Every day people are forced by either, war, conflict, natural disasters or other uncontrollable circumstances to either leave their native lands to seek refuge in other nations or they are being displaced within their country. While they may find temporal succour from the disasters that push them out of their country, they are yet faced with other greater challenges as they become highly dependent on the generosity of the international community and the receiving countries for their survival and livelihood. In most cases if not all, the reliance on handouts from the international community and the host government leaves these people of concern more vulnerable and become more dependent on humanitarian assistance. In situations where humanitarian assistance cannot sufficiently provide for the basic needs of displaced persons, they seek alternative ways to negotiate livelihoods. The benefit of social networks has been established to be resourceful to people of this category; however, when positive coping mechanism becomes disenfranchised some indulge in negative coping mechanisms.The sustainable livelihood framework will be applied to understand the vulnerability context of refugees in the settlement. This model looks at the various capital assets available for the refugees and the various possibilities of negotiating a better live in the settlement. The study shows that refugees are entrapped in the settlement with little options to seek alternative means to survive. Refugees are actively adopting survival strategies such as petty trading, farming and labour assistance to the locals among others.This paper explore the various strategies implored by the refugees in negotiating livelihoods and the role of agencies in promoting livelihood options that are impacting the refugees positively within the settlement. These options provides independence to refugees and lessen the burden of host communities.

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Terrorist attacks have in recent years been showing a growing focus in causing damage on the tourism industry and the threat directed on hotels is now greater than ever. Crisis management strategies have become an important key in the hotel industry, the work to prepare and prevent for crises has therefore been a basic enforcement.The study was brought forward to analyze the terrorist attack that occurred on Drottninggatan in Stockholm, Sweden on the 7th of April 2017 and how it has affected hotel operators established nearby the incident and their work with crisis management. The aim has been studied through designed and formed research questions, which concerns the hotels crisis management before, under and after the attack. The empirical material is based on qualitative interviews with six hotel managers or security managers, from various hotel operators located nearby Drottninggatan. The study is deriving from a critical realism approach that has created guidelines for the selection of a qualitative method.The theoretical framework highlights the connection between terrorism and tourism, crisis management, safety, the hotels responsibility to the visitors, communication and models which can be applied in the tourism and hotel industry. The result of the study is then represented in mechanisms to analyze and identify the connections of links to the theoretical framework. Based on the result, it’s possible to draw the conclusion that the majority of the hotels in this study, had prepared established crisis management strategies before the terrorist attack. All the prepared and established strategies were not implemented at the time of the attack though. The result of this study reveals that most of the hotel operators have reviewed and developed their crisis management strategies after the terrorist attack.

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This study aims to answer the question of how pre-deployment gender training affects knowledge and attitudes regarding gender in the mission area among military personnel in peace support operations (PSOs). A common explanation to why attitude change occurs is through the introduction of new information. It is hypothesized that gender training leads to increased knowledge levels and more positive attitudes towards gender mainstreaming in PSOs. Unique longitudinal data is collected through a survey conducted among participants of a gender training session in the Swedish Armed Forces. The theory is tested through difference in means test of the participants test scores on knowledge and attitudes as well as a list experiment included in the survey. The study finds a substantial effect on change in knowledge levels and marginal support for attitude change due to the training. However, the result of the list experiment questions suggests that the marginal support on attitude change could in part be due to social desirability bias. The study concludes that increased attention needs to be placed on integration of gender perspectives into the general training and everyday service of peace support operation personnel.

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This study analyses the hazards and support factors perceived by national humanitarian staff working at Lutheran World Federation (LWF) in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya. Fourteen in-depth interviews with participants from the staff was analysed from a theoretical perspective provided by stress management theories. This was contrasted with an Effort and Reward Imbalance (ERI) questionnaire completed by the same participants.   The result indicate that the perception of hazards and support factors differ between local staff, from the county of Turcana, and national staff, from other parts of Kenya. This highlights the need to adapt staff care to local hazards and to the different needs of national and local staff. The result also indicates that the organisational support actions corresponding to a participatory climate, such as collaboration between staff, trust to work within a given mandate, and appreciation, prevented several psychosocial hazards often found to affect humanitarian staff. The result from the ERI questionnaires show that staff perceive efforts at work, but that 75% of the participants perceive more rewards than efforts.   The study contributes to the humanitarian field by focusing on local staff care, a topic often overshadowed by the focus on international staff care. The study also explores the impact on staff care in the context of protracted displacement, a circumstance found to work both as a hazard and a support factor.

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