande ingenjörer som arbetar under dessa förhållanden hitta sätt att fånga konsumenternas verkliga preferenser, och sedan relatera dessa till kraven för nästa generations programvara. För att lösa detta problem, fastställer denna avhandling ett begreppsmässigt samband mellan konsumentpreferenser och systemkrav genom att systematiskt tillmötesgå och jämka skillnader mellan dem. Detta åstadkoms genom att använda ett designvetenskapligt forskningsparadigm som också är avhandlingens primära artefakt; the Consumer Preference-aware Meta-Model (CPMM). CPMM är utformat för att förbättra anpassningen mellan affärsmässighet och IT genom att fånga upp konsumenternas verkliga preferenser och relatera dessa till kravhanteringsprocessen. CPMM bygger på forskningsinsatser inom tre informationssystemområden; affärsstrategi, verksamhetsarkitektur och kravhantering; vars relation till kundvärdering hittills är tämligen outforskad. Dessa tre områden stödjer både utformning och utveckling av CPMM och dess relevans för problemområdet. Fördelarna med CPMM exemplifieras slutligen i tre demonstrationer: genom logiska mappningar mellan CPMM och redan etablerade tillvägagångssätt för affärsstrategier (strategikartor/balanserade styrkort); genom tillämpning av CPMM för att generera krav på patientjournalsystem (PHR); samt en empirisk studie av utvecklingen av en konsumentpreferensbaserat system för online-utbildning riktat till både utländska och svenska studenter vid svenska lärosäten.

Electric vehicles (EV) in the transportation sector will play a major role in achieving low-carbon emissions from the mobility of vehicles. With a future increase in electric vehicles and autonomous electric vehicles, the demand for charging increases and this comes with new problems that require modern solutions. The integrity of the power grid infrastructure can be at risk as grid congestion and power mismatch can cause problems as the act of charging the vehicles adds an extra burden on the power grid. Today, there exist several scenarios on how a vehicle can be charged and a number of technical solutions that are advantageous based on different aspects such as user's need, price of the electricity, and electricity network.   This thesis focuses on identifying different charging scenarios in mapping the information that is required and studying the effects of these charging scenarios through a smart charging algorithm. A smart charging algorithm to optimise for charging and discharging of the electric vehicle is developed and tested in a MATLAB environment with the aim to achieve a balanced grid load profile. The simulation results verify the potential of the algorithm to reduce the adverse effects of electric vehicle charging. Additionally, a model to map autonomous electric vehicles to charging station in accounts of a low state of charge is also developed in MATLAB

Connecting more non-dispatchable renewable energy sources (RESs) will result in a higher power variability and a lower system inertia when the synchronous generators are replaced by inverter-connected RES. Inverter control can be divided in three categories: grid-following, grid-forming (GFM) and grid-supporting. A literature review of inverter control strategies identifies the GFM control as having an important role in maintaining system stability assuming near 100 % inverter-connected RES. Critical aspects of the inverter control are also identified; the control need to function autonomously, be able to remain connected during transient events and be insensitive to grid topology. Combining various RES is also shown to improve system stability. The combination of RES that has been investigated in most studies is wind, solar and wave power. Wave power is still a young technology compared to solar and wind power. It generates higher power fluctuations over short time periods with a significant difference between average and maximum power. Additionally, wave power parks (WPPs) are often connected via long cables which contribute reactive power to the grid. These challenges has to be considered to maintain system stability and power quality when connecting a WPP to the grid. In a Power Hardware-In-the-Loop study of how a WPP affects the power quality at the point of common coupling (PCC), it is found that the impact is highest for WPPs with fewer generators as the variability is reduced when several generators are excited at different times. Energy storage is also shown to have a significant impact on the power quality at the PCC with reduced flicker, total harmonic distortion and power and voltage variability. A simulation study also shows the positive impact of energy storage on power variability and the role of inverter control in reactive power compensation.

This master thesis is about to investigate what opportunities we have with a impedance varying probe on different material under test. This report begins with a theory part with the focus on; electromagnetic principles, material characterizations and the principle behind the measurement setup. The methods is describing the sensor probes affection on the specimen, the induced currents location and the method for crack detection and lift-off measurements. The result chapter shows the measured impedance created by our setup, as well as the potential and the weak points of the system. In the conclusion and discussion chapter we will go through what modifications can be done to increase the quality of the measurements.

Spintronics is a spin-electronic field where the electron spinangular momentum, in conjunction with charge, is used to read andwrite information in magnetic sensors and logic circuits, e.g. hard disk drive (HDD), magnetic random access memory (MRAM) and broadband TeraHertz (THz) emitters. To realize the THz operations of the spin logic circuits THz manipulation of the magnetic state is pivotal. This THz manipulation of the magnetic state in anti-ferromagnetic magnetic materials can be realized by coupling the materials with THz antennas. On the other hand, these antennas enhance the THz amplitude of spin-electronic THz emitters when coupled with its output. Therefore, these THz antennas can not only be coupled with the input of magnetic logics to improve the efficiency of magnetic sate manipulation in logic devices but also with the output of the spintronic THz emitters to enhance the generated THz signal amplitude. In this project, we have examined four types of antennas: h-dipole, spiral, bow-tie, and a sub-THz antenna. All the antennas are placed on top of a MgO substrate material for simplicity. However, a bow-tie antenna is also fabricated on an antiferromagnetic substrate of TmFeO3 to check this antenna’s reliability to manipulate its magnetic state. We have studied the impact of antenna geometries on the generated electric field amplitude. We have optimized each antenna for maximum electric field norm profile, with an increase of 30% for the h-dipole and spiral antennas, and an increase of 100% for the bow-tie antenna. However, in this project we were not able to find any general conclusions about what geometrical parameters can further amplify the generated electric field. None of the antennas generated a large enough peak-to-peak electric field amplitude to manipulate the magnetic state of anti-ferromagnetic materials. However, they did successfully amplify the spintronic THz emitter output and could certainly be useful in that regard.

Ink-jet printing (IJP) using conductive inks, has gained the attention of scientistsand researchers during the past decades. Solar Cells (SCs), Radio FrequencyIdentication (RFID), E-papers and antennas are only some of the applicationsfor which IJP is being applied. IJP facilitates printing complex antenna structureswith a good resolution. The use of the IJP process is compatible with devicefabrication on unusual substrates such as paper, polymer lms (Polyethylenenaphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polyimide (PI)), textiles,etc at low temperature. The aim of this study is to design and fabricate antennason paper substrates capable of operating at 2.4 GHz via printing technique.Simulation and experimental studies have been presented for microstrip patchantenna and dipole antenna using Itoh's balun.

There has been a sharp increase in the market for electric propulsion systems for small satellites in the recent years. Electric propulsion systems have become smaller, more efficient and cheaper, which made them ideal for small satellites because they have a low thrust requirement and benefit significantly from the high specific impulse (Isp) that is characteristic to electric thrusters. These thrusters are generally fabricated and tested manually and there is a low degree of automation in the process. As the demand for the thrusters increases, there is a need to improve the speed of the fabrication and testing process. The Test Platform for Electronics Modules in Electric Thrusters (TESPEMET) project at ThrustMe is an attempt to design a system that addresses this issue. The vision is to have a test platform that facilitates the testing of ThrustMe's Electric Thrusters by applying various source and load conditions, emulating events while performing instrumentation during the test process and generating a test report at the end of the test procedure. The development of such a test platform would enable and accelerate the test and qualification process of the thrusters significantly. This thesis presents the technical design of this test platform along with the results obtained, encountered problems and solutions. Future work and design changes have also been proposed based on the knowledge gained during the Research and Development process.

Moore’s law has until today mostly relied on shrinkage of the size of the devices inintegrated circuits. However, soon the granularity of the atoms will set a limit together with increased error probability of the devices. How can Moore’s law continue in thefuture? To overcome the increased error rate, we need to introduce redundancy. Applyingmethods from biology may be a way forward, using some of the strategies that transformsan egg into a fetus, but with electronic cells. A redundant system is less sensitive to failing components. We define electronic clayas a massive redundancy system of interchangeable and unified subsystems. We show how a mean voter, which is simpler than a majority voter, impact a redundant systemand how optimization can be formalized to minimize the impact of failing subsystems.The performance at given yield can be estimated with a first order model, without the need for Monte-Carlo simulations. The methods are applied and verified on a redundant finite-impulse response filter. The elementary circuit behavior of the memristor, ”the missing circuit element”, is investigated for fundamental understanding and how it can be used in applications. Different available simulation models are presented and the linear drift model is simulated with Joglekar-Wolf and Biolek window functions. Driven by a sinusoidal current, the memristor is a frequency dependent component with a cut-off frequency. The memristor can be densely packed and used in structures that both stores and compute in the same circuit, as neurons do. Surrounding circuit has to affect (write) and react (read) to the memristor with the same two terminals. We looked at artificial neural network for pattern recognition, but also for self organization in electronic cell array. Finally we look at wireless sensor network and how such system can adopt to the environment. This is also a massive redundant clay-like system. Future electronic systems will be massively redundant and adaptive. Moore’s law will continue, not based on shrinking device sizes, but on cheaper, numerous, unified and interchangeable subsystems.

Vibration measurements conducted in three vehicles windshields are used to determine frequency content in the windshield of moving vehicles. A piezoelectric energy harvester is modeled, and used in simulations to determine output voltage and power with measured acceleration signal as input.