Os cereais destinados a produção de grãos (trigo) e de pastagens (azevém) são alvos espectralmente semelhantes, o que dificulta a sua identificação e discriminação em imagens de satélite ao usar sensoriamento remoto. Entretanto, o ciclo fenológico destas culturas é diferente. A análise do perfil multitemporal dos talhões torna-se a estratégia mais adequada para a discriminação destes alvos, os quais apresentam ciclos fenológicos diferentes, porém são espectralmente semelhantes. Usaram-se as imagens bissemanais (vermelho, infravermelho próximo e infravermelho médio) do produto MOD13q1 do sensor MODIS para aplicar um modelo linear de mistura espectral, do qual foram geradas as imagens fração: vegetação, solo e sombra (água). Utilizou-se a distância de Bhattacharyya para realizar uma análise prévia de separabilidade das classes de trigo e azevém geradas. As composições NDVI do produto MOD13q1 foram utilizadas para a segmentação de imagens e para a geração dos perfis multitemporais, os quais foram elaborados usando pontos de controle (lavouras) coletados em saída de campo com auxílio de GPS. Usaram-se as imagens NDVI 129, 177 e 257 do ano de 2009 na segmentação. O mapeamento foi realizado usando o Isodata implementado no Spring 5.0.3, e várias classificações foram testadas. Os dados do mapeamento final foram comparados com dados do IBGE. A estimativa oficial do IBGE para as pastagens é de 118.657 ha para os 42 municípios da área de estudo (metade sul do RS), uma diferença de 18.018 ha a mais quando comparada com a estimativa do mapeamento, de 100.639 ha. Dos 42 municípios que compõem a área de estudo, 19 apresentaram uma diferença menor do que 1.000 ha ao compararem-se os dados do IBGE com o mapeamento. A estimativa dos cereais destinados a produção de grãos foi de 73.690 ha de acordo com o IBGE, uma diferença de 9.543 ha a menos quando comparada com a estimativa do mapeamento, de 83.233 ha. Dos 42 municípios que compõem a área de estudo, 25 apresentaram uma diferença menor do que 1.000 ha. / When employing remote sensing, the cereals destined for grain production (wheat) and pasture (ryegrass) become spectrally similar targets, which makes their identification and distinction more difficult on satellite images. Nevertheless, the phenological cycle of both cultures is different. Thus, the analysis of the multi-temporal profile of plots results in the most suitable strategy for the distinction of those targets, which have unalike phenological cycles but are spectrally similar. Biweekly images (red, near-infrared and mid-infrared) of the product MOD13q1 from MODIS sensor were employed in order to apply a linear model of spectral mixture, from which fraction images were rendered: vegetation, soil and shade (water). The Bhattacharyya distance was used to perform a previous analysis of the separability of generated wheat and ryegrass classes. The NDVI composites of the product MOD13q1 were used in image segmentation and in the multi-temporal profiles rendering, which were elaborated by exploiting control points (crops) gathered in trip field with the aid of GPS. Images NDVI 129, 177 and 257 from the year 2009 were used in the segmentation. The mapping was carried out by employing the Isodata implemented in Spring 5.0.3, and several classifications were tested. The final mapping’s data were compared with IBGE’s data. According to IBGE’s official estimate, there are 118.657 ha of pastures in the 42 cities of the study area (south half of RS), a difference of 18.018 ha more in comparison to the mapping’s estimate, which is of 100.639 ha. Out of the 42 cities that totalize the study area, 19 presented a difference of less than 1.000 ha when comparing IBGE’s data to the mapping’s data. As stated by IBGE, the estimate of cereals destined for grain production was of 73.690 ha (a difference of 9.543 ha less in comparison to the mapping’s estimate of 83.233 ha. Out of the 42 cities that totalize the study area, 25 showed a difference of less than 1.000 ha.

Os cereais destinados a produção de grãos (trigo) e de pastagens (azevém) são alvos espectralmente semelhantes, o que dificulta a sua identificação e discriminação em imagens de satélite ao usar sensoriamento remoto. Entretanto, o ciclo fenológico destas culturas é diferente. A análise do perfil multitemporal dos talhões torna-se a estratégia mais adequada para a discriminação destes alvos, os quais apresentam ciclos fenológicos diferentes, porém são espectralmente semelhantes. Usaram-se as imagens bissemanais (vermelho, infravermelho próximo e infravermelho médio) do produto MOD13q1 do sensor MODIS para aplicar um modelo linear de mistura espectral, do qual foram geradas as imagens fração: vegetação, solo e sombra (água). Utilizou-se a distância de Bhattacharyya para realizar uma análise prévia de separabilidade das classes de trigo e azevém geradas. As composições NDVI do produto MOD13q1 foram utilizadas para a segmentação de imagens e para a geração dos perfis multitemporais, os quais foram elaborados usando pontos de controle (lavouras) coletados em saída de campo com auxílio de GPS. Usaram-se as imagens NDVI 129, 177 e 257 do ano de 2009 na segmentação. O mapeamento foi realizado usando o Isodata implementado no Spring 5.0.3, e várias classificações foram testadas. Os dados do mapeamento final foram comparados com dados do IBGE. A estimativa oficial do IBGE para as pastagens é de 118.657 ha para os 42 municípios da área de estudo (metade sul do RS), uma diferença de 18.018 ha a mais quando comparada com a estimativa do mapeamento, de 100.639 ha. Dos 42 municípios que compõem a área de estudo, 19 apresentaram uma diferença menor do que 1.000 ha ao compararem-se os dados do IBGE com o mapeamento. A estimativa dos cereais destinados a produção de grãos foi de 73.690 ha de acordo com o IBGE, uma diferença de 9.543 ha a menos quando comparada com a estimativa do mapeamento, de 83.233 ha. Dos 42 municípios que compõem a área de estudo, 25 apresentaram uma diferença menor do que 1.000 ha. / When employing remote sensing, the cereals destined for grain production (wheat) and pasture (ryegrass) become spectrally similar targets, which makes their identification and distinction more difficult on satellite images. Nevertheless, the phenological cycle of both cultures is different. Thus, the analysis of the multi-temporal profile of plots results in the most suitable strategy for the distinction of those targets, which have unalike phenological cycles but are spectrally similar. Biweekly images (red, near-infrared and mid-infrared) of the product MOD13q1 from MODIS sensor were employed in order to apply a linear model of spectral mixture, from which fraction images were rendered: vegetation, soil and shade (water). The Bhattacharyya distance was used to perform a previous analysis of the separability of generated wheat and ryegrass classes. The NDVI composites of the product MOD13q1 were used in image segmentation and in the multi-temporal profiles rendering, which were elaborated by exploiting control points (crops) gathered in trip field with the aid of GPS. Images NDVI 129, 177 and 257 from the year 2009 were used in the segmentation. The mapping was carried out by employing the Isodata implemented in Spring 5.0.3, and several classifications were tested. The final mapping’s data were compared with IBGE’s data. According to IBGE’s official estimate, there are 118.657 ha of pastures in the 42 cities of the study area (south half of RS), a difference of 18.018 ha more in comparison to the mapping’s estimate, which is of 100.639 ha. Out of the 42 cities that totalize the study area, 19 presented a difference of less than 1.000 ha when comparing IBGE’s data to the mapping’s data. As stated by IBGE, the estimate of cereals destined for grain production was of 73.690 ha (a difference of 9.543 ha less in comparison to the mapping’s estimate of 83.233 ha. Out of the 42 cities that totalize the study area, 25 showed a difference of less than 1.000 ha.

Os cereais destinados a produção de grãos (trigo) e de pastagens (azevém) são alvos espectralmente semelhantes, o que dificulta a sua identificação e discriminação em imagens de satélite ao usar sensoriamento remoto. Entretanto, o ciclo fenológico destas culturas é diferente. A análise do perfil multitemporal dos talhões torna-se a estratégia mais adequada para a discriminação destes alvos, os quais apresentam ciclos fenológicos diferentes, porém são espectralmente semelhantes. Usaram-se as imagens bissemanais (vermelho, infravermelho próximo e infravermelho médio) do produto MOD13q1 do sensor MODIS para aplicar um modelo linear de mistura espectral, do qual foram geradas as imagens fração: vegetação, solo e sombra (água). Utilizou-se a distância de Bhattacharyya para realizar uma análise prévia de separabilidade das classes de trigo e azevém geradas. As composições NDVI do produto MOD13q1 foram utilizadas para a segmentação de imagens e para a geração dos perfis multitemporais, os quais foram elaborados usando pontos de controle (lavouras) coletados em saída de campo com auxílio de GPS. Usaram-se as imagens NDVI 129, 177 e 257 do ano de 2009 na segmentação. O mapeamento foi realizado usando o Isodata implementado no Spring 5.0.3, e várias classificações foram testadas. Os dados do mapeamento final foram comparados com dados do IBGE. A estimativa oficial do IBGE para as pastagens é de 118.657 ha para os 42 municípios da área de estudo (metade sul do RS), uma diferença de 18.018 ha a mais quando comparada com a estimativa do mapeamento, de 100.639 ha. Dos 42 municípios que compõem a área de estudo, 19 apresentaram uma diferença menor do que 1.000 ha ao compararem-se os dados do IBGE com o mapeamento. A estimativa dos cereais destinados a produção de grãos foi de 73.690 ha de acordo com o IBGE, uma diferença de 9.543 ha a menos quando comparada com a estimativa do mapeamento, de 83.233 ha. Dos 42 municípios que compõem a área de estudo, 25 apresentaram uma diferença menor do que 1.000 ha. / When employing remote sensing, the cereals destined for grain production (wheat) and pasture (ryegrass) become spectrally similar targets, which makes their identification and distinction more difficult on satellite images. Nevertheless, the phenological cycle of both cultures is different. Thus, the analysis of the multi-temporal profile of plots results in the most suitable strategy for the distinction of those targets, which have unalike phenological cycles but are spectrally similar. Biweekly images (red, near-infrared and mid-infrared) of the product MOD13q1 from MODIS sensor were employed in order to apply a linear model of spectral mixture, from which fraction images were rendered: vegetation, soil and shade (water). The Bhattacharyya distance was used to perform a previous analysis of the separability of generated wheat and ryegrass classes. The NDVI composites of the product MOD13q1 were used in image segmentation and in the multi-temporal profiles rendering, which were elaborated by exploiting control points (crops) gathered in trip field with the aid of GPS. Images NDVI 129, 177 and 257 from the year 2009 were used in the segmentation. The mapping was carried out by employing the Isodata implemented in Spring 5.0.3, and several classifications were tested. The final mapping’s data were compared with IBGE’s data. According to IBGE’s official estimate, there are 118.657 ha of pastures in the 42 cities of the study area (south half of RS), a difference of 18.018 ha more in comparison to the mapping’s estimate, which is of 100.639 ha. Out of the 42 cities that totalize the study area, 19 presented a difference of less than 1.000 ha when comparing IBGE’s data to the mapping’s data. As stated by IBGE, the estimate of cereals destined for grain production was of 73.690 ha (a difference of 9.543 ha less in comparison to the mapping’s estimate of 83.233 ha. Out of the 42 cities that totalize the study area, 25 showed a difference of less than 1.000 ha.

Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) can be divided into two cytotypes: diploid (2n = 2x = 14) or tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28). Transforming annual ryegrass from diploid to tetraploid often results in increased seedling vigor, more robust growth and, thus, supposedly greater yield. There has been conflicting research that suggests no difference in yield between diploid and tetraploid cultivars, but livestock producers’ question whether benefits exist to utilizing tetraploid cultivars for grazing cattle. This study sought to determine if annual ryegrass cytotype affected cattle average daily gain. Although there were no differences in average daily gain between cytotypes, there were differences among cultivars. In 2017, Jumbo (4x) produced the greatest weight gain, while in 2018, Tam-90 (2x) generated the greatest gain. This study suggests that there are no advantages attributed to average daily gain by utilizing tetraploid, as opposed to diploid cultivars.

Graded concentrations of soybean hull pellets (SHP) fed to calves consuming annual ryegrass baleage was evaluated in two experiments. Experiment one evaluated performance and serum glucose of animals fed three treatments. Treatments were: 0.0% (TRT 0), 0.5% (TRT 0.5), 1.0% (TRT 1) body weight (BW) of SHP fed daily while calves had ad libitum access to baleage. Average daily gain and BW increased for calves receiving TRT 1 (P < 0.05). Experiment two evaluated passage rate of treatments using ytterbium chloride as a marker. Passage rate of diet decreased for TRT 1 compared to TRT 0 (10.9 h vs. 16.72 h TRT 1 and TRT 0 respectively, P < 0.05). Calves receiving TRT 0.5 had greater ADG than calves fed TRT 0 (0.54 kg/d and 0.30 kg/d respectively; P < 0.05). Diet passage rate decreased as supplement amount increased (P < 0.05). Serum glucose concentrations were not affected.

Thesis (MSc. (Pasture Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / South Africa is regarded as a semi-arid area; only 28% of the country receives more than 600 mm rainfall recorded annually. Sustainable utilization of cool season fodder grasses in summer rainfall areas to produce winter animal feed remains a major problem. Farmers are affected by a shortage of adequate, good quality herbage for livestock during winter and dry periods on commercial farms. The study aimed to evaluate and compare the production potential of six Festulolium hybrids, three Dactylis species, and five Lolium hybrids and three grass-legume mixtures in the summer rainfall area. A total of 17 cultivars were evaluated for their DM production under the treatment of different fertilizer levels on three planting dates (16 March 2011, 21 April 2011 and 4 April 2012). The study was carried out at Hygrotech Seed Company (Experimental site), Dewagensdrift in Moloto Village outside Pretoria in the Gauteng Province. Data was collected on a monthly basis from sub-plots of 1 m x 1 m (m2) in 51 plots of 1.5 m x 6 m (9 m2), with nine rows that were 10 cm apart arranged under RCBD with three replicates per cultivar. Harvested fresh samples were taken, weighed, dried at 60ºC until they reached a constant dry weight and weighed to determine DM content. A Fischer’s protected LSD at the 5 % level was performed to compare the treatment means. Over a period of three years of study, it shows that the low fertilizer level resulted in the lowest DM production, with no significant difference occurring between medium and high fertilizer levels. To achieve optimum DM production with minimum cost medium fertilizer is recommended. The cultivars responded differently to the three different planting dates. The time of planting had an effect on DM production in winter. It is recommended that Festulolium hybrids and Lolium hybrids be planted earlier (March) for better DM production in winter. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA11MA047.pdf: 258964 bytes, checksum: 9174944412796ddd1531c47969b088f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The morphogenesis, structure, composition, morphology and chemical composition of pasture change according to the rhythm of grazing demonstrating that the grazing animal has great influence on pasture ecosystem. Thus, this experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of frequency and severity of grazing on the morphological composition, morphogenetic and structural traits and nutritive value of forage throughout the growing season annual ryegrass grazed by sheep. For this we used a completely randomized design in a 2x2 factorial design with three replications where the treatments were defined by two defoliation frequencies, characterized by two pre-grazing heights of 15 and 25 cm and the severities of two stubble heights of 4 and 8 cm. We used 2412 m2 area in Santa Catarina State University divided into 12 units of 201 m2. The morphological composition of forage was performed cutting the pastures at two points per experimental unit for each 5 cm in a square frame of 25 cm2 area each time before the entry of animals. The material was separated into leaf, pseudostem, dead material and weed and dried in a forced oven air circulation at 65 ° for 48 hours or until constant weight. After being removed from the oven the samples had their weight quantified. The forage used to analyze the chemical composition was obtained from the material to determine the morphological composition. The material was separated by grazing cycle. The evaluations were: crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). To evaluate the technique was used morphogenesis of tillers marked in each grazing cycle, where they measured the length of leaf blade, pseudostem length, extended tiller number and leaf senescence live on 20 tillers per replicate. To determine the stability index were fixed three rings of PVC per experimental unit and every 10 days the new tillers were marked with plastic rings of different color and the dead were removed from the rings. There was an effect of frequency (P <0.05) for crude protein (CP) neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) where the highest values were observed in higher frequencies of grazing with the highest values for CP and the lowest frequencies with the highest values for both NDF and ADF. There was significant leaves herbage accumulation rate of severity, with higher values observed in pastures with greater residue (8 cm). For overall growth rate (pseudostem + leaves) was no effect of frequency and severity (P <0.05) being the treatments are less frequent and less severe with the highest growth rates showing that this difference was due to the higher proportion of pseudostem in these treatments. For leaf appearance rate also was no effect of frequency and severity (P <0.05), but the highest rates for this variable were found in treatments of higher frequency and greater severity. The annual ryegrass was shown to be a very flexible plant with a broad opportunity since the frequencies and severities imposed did not affect its morphogenesis and structural traits. Its stability index and tiller density were not affected so will undermine the persistence of the species / As características morfogênicas, estruturais, composição morfológica e química do pasto mudam em função das estratégias de pastejo utulizadas demonstrando que o animal exerce grande influencia sobre o ecossistema pastagem. Nesse contexto o objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar os efeitos de freqüências e severidades de pastejo sobre a composição morfológica, características morfogênicas e estruturais e valor nutritivo da forragem ao longo da estação de crescimento em pastos de azevém anual pastejados por ovinos. Para isso, foi utilizado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2, com 3 repetições, e os tratamentos foram definidos por duas freqüências de desfolhação, caracterizadas por duas alturas de entrada (pré-pastejo) de 15 e 25, cm e as severidades por duas alturas de resíduo (pós-pastejo) de 4 e 8 cm. Foram utilizados 2.412 m2 de área do Setor de Ovinocultura do Centro de Ciências Agro-veterinárias da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina divididos em 12 unidades experimentais de 201 m2. Para determinação da composição morfológica de forragem foi feita a estratificação dos pastos em dois pontos por unidade experimental a cada 5 cm, em uma armação quadrada de 25 cm2 de área sempre antes da entrada dos animais. Após a coleta, o material foi separado em lâminas foliares, pseudocolmo (colmo+bainha), material morto e invasora e seco em estufa de circulação forçada de ar forçado à 65° por 48 horas ou até atingir peso constante. Após serem retiradas da estufa as amostras tiveram as massas quantificadas. A forragem utilizada para análise de composição química foi obtida a partir do material para determinação da composição morfológica. O material foi separado por ciclo de pastejo. As avaliações consideradas foram matéria seca 105° (MS), matéria mineral (MM), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). Para avaliação da morfogênese foi utilizada a técnica de perfilhos marcados a cada ciclo de pastejo, nos quais eram medidos o comprimento de lâmina foliar, comprimento do pseudocolmo, do perfilho estendido, o número de folhas vivas por perfilho e a senescência foliar em 20 perfilhos por unidade experimental. Para determinação do índice de estabilidade da população foram fixadas três argolas de PVC com 10 cm de diâmetro por unidade experimental e a cada 10 dias os perfilhos novos eram marcados com anéis plásticos de cor diferente e os mortos eram retirados das argolas. Houve efeito de freqüência (P<0,05) para proteína bruta (PB), Fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e Fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), com os maiores valores registrados nos pastos manejados a 15 cm de altura de entrada para PB. Para taxa de acúmulo de folhas houve efeito somente de severidade, com os valores mais altos registrados nos pastos manejados com resíduo de 8 cm. Para taxa de crescimento total (pseudocolmo + folhas) houve efeito tanto de freqüência quanto de severidade (P<0,05) com maiores valores registrados nos pastos manejados com resíduo de 8 cm, mostrando que a diferença foi em decorrência da maior proporção de pseudocolmo nesses tratamentos. Para taxa de aparecimento foliar também houve efeito de freqüência e severidade (P<0,05), porém as maiores taxas para esta variável foram encontradas nos pastos manejados a 15 m e com resíduo de 4 cm . O azevém anual mostrou-se uma espécie com ampla possibilidade de manejo, uma vez que as freqüências e severidades impostas não afetaram negativamente suas características morfogênicas e estruturais. Seu índice de estabilidade e a densidade populacional de perfilhos também não foram afetados, de modo a prejudicar a persistência da espécie

Cover crop use provides a myriad of benefits to soil health. Despite strong agronomic evidence of the benefits of using cover crops, farmers have been slow to adopt cover crop systems. Surveys show that this is due to a lack of understanding on how cover crop use will impact the farm, and limited economic analysis on the effects of cover crop use on the farm. <div> In this thesis, a variable-rate nitrogen study was analyzed to determine the relationship between applied nitrogen fertilizer and corn yields, and how a cover crop treatment impacts that relationship. Data were obtained from a case farm in Central Indiana. Production information was then translated into a partial budget to see how the use of the different cover crop treatments impacted net return per acre for corn production on the farm. Net returns were analyzed using both historical corn and nitrogen prices and stochastic modelling.</div><div> Results showed that the final impact on farm net return per acre associated with adoption of a cover crop system varies among cover crop species. Implementing annual rye resulted in a negative change to net return; while cereal rye and an oats and radish blend resulted in a positive change to net return. When additional benefits of cover crop use; such as drought tolerance, carbon content, and erosion reduction; are included, all three cover crop species resulted in a substantial increase in net return. This information will be of interest to farmers as a source to draw upon when making decisions regarding their own farms. Further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between cover crop use and farm profitability, particularly for farms at the early stages of adoption.</div>

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2005. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.